Clozapine inhibits Th1 cell differentiation and causes the suppression of IFN-γ production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

References

• Carlsson, A., Lindqvist, M. Effect of chlorpromazine or haloperidol on formation of 3methoxytyramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1963, 20, 140–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haracz, J.L. The dopamine hypothesis: an overview of studies with schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Bull 1982, 8, 438–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauscher, J., Hussain, T., Agid, O., Verhoeff, N.P., Wilson, A.A., Houle, S., Remington, G., Zipursky, R.B., Kapur, S. Equivalent occupancy of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors with clozapine: differentiation from other atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161, 1620–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, S.W., Barnes, T.R., Davies, L., Murray, R.M., Dunn, G., Hayhurst, K.P., Markwick, A., Lloyd, H., Jones, P.B. Randomized controlled trial of effect of prescription of clozapine versus other second-generation antipsychotic drugs in resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2006, 32, 715–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz, J.S., Brown, C.S., Moore, T.R. Atypical antipsychotics. Part I: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. Ann Pharmacother 1999, 33, 73–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horacek, J., Bubenikova-Valesova, V., Kopecek, M., Palenicek, T., Dockery, C., Mohr, P., Höschl, C. Mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs and the neurobiology of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2006, 20, 389–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby, C.R. Jr, Wang, R.Y. Pharmacological actions of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine: a review. Synapse 1996, 24, 349–394.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farah, A. Atypicality of atypical antipsychotics. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 7, 268–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basta-Kaim, A., Budziszewska, B., Jagla, G., Nowak, W., Kubera, M., Lason, W. Inhibitory effect of antipsychotic drugs on the Con A- and LPS-induced proliferative activity of mouse splenocytes: a possible mechanism of action. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006, 57, 247–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.Y., Zhou, D.F., Cao, L.Y., Zhang, P.Y., Wu, G.Y., Shen, Y.C. Changes in serum interleukin-2, -6, and -8 levels before and during treatment with risperidone and haloperidol: relationship to outcome in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65, 940–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbagci, A.B., Herken, H., Köylüoglu, O., Yilmaz, N., Tarakçioglu, M. Serum IL-1beta, sIL-2R, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha in schizophrenic patients, relation with symptomatology and responsiveness to risperidone treatment. Mediators Inflamm 2001, 10, 109–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazzullo, C.L., Sacchetti, E., Galluzzo, A., Panariello, A., Adorni, A., Pegoraro, M., Bosis, S., Colombo, F., Trabattoni, D., Zagliani, A., Clerici, M. Cytokine profiles in schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone: a 3-month follow-up study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002, 26, 33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D.J., Kim, W., Yoon, S.J., Go, H.J., Choi, B.M., Jun, T.Y., Kim, Y.K. Effect of risperidone on serum cytokines. Int J Neurosci 2001, 111, 11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuschiotti, P., Medsger, T.A. Jr, Morel, P.A. Effector CD8+ T cells in systemic sclerosis patients produce abnormally high levels of interleukin-13 associated with increased skin fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60, 1119–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, X.L., Fan, Z., Borowski, L., Rinaldo, C.R. Multiple T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are enhanced by dendritic cells. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009, 16, 1504–1516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalsdorf, B., Scriba, T.J., Wood, K., Day, C.L., Dheda, K., Dawson, R., Hanekom, W.A., Lange, C., Wilkinson, R.J. HIV-1 infection impairs the bronchoalveolar T-cell response to mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 180, 1262–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, R., Yang, H., Scriba, T.J., Ondondo, B., Robinson, N., Conlon, C., Suttill, A., McShane, H., Fidler, S., McMichael, A., Dorrell, L. Impaired IFN-gamma-secreting capacity in mycobacterial antigen-specific CD4 T cells during chronic HIV-1 infection despite long-term HAART. AIDS 2006, 20, 821–829.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theodorou, G.L., Marousi, S., Ellul, J., Mougiou, A., Theodori, E., Mouzaki, A., Karakantza, M. T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokine expression shift of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients at the post-acute phase of stroke. Clin Exp Immunol 2008, 152, 456–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megens, A.A., Awouters, F.H., Schotte, A., Meert, T.F., Dugovic, C., Niemegeers, C.J., Leysen, J.E. Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994, 114, 9–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel, M., Schwarz, M.J., Strassnig, M., Spellmann, I., Müller-Arends, A., Weber, K., Zach, J., Müller, N., Möller, H.J. Risperidone plasma levels, clinical response and side-effects. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005, 255, 261–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauri, M.C., Volonteri, L.S., Colasanti, A., Fiorentini, A., De Gaspari, I.F., Bareggi, S.R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atypical antipsychotics: a critical review of the relationship between plasma concentrations and clinical response. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007, 46, 359–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magliozzi, J.R., Hollister, L.E., Arnold, K.V., Earle, G.M. Relationship of serum haloperidol levels to clinical response in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1981, 138, 365–367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frucht, D.M., Aringer, M., Galon, J., Danning, C., Brown, M., Fan, S., Centola, M., Wu, C.Y., Yamada, N., El Gabalawy, H., O’Shea, J.J. Stat4 is expressed in activated peripheral blood monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages at sites of Th1-mediated inflammation. J Immunol 2000, 164, 4659–4664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, A.C., High, F.A., Hutchins, A.S., Lee, H.W., Villarino, A.V., Livingston, D.M., Kung, A.L., Cereb, N., Yao, T.P., Yang, S.Y., Reiner, S.L. Role of T-bet in commitment of TH1 cells before IL-12-dependent selection. Science 2001, 292, 1907–1910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K.M., Ouyang, W., Szabo, S.J., Jacobson, N.G., Guler, M.L., Gorham, J.D., Gubler, U., Murphy, T.L. T helper differentiation proceeds through Stat1-dependent, Stat4-dependent and Stat4-independent phases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999, 238, 13–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishikomori, R., Usui, T., Wu, C.Y., Morinobu, A., O’Shea, J.J., Strober, W. Activated STAT4 has an essential role in Th1 differentiation and proliferation that is independent of its role in the maintenance of IL-12R beta 2 chain expression and signaling. J Immunol 2002, 169, 4388–4398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo, S.J., Kim, S.T., Costa, G.L., Zhang, X., Fathman, C.G., Glimcher, L.H. A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment. Cell 2000, 100, 655–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, L., Htut, T.M., White, D., Li, X., Hanidu, A., Stearns, C., Labadia, M.E., Li, J., Brown, M., Yang, J. Involvement of GATA3 in protein kinase C theta-induced Th2 cytokine expression. Eur J Immunol 2006, 36, 3305–3314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita, M., Ukai-Tadenuma, M., Miyamoto, T., Sugaya, K., Hosokawa, H., Hasegawa, A., Kimura, M., Taniguchi, M., DeGregori, J., Nakayama, T. Essential role of GATA3 for the maintenance of type 2 helper T (Th2) cytokine production and chromatin remodeling at the Th2 cytokine gene loci. J Biol Chem 2004, 279, 26983–26990.
   Google Scholar
• Nakano, K., Higashi, T., Takagi, R., Hashimoto, K., Tanaka, Y., Matsushita, S. Dopamine released by dendritic cells polarizes Th2 differentiation. Int Immunol 2009, 21, 645–654.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar, C., Das, S., Chakroborty, D., Chowdhury, U.R., Basu, B., Dasgupta, P.S., Basu, S. Cutting Edge: stimulation of dopamine D4 receptors induce T cell quiescence by up-regulating Kruppel-like factor-2 expression through inhibition of ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation. J Immunol 2006, 177, 7525–7529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M.L., Tsai, T.C., Lin, Y.Y., Tsai, Y.M., Wang, L.K., Lee, M.C., Tsai, F.M. Antipsychotic drugs suppress the AKT/NFκB pathway and regulate the differentiation of T-cell subsets. Immunol Lett 2011, 140, 81–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Müller, T., Dürk, T., Blumenthal, B., Grimm, M., Cicko, S., Panther, E., Sorichter, S., Herouy, Y., Di Virgilio, F., Ferrari, D., Norgauer, J., Idzko, M. 5-hydroxytryptamine modulates migration, cytokine and chemokine release and T-cell priming capacity of dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e6453.
   Google Scholar
• Garud, S., Leffler, D., Dennis, M., Edwards-George, J., Saryan, D., Sheth, S., Schuppan, D., Jamma, S., Kelly, C.P. Interaction between psychiatric and autoimmune disorders in coeliac disease patients in the Northeastern United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009, 29, 898–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson, J.F., Reutfors, J., Osby, U., Ekbom, A., Montgomery, S.M. Coeliac disease and risk of mood disorders - a general population-based cohort study. J Affect Disord 2007, 99, 117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accomando, S., Fragapane, M.L., Montaperto, D., Trizzino, A., Amato, G.M., Calderone, F., Accomando, I. Coeliac disease and depression: two related entities? Dig Liver Dis 2005, 37, 298–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salvati, V.M., MacDonald, T.T., Bajaj-Elliott, M., Borrelli, M., Staiano, A., Auricchio, S., Troncone, R., Monteleone, G. Interleukin 18 and associated markers of T helper cell type 1 activity in coeliac disease. Gut 2002, 50, 186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone, I., Monteleone, G., Del Vecchio Blanco, G., Vavassori, P., Cucchiara, S., MacDonald, T.T., Pallone, F. Regulation of the T helper cell type 1 transcription factor T-bet in coeliac disease mucosa. Gut 2004, 53, 1090–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöhrens, K., Anagnostopoulos, I., Stein, H. T-bet expression patterns in coeliac disease, cryptic and overt enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma. Histopathology 2005, 47, 368–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkin, K., Kendall, F., Gould, D., Freeman, H., Liberman, J., O’Sullivan, D. Neutropenia and agranulocytosis in patients receiving clozapine in the UK and Ireland. Br J Psychiatry 1996, 169, 483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvir, J.M., Lieberman, J.A., Safferman, A.Z., Schwimmer, J.L., Schaaf, J.A. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States. N Engl J Med 1993, 329, 162–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, B.J., Cho, M.J., Oh, J.T., Lee, Y., Chae, B.J., Ko, J. Long-term patient monitoring for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis and neutropenia in Korea: when is it safe to discontinue CPMS? Hum Psychopharmacol 2006, 21, 387–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, B., Lerner, A.G., Oyffe, I., Sigal, M. Risperidone-associated agranulocytosis. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155, 855–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dernovsek, Z., Tavcar, R. Risperidone-induced leucopenia and neutropenia. Br J Psychiatry 1997, 171, 393–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D.P., Pirmohamed, M., Naisbitt, D.J., Uetrecht, J.P., Park, B.K. Induction of metabolism-dependent and -independent neutrophil apoptosis by clozapine. Mol Pharmacol 2000, 58, 207–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D.P., Pirmohamed, M., Naisbitt, D.J., Maggs, J.L., Park, B.K. Neutrophil cytotoxicity of the chemically reactive metabolite(s) of clozapine: possible role in agranulocytosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997, 283, 1375–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M.L., Tsai, T.C., Wang, L.K., Lin, Y.Y., Tsai, Y.M., Lee, M.C., Tsai, F.M. Risperidone modulates the cytokine and chemokine release of dendritic cells and induces TNF-α-directed cell apoptosis in neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2012, 12, 197–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar