Flow cytometry of sputum: assessing inflammation and immune response elements in the bronchial airways

References

• Alexis N, Eldridge M, Reed W, Bromberg P, Peden DB. 2001a. CD14-dependent airway neutrophil response to inhaled LPS: role of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107:31–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexis N, Soukup J, Ghio A, Becker S. 2000. Sputum phagocytes from healthy individuals are functional and activated: a flow cytometric comparison with cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood. Clin Immunol 97:21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexis NE, Hu SC, Zeman K, Alter T, Bennett WD. 2001b. Induced sputum derives from the central airways: confirmation using a radiolabeled aerosol bolus delivery technique. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1964–1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexis NE, Lay JC, Zeman K, Bennett WE, Peden DB, Soukup JM, Devlin RB, Becker S. 2006. Biological material on inhaled coarse fraction particulate matter activates airway phagocytes in vivo in healthy volunteers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:1396–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexis NE, Zhou H, Lay JC, Harris B, Hernandez ML, Lu TS, Bromberg PA, Diaz-Sanchez D, Devlin RB, Kleeberger SR, Peden DB. 2009. The glutathione-S-transferase Mu 1 null genotype modulates ozone-induced airway inflammation in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124:1222–1228.e5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antoniou KM, Alexandrakis M, Tzanakis N, Tsiligianni I, Tzortzaki EG, Siafakas NM, Bouros DE. 2005. Induced sputum versus bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the evaluation of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 72:32–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balbi B, Pignatti P, Corradi M, Baiardi P, Bianchi L, Brunetti G, Radaeli A, Moscato G, Mutti A, Spanevello A, Malerba M. 2007. Bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and exhaled clinically relevant inflammatory markers: values in healthy adults. Eur Respir J 30:769–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry SM, Condez A, Johnson MA, Janossy G. 2002. Determination of bronchoalveolar lavage leukocyte populations by flow cytometry in patients investigated for respiratory disease. Cytometry 50:291–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barry SM, Janossy G. 2004. Optimal gating strategies for determining bronchoalveolar lavage CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratios by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 285:15–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BD Application Note. 2000. Establishing Optimum Baseline PMT Gains to Maximize Resolution on BD Biosciences Digital Flow Cytometers. 23-8389-00.
   Google Scholar
• Bienkowska-Haba M, Cembrzynska-Nowak M, Liebhart J, Dobek R, Liebhart E, Siemieniec I, Panaszek B, Obojski A, Malolepszy J. 2002. Comparison of leukocyte populations from bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum in the evaluation of cellular composition and nitric oxide production in patients with bronchial asthma. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 50:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez Ortega J, León F, Martínez Alonso JC, Alonso Llamazares A, Roldán E, Robledo T, Mesa M, Bootello A, Martinez-Cócera C. 2004. Fluorocytometric analysis of induced sputum cells in an asthmatic population. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 14:108–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dua B, Watson RM, Gauvreau GM, O’Byrne PM. 2010. Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in induced sputum after allergen inhalation in subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126:133–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Efthimiadis A, Jayaram L, Weston S, Carruthers S, Hargreave FE. 2002a. Induced sputum: time from expectoration to processing. Eur Respir J 19:706–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efthimiadis A, Pizzichini MM, Pizzichini E, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. 1997. Induced sputum cell and fluid-phase indices of inflammation: comparison of treatment with dithiothreitol vs phosphate-buffered saline. Eur Respir J 10:1336–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efthimiadis A, Spanevello A, Hamid Q, Kelly MM, Linden M, Louis R, Pizzichini MM, Pizzichini E, Ronchi C, Van Overvel F, Djukanovic R. 2002b. Methods of sputum processing for cell counts, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation. Eur Respir J Suppl 37:19s–23s.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frankenberger M, Menzel M, Betz R, Kassner G, Weber N, Kohlhäufl M, Häussinger K, Ziegler-Heitbrock L. 2004. Characterization of a population of small macrophages in induced sputum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy volunteers. Clin Exp Immunol 138:507–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grootendorst DC, Sont JK, Willems LN, Kluin-Nelemans JC, Van Krieken JH, Veselic-Charvat M, Sterk PJ. 1997. Comparison of inflammatory cell counts in asthma: induced sputum vs bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies. Clin Exp Allergy 27:769–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreave FE, Pizzichini E, Pizzichini M. 1998. Induced sputum examination. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:569–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez ML, Harris B, Lay JC, Bromberg PA, Diaz-Sanchez D, Devlin RB, Kleeberger SR, Alexis NE, Peden DB. 2010. Comparative airway inflammatory response of normal volunteers to ozone and lipopolysaccharide challenge. Inhal Toxicol 22:648–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden NJ, Bedford PA, McCarthy NE, Marks NA, Ind PW, Jowsey IR, Basketter DA, Knight SC. 2008. Dendritic cells from control but not atopic donors respond to contact and respiratory sensitizer treatment in vitro with differential cytokine production and altered stimulatory capacity. Clin Exp Allergy 38:1148–1159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hulspas R, O’Gorman MR, Wood BL, Gratama JW, Sutherland DR. 2009. Considerations for the control of background fluorescence in clinical flow cytometry. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 76:355–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaksztat E, Holz O, Paasch K, Kelly MM, Hargreave FE, Cox G, Magnussen H, Jörres RA. 2004. Effect of freezing of sputum samples on flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets. Eur Respir J 24:309–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janossy G, Barry SM, Breen RA, Hardy GA, Lipman M, Kern F. 2008. The role of flow cytometry in the interferon-gamma-based diagnosis of active tuberculosis and its coinfection with HIV-1–A technically oriented review. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 74 Suppl 1:S141–S151.
   Google Scholar
• Keeney M, Gratama JW, Chin-Yee IH, Sutherland DR. 1998. Isotype controls in the analysis of lymphocytes and CD34+ stem and progenitor cells by flow cytometry–time to let go! Cytometry 34:280–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kips JC, Fahy JV, Hargreave FE, Ind PW, in’t Veen JC. 1998a. Methods for sputum induction and analysis of induced sputum: a method for assessing airway inflammation in asthma. Eur Respir J Suppl 26:9S–12S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kips JC, Peleman RA, Pauwels RA. 1998b. Methods of examining induced sputum: do differences matter? Eur Respir J 11:529–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lay JC, Alexis NE, Kleeberger SR, Roubey RA, Harris BD, Bromberg PA, Hazucha MJ, Devlin RB, Peden DB. 2007. Ozone enhances markers of innate immunity and antigen presentation on airway monocytes in healthy individuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120:719–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leckie MJ, Jenkins GR, Khan J, Smith SJ, Walker C, Barnes PJ, Hansel TT. 2003. Sputum T lymphocytes in asthma, COPD and healthy subjects have the phenotype of activated intraepithelial T cells (CD69+ CD103+). Thorax 58:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loppow D, Böttcher M, Gercken G, Magnussen H, Jörres RA. 2000. Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of dithiothreitol on leukocyte surface markers. Eur Respir J 16:324–329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarthy NE, Jones HA, Marks NA, Shiner RJ, Ind PW, Al-Hassi HO, English NR, Murray CM, Lambert JR, Knight SC, Stagg AJ. 2007. Inhaled allergen-driven CD1c up-regulation and enhanced antigen uptake by activated human respiratory-tract dendritic cells in atopic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 37:72–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman MR, Thomas J. 1999. Isotype controls–time to let go? Cytometry 38:78–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pizzichini E, Pizzichini MM, Efthimiadis A, Hargreave FE, Dolovich J. 1996. Measurement of inflammatory indices in induced sputum: effects of selection of sputum to minimize salivary contamination. Eur Respir J 9:1174–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzichini E, Pizzichini MM, Kidney JC, Efthimiadis A, Hussack P, Popov T, Cox G, Dolovich J, O’Byrne P, Hargreave FE. 1998. Induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage and blood from mild asthmatics: inflammatory cells, lymphocyte subsets and soluble markers compared. Eur Respir J 11:828–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronchi MC, Galli G, Zonefrati R, Tanini A, Scano G, Duranti R. 2002. Sputum processing: a new method to improve cytospin quality. Clin Exp Allergy 32:674–680.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spanevello A, Beghé B, Bianchi A, Migliori GB, Ambrosetti M, Neri M, Ind PW. 1998. Comparison of two methods of processing induced sputum: selected versus entire sputum. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:665–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JC, Villasmil ML, Frampton MW. 2007. Changes in fluorescence intensity of selected leukocyte surface markers following fixation. Cytometry A 71:379–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tung JW, Parks DR, Moore WA, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. 2004. New approaches to fluorescence compensation and visualization of FACS data. Clin Immunol 110:277–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar