Evaluation of Cellular Immune Responses and Soluble Mediators in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis c Virus (CHCV) Infection

References

• Zinkernagel R. M. Immunity to viruses. Fundamental Immunology, W. E. Paul. Raven Press, New York 1993; 1211–1250
   Google Scholar
• Krensky A. M., Clayberger C., Reiss C. S., Strominger J. L., Burakoff S. J. Specificity of 0KT4+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones. J. Immunol. 1982; 129: 2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnes J. R. Molecular biology and function of CD4 and CD8. Adv. Immunol. 1989; 44: 265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wille A., Gessner A., Lother H., Lehmann-Grube F. Mechanism of recovery from acute virus infection. VIII. Treatment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice with interferon-gamma monoclonal antibodies blocks generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and virus elimination. Eur. J. Immunol. 1989; 19: 1283
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Binder D., Kundig T. M. Antiviral protection by CD8+ versus CD4+ T cells: CD8+ T cells correlating with cytotoxic activity in vitro are more efficient in antivaccinia virus protection than CD4-dependent interleukins. J. Immunol. 1991; 146: 4301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kundig T. M., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. M. T cell dependent interferon-gamma exerts an antiviral effect in the central nervous system but not in peripheral solid organs. J. Immunol. 1992; 150: 2316
   Google Scholar
• Thomas H. C., Brown D., Labrooy J., Epstein O. T-cell subsets in autoimmune and HBV induced chronic liver disease: a review of the abnormalities and effects of treatment. Liver 1982; 2: 266
   Google Scholar
• Volpes R., van den Oord J. J., Desmet V. J. Memory T cells represent the predominant lymphocyte subset in acute and chronic liver inflammation. Hepatology 1991; 13: 826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston A. L. W.F. Virus-and immune-mediated liver damage in hepatitis. Intervirology 1993; 35: 122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrari C., Penna A., Bertoletti A., Valli A., Antoni A. D., Giuberti T., Cavalli A., Petit M. A., Fiaccadori F. Cellular immune response to hepatitis B virus encoded antigens in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J. Immunol. 1990; 145: 3442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoletti A., Ferrari C., Fiaccadori F., Penna A., Margolskee R., Schlicht H. J., Fowler P., Guilhot S., Chisari F. V. HLA class I-restricted human cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenously synthesized hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 10445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilg H. The role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases. EOS J. Immunol. Immunopharmacol. 1993; 13: 200
   Google Scholar
• Kakumu S., Shinagawa T., Ishikawa T., Yoshioka K., Wakita T., Itho Y., Takayanagi M. Serum interleukin-6 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1991; 86: 1804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramadori G., Meyer zum Buschenfelde K. H. Liver cells and cytokines. Curr. Opinion Gastroenterol. 1993; 9: 359
   Google Scholar
• Border W. A., Ruoslahti E. Transforming growth factor-in disease: the dark side of tissue repair. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 90: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milani S., Herbst H., Schuppan D., Stein H., Surrenti C. Transforming growth factor-1 and 2 are differentially expressed in fibrotic liver disease. Am. J. Pathol. 1991; 139: 1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldstone M. B. A. Distortion of cell functions by monocytotoxic viruses. Hosp. Pract. 1986; 21: 82
   Google Scholar
• Saron M. F., Shidani B., Nahori M. A., Guillon J. C., Truffa Bachi P. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immunodepression: inherent defect of B and T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 1990; 64: 4076
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pircher H. P., Moskophidis D., Rohrer V., Burki K., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. M. Viral escape by selection of cytotoxic T-cell resistant virus variants in vivo. Nature 1990; 346: 629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackett S., Mims C. A. Studies of depressed interleukin-2 production by spleen cells from mice following injection with cytomegalovirus. Arch. Virol. 1988; 99: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyum A. Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1968; 21(suppl. 97)77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell L., Hook W. E. Leukocyte function in chronic granulomatous diseases of childhood. Amer. J. Med. 1969; 47: 473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonaci S., Tortorella C., De Simone C., Jirillo E. Role of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the development of natural antibacterial activity mediated by human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Intern. Rev. Immunol. 1990; 6: 237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• , Cromogenix Laboratory instruction: S-2423. Determination of gram-negative bacterial endotoxins in water and in solutions for parenteral administration.
   Google Scholar
• Watson R. W. G., Redmond H. P., Bouchier-Hayes D. Role of endotoxin in mononuclear phagocyte-mediated inflammatory responses. J. Leukoc. Biol. 1994; 56: 95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jirillo E. Immunomodulation by the Lipid A entity of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Intern. Rev. Immunol. 1990; 6: 1–273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox E. S., Broitman S. A., Thomas P. Bacterial endotoxins and the liver. Lab. Invest. 1990; 63: 733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright S. D., Ramos R. A., Tobias P. S., Ulevitch R. J., Mathison J. C. CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein and CD14. Science 1990; 249: 1431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun Z. B., Sonnerborg A., Weiland O. Hepatitis C virus replication in liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of interferon-α treated and untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 29: 82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliani-Piccari G., Gasponi A., Pignatelli I., Fasano C., Favero A., Dal Monte P. R. Modification of lymphocyte subsets in HCV chronic hepatitis. Italian J. Gastroenterol. 1993; 25: 9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilg H., Wilmer A., Vogel W., Herold M., Nolchen B., Judmaier G., Huber C. Serum levels of cytokines in chronic liver diseases. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelberts I., Stephens S., Francot G. J. M., van der Linden C. J., Buurman W. A. Evidence of different effects of soluble TNF-receptors on various TNF measurements in human biological fluids. Lancet 1991; 338: 515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller C., Knoflach P., Zielinski C. C. Soluble interleukin 2 receptor in acute viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1989; 10: 928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symons J. A., Wood N. C., Di Giovine F. S., Duff G. W. Soluble IL-2 receptor in rheumatoid arthritis: correlation with disease activity, IL-1 and IL-2 inhibition. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 2612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton D. P. J., Blanchard D. K., Michelini-Norris B., Roberts W. S., Hoffman M. S., Fiorica J. V., Nicosia S. V., Cavanagh D., Djeu J. Y. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor α levels in patients with gynecological cancers: early effect of surgery. Amer. J. Reproduct. Immunol. 1993; 30: 202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams D. H., Mainolfi E., Burra P., Neuberger J. M., Ayres R., Elias E., Rothlein R. Detection of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in chronic liver diseases. Hepatology 1992; 16: 810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohrens G., Armbrust T., Pirzer U., Meyer zum Buschenfelde K. H., Ramadort G. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 concentration in sera of patients with acute and chronic liver disease: relationship to disease activity and cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993; 18: 798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landmann R., Tongiani S., Glauser M. P., Calandra T., Zimmerli W. Soluble CD14 (sCD14) in septic shock. J. Endotoxin Research 1994; 1(suppl. 1)14
   Google Scholar
• Bazil V., Strominger J. L. Shedding as a mechanism of downmodulation of CD14 on stimulated human monocytes. J. Immunol. 1991; 147: 1567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danner R. L., Elin R. J., Hosseini J. M., Wesley R. A., Reilly J. M., Parillo J. E. Endotoxaemia in human septic shock. Chest 1991; 99: 169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar