Identification and characterization of triamcinolone acetonide, a microglial-activation inhibitor

References

• Block, M.L., Zecca, L., Hong, J.S. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8, 57–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boje, K.M., Arora, P.K. Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death. Brain Res 1992, 587, 250–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, J., Cho, I.H., Kwak, K.I., Suh, E.C., Seo, J., Min, H.J., Choi, S.Y., Kim, C.H., Park, S.H., Jo, E.K., Lee, S., Lee, K.E., Lee, S.J. Microglial Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to kainic acid-induced glial activation and hippocampal neuronal cell death. J Biol Chem 2010, 285, 39447–39457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi, H. Microglial functions and proteases. Mol Neurobiol 2003, 27, 163–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, Y., Ma, Z., Lin, S., Dodel, R.C., Gao, F., Bales, K.R., Triarhou, L.C., Chernet, E., Perry, K.W., Nelson, D.L., Luecke, S., Phebus, L.A., Bymaster, F.P., Paul, S.M. Minocycline prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98, 14669–14674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm, T.M., Magga, J., Kuh, G.F., Vatanen, T., Koistinaho, M., Koistinaho, J. Minocycline reduces engraftment and activation of bone marrow-derived cells but sustains their phagocytic activity in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Glia 2008, 56, 1767–1779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiyama, Y., Higuchi, M., Zhang, B., Huang, S.M., Iwata, N., Saido, T.C., Maeda, J., Suhara, T., Trojanowski, J.Q., Lee, V.M. Synapse loss and microglial activation precede tangles in a P301S tauopathy mouse model. Neuron 2007, 53, 337–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., Kim, M.A., Cho, I.H., Kim, M.S., Lee, S., Jo, E.K., Choi, S.Y., Park, K., Kim, J.S., Akira, S., Na, H.S., Oh, S.B., Lee, S.J. A critical role of toll-like receptor 2 in nerve injury-induced spinal cord glial cell activation and pain hypersensitivity. J Biol Chem 2007, 282, 14975–14983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, L., Liu, Z., Zhang, S., Wang, B., Su, D., Su, Z. Roles of inflammation response in microglia cell through Toll-like receptors 2/interleukin-23/interleukin-17 pathway in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neuroscience 2011, 176, 162–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francel, P.C., Harris, K., Smith, M., Fishman, M.C., Dawson, G., Miller, R.J. Neurochemical characteristics of a novel dorsal root ganglion X neuroblastoma hybrid cell line, F-11. J Neurochem 1987, 48, 1624–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., Jo, E.K., Choi, S.Y., Oh, S.B., Park, K., Kim, J.S., Lee, S.J. Necrotic neuronal cells induce inflammatory Schwann cell activation via TLR2 and TLR3: implication in Wallerian degeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 350, 742–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, I.H., Hong, J., Suh, E.C., Kim, J.H., Lee, H., Lee, J.E., Lee, S., Kim, C.H., Kim, D.W., Jo, E.K., Lee, K.E., Karin, M., Lee, S.J. Role of microglial IKKβ in kainic acid-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. Brain 2008, 131, 3019–3033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hains, B.C., Waxman, S.G. Activated microglia contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2006, 26, 4308–4317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, d.a.Y., Park, K.W., Jin, B.K. Thrombin induces neurodegeneration and microglial activation in the cortex in vivo and in vitro: proteolytic and non-proteolytic actions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 346, 727–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn, M.J., Noh, H.J., Yoo, I.D., Kim, W.G. Protective effect of radicicol against LPS/IFN-gamma-induced neuronal cell death in rat cortical neuron-glia cultures. Life Sci 2007, 80, 1706–1712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, H.H., Wu, F.L., Lin, S.E., Shen, L.J. Recombinant arginine deiminase reduces inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS-mediated neurotoxicity in a coculture of neurons and microglia. J Neurosci Res 2008, 86, 2963–2972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jana, M., Liu, X., Koka, S., Ghosh, S., Petro, T.M., Pahan, K. Ligation of CD40 stimulates the induction of nitric-oxide synthase in microglial cells. J Biol Chem 2001, 276, 44527–44533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasley, A., Anguita, J., Marriott, I. Borrelia burgdorferi induces inflammatory mediator production by murine microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2002, 130, 22–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriyama, N., Taniguchi, M., Miyano, K., Miyoshi, M., Watanabe, T. ANP inhibits LPS-induced stimulation of rat microglial cells by suppressing NF-κB and AP-1 activations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 350, 322–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmmerman TJ, Kooner KS, Sharir M, Fechtner RD. (1997). Textbook of ocular pharmacology. Philadelphia: Lippincoot-Raven, 683–684.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H., Xie, W., Strong, J.A., Zhang, J.M. Systemic antiinflammatory corticosteroid reduces mechanical pain behavior, sympathetic sprouting, and elevation of proinflammatory cytokines in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesthesiology 2007, 107, 469–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J.Y., Xie, W., Strong, J.A., Guo, Q.L., Zhang, J.M. Mechanical hypersensitivity, sympathetic sprouting, and glial activation are attenuated by local injection of corticosteroid near the lumbar ganglion in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011, 36, 56–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roesel, M., Gutfleisch, M., Heinz, C., Heimes, B., Zurek-Imhoff, B., Heiligenhaus, A. [Effect of intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide injection on intraocular inflammation in patients with active non-infectious uveitis]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2009, 226, 110–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansoor, S., Kuppermann, B.D., Kenney, M.C. Intraocular sustained-release delivery systems for triamcinolone acetonide. Pharm Res 2009, 26, 770–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellwig, K., Stein, F.J., Przuntek, H., Müller, T. Efficacy of repeated intrathecal triamcinolone acetonide application in progressive multiple sclerosis patients with spinal symptoms. BMC Neurol 2004, 4, 18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfold, P.L., Wen, L., Madigan, M.C., King, N.J., Provis, J.M. Modulation of permeability and adhesion molecule expression by human choroidal endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43, 3125–3130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.S., Friedrichs, U., Eichler, W., Hoffmann, S., Wiedemann, P. Inhibitory effects of triamcinolone acetonide on bFGF-induced migration and tube formation in choroidal microvascular endothelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2002, 240, 42–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You, J.M., Yun, S.J., Nam, K.N., Kang, C., Won, R., Lee, E.H. Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced oxidative stress in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009, 87, 440–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beg, A.A. Endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors: implications for regulating inflammatory and immune responses. Trends Immunol 2002, 23, 509–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivest, S. Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain. Nat Rev Immunol 2009, 9, 429–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar