Neuroprotection by GDNF in the ischemic brain

References

• Abe K, Hayashi T. Expression of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene in rat brain after transient MCA occlusion. Brain Res. 1997a; 776:230–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe K, Hayashi T, Itoyama Y. Amelioration of brain edema by topical application of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in reperfused rat brain. Neurosci Lett. 1997b; 231:37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airaksinen MS, Saarma M. 2002. The GDNF family: Signalling, biological functions and therapeutic value. Nat Rev Neurosci. 3:383–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airavaara M, Pletnikova O, Doyle ME, Zhang YE, Troncoso JC, Liu QR. 2011. Identification of novel GDNF isoforms and cis-antisense GDNFOS gene and their regulation in human middle temporal gyrus of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem. 286:45093–45102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen CL, Bayraktutan U. 2009. Oxidative stress and its role in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 4:461–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida RD, Manadas BJ, Melo CV, Gomes JR, Mendes CS, Graos MM, Carvalho RF, Carvalho AP, Duarte CB. 2005. Neuroprotection by BDNF against glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death is mediated by ERK and PI3-kinase pathways. Cell Death Differ. 12:1329–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arenas E, Trupp M, Akerud P, Ibanez CF. 1995. GDNF prevents degeneration and promotes the phenotype of brain noradrenergic neurons in vivo. Neuron. 15:1465–1473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvidsson A, Kokaia Z, Airaksinen MS, Saarma M, Lindvall O. 2001. Stroke induces widespread changes of gene expression for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptors in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience. 106:27–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. 2002. Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat Med. 8:963–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bano D, Young KW, Guerin CJ, Lefeuvre R, Rothwell NJ, Naldini L, Rizzuto R, Carafoli E, Nicotera P. 2005. Cleavage of the plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in excitotoxicity. Cell. 120:275–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudet C, Pozas E, Adameyko I, Andersson E, Ericson J, Ernfors P. 2008. Retrograde signaling onto Ret during motor nerve terminal maturation. J Neurosci. 28:963–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck T, Lindholm D, Castren E, Wree A. 1994. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischemic cell damage in rat hippocampus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 14:689–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevers MB, Neumar RW. 2008. Mechanistic role of calpains in postischemic neurodegeneration. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 28:655–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boger HA, Middaugh LD, Huang P, Zaman V, Smith AC, Hoffer BJ, Tomac AC, Granholm AC. 2006. A partial GDNF depletion leads to earlier age-related deterioration of motor function and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the substantia nigra. Exp Neurol. 202:336–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boger HA, Middaugh LD, Zaman V, Hoffer B, Granholm AC. 2008. Differential effects of the dopamine neurotoxin MPTP in animals with a partial deletion of the GDNF receptor, GFRalpha1, gene. Brain Res. 1241:18–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boltze J, Kowalski I, Geiger K, Reich D, Gunther A, Buhrle C, Egger D, Kamprad M, Emmrich F. 2005. Experimental treatment of stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats by CD34+ and CD34- cord blood cells. Ger Med Sci. 3:Doc09.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonde C, Kristensen BW, Blaabjerg M, Johansen TE, Zimmer J, Meyer M. 2000. GDNF and neublastin protect against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in hippocampal slice cultures. Neuroreport. 11:4069–4073.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonde C, Sarup A, Schousboe A, Gegelashvili G, Noraberg J, Zimmer J. 2003. GDNF pretreatment aggravates neuronal cell loss in oxygen-glucose deprived hippocampal slice cultures: A possible effect of glutamate transporter up-regulation. Neurochem Int. 43:381–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Hadman M, Sanberg CD, Sanberg PR. 2004. Central nervous system entry of peripherally injected umbilical cord blood cells is not required for neuroprotection in stroke. Stroke. 35:2385–2389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscia F, Esposito CL, Di Crisci A, de Franciscis V, Annunziato L, Cerchia L. 2009. GDNF selectively induces microglial activation and neuronal survival in CA1/CA3 hippocampal regions exposed to NMDA insult through Ret/ERK signalling. PLoS One. 4:e6486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradley LH, Fuqua J, Richardson A, Turchan-Cholewo J, Ai Y, Kelps KA, Glass JD, He X, Zhang Z, Grondin R, Littrell OM, Huettl P, Pomerleau F, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA. 2010. Dopamine neuron stimulating actions of a GDNF propeptide. PLoS One. 5:e9752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broughton BR, Reutens DC, Sobey CG. 2009. Apoptotic mechanisms after cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 40:e331–e339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet A, Datta SR, Greenberg ME. 2001. Transcription-dependent and -independent control of neuronal survival by the PI3-K-Akt signaling pathway. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 11:297–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canzoniero LM, Turetsky DM, Choi DW. 1999. Measurement of intracellular free zinc concentrations accompanying zinc-induced neuronal death. J Neurosci. 19:RC31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao G, Xiao M, Sun F, Xiao X, Pei W, Li J, Graham SH, Simon RP, Chen J. 2004. Cloning of a novel Apaf-1-interacting protein: A potent suppressor of apoptosis and ischemic neuronal cell death. J Neurosci. 24:6189–6201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao G, Xing J, Xiao X, Liou AK, Gao Y, Yin XM, Clark RS, Graham SH, Chen J. 2007. Critical role of calpain I in mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor in ischemic neuronal injury. J Neurosci. 27:9278–9293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charriaut-Marlangue C, Margaill I, Represa A, Popovici T, Plotkine M, Ben-Ari Y. 1996. Apoptosis and necrosis after reversible focal ischemia: An in situ DNA fragmentation analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 16:186–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Sanberg PR, Li Y, Wang L, Lu M, Willing AE, Sanchez-Ramos J, Chopp M. 2001. Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood reduces behavioral deficits after stroke in rats. Stroke. 32:2682–2688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Li Y, Wang L, Katakowski M, Zhang L, Chen J, Xu Y, Gautam SC, Chopp M. 2002. Ischemic rat brain extracts induce human marrow stromal cell growth factor production. Neuropathology. 22:275–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H, Fu YS, Guo JW. 2004. Ability of GDNF to diminish free radical production leads to protection against kainate-induced excitotoxicity in hippocampus. Hippocampus. 14:77–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen B, Gao XQ, Yang CX, Tan SK, Sun ZL, Yan NH, Pang YG, Yuan M, Chen GJ, Xu GT, Zhang K, Yuan QL. 2009. Neuroprotective effect of grafting GDNF gene-modified neural stem cells on cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 1284:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Yoshioka H, Kim GS, Jung JE, Okami N, Sakata H, Maier CM, Narasimhan P, Goeders CE, Chan PH. 2011. Oxidative stress in ischemic brain damage: Mechanisms of cell death and potential molecular targets for neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal. 14:1505–1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang YH, Lin SZ, Borlongan CV, Hoffer BJ, Morales M, Wang Y. 1999. Transplantation of fetal kidney tissue reduces cerebral infarction induced by middle cerebral artery ligation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 19:1329–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho BB, Toledo-Pereyra LH. 2008. Caspase-independent programmed cell death following ischemic stroke. J Invest Surg. 21:141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu LF, Wang WT, Ghanta VK, Lin CH, Chiang YY, Hsueh CM. 2008. Ischemic brain cell-derived conditioned medium protects astrocytes against ischemia through GDNF/ERK/NF-kB signaling pathway. Brain Res. 1239:24–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Culmsee C, Zhu C, Landshamer S, Becattini B, Wagner E, Pellecchia M, Blomgren K, Plesnila N. 2005. Apoptosis-inducing factor triggered by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and Bid mediates neuronal cell death after oxygen-glucose deprivation and focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci. 25:10262–10272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempsey RJ, Sailor KA, Bowen KK, Tureyen K, Vemuganti R. 2003. Stroke-induced progenitor cell proliferation in adult spontaneously hypertensive rat brain: Effect of exogenous IGF-1 and GDNF. J Neurochem. 87:586–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA. 1999. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: An integrated view. Trends Neurosci. 22:391–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enomoto H. 2005. Regulation of neural development by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands. Anat Sci Int. 80:42–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujimura M, Morita-Fujimura Y, Kawase M, Copin JC, Calagui B, Epstein CJ, Chan PH. 1999. Manganese superoxide dismutase mediates the early release of mitochondrial cytochrome C and subsequent DNA fragmentation after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Neurosci. 19:3414–3422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gascon S, Sobrado M, Roda JM, Rodriguez-Pena A, Diaz-Guerra M. 2008. Excitotoxicity and focal cerebral ischemia induce truncation of the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor and cleavage of the scaffolding protein PSD-95. Mol Psychiatry. 13:99–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes JR, Lobo AC, Melo CV, Inacio AR, Takano J, Iwata N, Saido TC, de Almeida LP, Wieloch T, Duarte CB. 2011. Cleavage of the vesicular GABA transporter under excitotoxic conditions is followed by accumulation of the truncated transporter in nonsynaptic sites. J Neurosci. 31:4622–4635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes JR, Costa JT, Melo CV, Felizzi F, Monteiro P, Pinto MJ, Inácio AR, Wieloch T, Almeida RD, Grãos M, Duarte CB. 2012. Excitotoxicity downregulates TrkB. FL signaling and upregulates the neuroprotective truncated TrkB receptors in cultured hippocampal and striatal neurons. J Neurosci. 32:4610–4622.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gratacos E, Perez-Navarro E, Tolosa E, Arenas E, Alberch J. 2001. Neuroprotection of striatal neurons against kainate excitotoxicity by neurotrophins and GDNF family members. J Neurochem. 78:1287–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamano K, Li TS, Kobayashi T, Kobayashi S, Matsuzaki M, Esato K. 2000. Angiogenesis induced by the implantation of self-bone marrow cells: A new material for therapeutic angiogenesis. Cell Transplant. 9:439–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harvey BK, Chang CF, Chiang YH, Bowers WJ, Morales M, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y, Federoff HJ. 2003. HSV amplicon delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is neuroprotective against ischemic injury. Exp Neurol. 183:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson CE, Phillips HS, Pollock RA, Davies AM, Lemeulle C, Armanini M, Simmons L, Moffet B, Vandlen RA, Simmons L. 1994. GDNF: A potent survival factor for motoneurons present in peripheral nerve and muscle. Science. 266:1062–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann DM, Kilic E, Kugler S, Isenmann S, Bahr M. 2001. Adenovirus-mediated GDNF and CNTF pretreatment protects against striatal injury following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Neurobiol Dis. 8:655–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honma T, Honmou O, Iihoshi S, Harada K, Houkin K, Hamada H, Kocsis JD. 2006. Intravenous infusion of immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells protects against injury in a cerebral ischemia model in adult rat. Exp Neurol. 199:56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horita Y, Honmou O, Harada K, Houkin K, Hamada H, Kocsis JD. 2006. Intravenous administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene-modified human mesenchymal stem cells protects against injury in a cerebral ischemia model in the adult rat. J Neurosci Res. 84:1495–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang IK, Yoo KY, Kim DW, Lee BH, Kang TC, Choi SY, Han BH, Kim JS, Won MH. 2006. Ischemia-related changes of glial-derived neurotrophic factor and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the hippocampus: Their possible correlation in astrocytes. Brain Res. 1072:215–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ibanez CF. 2010. Beyond the cell surface: New mechanisms of receptor function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 396:24–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iihoshi S, Honmou O, Houkin K, Hashi K, Kocsis JD. 2004. A therapeutic window for intravenous administration of autologous bone marrow after cerebral ischemia in adult rats. Brain Res. 1007:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda T, Xia XY, Xia YX, Ikenoue T, Han B, Choi BH. 2000. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischemia/hypoxia-induced brain injury in neonatal rat. Acta Neuropathol. 100:161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda T, Koo H, Xia YX, Ikenoue T, Choi BH. 2002. Bimodal upregulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the neonatal rat brain following ischemic/hypoxic injury. Int J Dev Neurosci. 20:555–562.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwai M, Abe K, Kitagawa H, Hayashi T. 2001. Gene therapy with adenovirus-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neural stem cells activation after ischemic brain injury. Hum Cell. 14:27–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jang SW, Liu X, Yepes M, Shepherd KR, Miller GW, Liu Y, Wilson WD, Xiao G, Blanchi B, Sun YE, Ye K. 2010. A selective TrkB agonist with potent neurotrophic activities by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:2687–2692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing S, Wen D, Yu Y, Holst PL, Luo Y, Fang M, Tamir R, Antonio L, Hu Z, Cupples R, Louis JC, Hu S, Altrock BW, Fox GM. 1996. GDNF-induced activation of the ret protein tyrosine kinase is mediated by GDNFR-alpha, a novel receptor for GDNF. Cell. 85:1113–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin K, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Mao XO, Xie L, Greenberg DA. 2002. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:11946–11950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin G, Omori N, Li F, Nagano I, Manabe Y, Shoji M, Abe K. 2003. Protection against ischemic brain damage by GDNF affecting cell survival and death signals. Neurol Res. 25:249–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin G, Inoue M, Hayashi T, Deguchi K, Nagotani S, Zhang H, Wang X, Shoji M, Hasegawa M, Abe K. 2008. Sendai virus-mediated gene transfer of GDNF reduces AIF translocation and ameliorates ischemic cerebral injury. Neurol Res. 30:731–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jourdi H, Lu X, Yanagihara T, Lauterborn JC, Bi X, Gall CM, Baudry M. 2005. Prolonged positive modulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors induces calpain-mediated PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 protein degradation and AMPA receptor down-regulation in cultured hippocampal slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 314:16–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kameda M, Shingo T, Takahashi K, Muraoka K, Kurozumi K, Yasuhara T, Maruo T, Tsuboi T, Uozumi T, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Hamada H, Date I. 2007. Adult neural stem and progenitor cells modified to secrete GDNF can protect, migrate and integrate after intracerebral transplantation in rats with transient forebrain ischemia. Eur J Neurosci. 26:1462–1478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsuragi S, Ikeda T, Date I, Shingo T, Yasuhara T, Mishima K, Aoo N, Harada K, Egashira N, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M, Ikenoue T. Implantation of encapsulated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-secreting cells prevents long-lasting learning impairment following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain insult in rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005a; 192:1028–1037.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katsuragi S, Ikeda T, Date I, Shingo T, Yasuhara T, Ikenoue T. Grafting of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor secreting cells for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in neonatal rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005b; 192:1137–1145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kilic U, Kilic E, Dietz GP, Bahr M. 2003. Intravenous TAT-GDNF is protective after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Stroke. 34:1304–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa H, Hayashi T, Mitsumoto Y, Koga N, Itoyama Y, Abe K. 1998. Reduction of ischemic brain injury by topical application of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke. 29:1417–1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa H, Sasaki C, Zhang WR, Sakai K, Shiro Y, Warita H, Mitsumoto Y, Mori T, Abe K. Induction of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor proteins in cerebral cortex and striatum after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res. 1999a; 834:190–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa H, Sasaki C, Sakai K, Mori A, Mitsumoto Y, Mori T, Fukuchi Y, Setoguchi Y, Abe K. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents ischemic brain injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999b; 19:1336–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klionsky DJ, Abeliovich H, Agostinis P, Agrawal DK, Aliev G, Askew DS, Baba M, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Ballabio A, Bamber BA, Bassham DC, Bergamini E, Bi X, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Blum JS, Bredesen DE, Brodsky JL, Brumell JH, Brunk UT, Bursch W, Camougrand N, Cebollero E, Cecconi F, Chen Y, Chin LS, Choi A, Chu CT, Chung J, Clarke PG, Clark RS, Clarke SG, Clave C, Cleveland JL, Codogno P, Colombo MI, Coto-Montes A, Cregg JM, Cuervo AM, Debnath J, Demarchi F, Dennis PB, Dennis PA, Deretic V, Devenish RJ, Di Sano F, Dice JF, Difiglia M, Dinesh-Kumar S, Distelhorst CW, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Dorsey FC, Droge W, Dron M, Dunn WAJr, Duszenko M, Eissa NT, Elazar Z, Esclatine A, Eskelinen EL, Fesus L, Finley KD, Fuentes JM, Fueyo J, Fujisaki K, Galliot B, Gao FB, Gewirtz DA, Gibson SB, Gohla A, Goldberg AL, Gonzalez R, Gonzalez-Estevez C, Gorski S, Gottlieb RA, Haussinger D, He YW, Heidenreich K, Hill JA, Hoyer-Hansen M, Hu X, Huang WP, Iwasaki A, Jaattela M, Jackson WT, Jiang X, Jin S, Johansen T, Jung JU, Kadowaki M, Kang C, Kelekar A, Kessel DH, Kiel JA, Kim HP, Kimchi A, Kinsella TJ, Kiselyov K, Kitamoto K, Knecht E, Komatsu M, Kominami E, Kondo S, Kovacs AL, Kroemer G, Kuan CY, Kumar R, Kundu M, Landry J, Laporte M, Le W, Lei HY, Lenardo MJ, Levine B, Lieberman A, Lim KL, Lin FC, Liou W, Liu LF, Lopez-Berestein G, Lopez-Otin C, Lu B, Macleod KF, Malorni W, Martinet W, Matsuoka K, Mautner J, Meijer AJ, Melendez A, Michels P, Miotto G, Mistiaen WP, Mizushima N, Mograbi B, Monastyrska I, Moore MN, Moreira PI, Moriyasu Y, Motyl T, Munz C, Murphy LO, Naqvi NI, Neufeld TP, Nishino I, Nixon RA, Noda T, Nurnberg B, Ogawa M, Oleinick NL, Olsen LJ, Ozpolat B, Paglin S, Palmer GE, Papassideri I, Parkes M, Perlmutter DH, Perry G, Piacentini M, Pinkas-Kramarski R, Prescott M, Proikas-Cezanne T, Raben N, Rami A, Reggiori F, Rohrer B, Rubinsztein DC, Ryan KM, Sadoshima J, Sakagami H, Sakai Y, Sandri M, Sasakawa C, Sass M, Schneider C, Seglen PO, Seleverstov O, Settleman J, Shacka JJ, Shapiro IM, Sibirny A, Silva-Zacarin EC, Simon HU, Simone C, Simonsen A, Smith MA, Spanel-Borowski K, Srinivas V, Steeves M, Stenmark H, Stromhaug PE, Subauste CS, Sugimoto S, Sulzer D, Suzuki T, Swanson MS, Tabas I, Takeshita F, Talbot NJ, Talloczy Z, Tanaka K, Tanida I, Taylor GS, Taylor JP, Terman A, Tettamanti G, Thompson CB, Thumm M, Tolkovsky AM, Tooze SA, Truant R, Tumanovska LV, Uchiyama Y, Ueno T, Uzcategui NL, van der Klei I, Vaquero EC, Vellai T, Vogel MW, Wang HG, Webster P, Wiley JW, Xi Z, Xiao G, Yahalom J, Yang JM, Yap G, Yin XM, Yoshimori T, Yu L, Yue Z, Yuzaki M, Zabirnyk O, Zheng X, Zhu X, Deter RL. 2008. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes. Autophagy. 4:151–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Ahlenius H, Thored P, Kobayashi R, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. 2006. Intracerebral infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes striatal neurogenesis after stroke in adult rats. Stroke. 37:2361–2367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokaia Z, Nawa H, Uchino H, Elmer E, Kokaia M, Carnahan J, Smith ML, Siesjo BK, Lindvall O. 1996. Regional brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein levels following transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 38:139–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kokaia Z, Airaksinen MS, Nanobashvili A, Larsson E, Kujamaki E, Lindvall O, Saarma M. 1999. GDNF family ligands and receptors are differentially regulated after brain insults in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 11:1202–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komitova M, Perfilieva E, Mattsson B, Eriksson PS, Johansson BB. 2002. Effects of cortical ischemia and postischemic environmental enrichment on hippocampal cell genesis and differentiation in the adult rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 22:852–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowsky S, Poppelmeyer C, Kramer ER, Falkenburger BH, Kruse A, Klein R, Schulz JB. 2007. RET signaling does not modulate MPTP toxicity but is required for regeneration of dopaminergic axon terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:20049–20054.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Brenner C. 2007. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol Rev. 87:99–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurozumi K, Nakamura K, Tamiya T, Kawano Y, Ishii K, Kobune M, Hirai S, Uchida H, Sasaki K, Ito Y, Kato K, Honmou O, Houkin K, Date I, Hamada H. 2005. Mesenchymal stem cells that produce neurotrophic factors reduce ischemic damage in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Mol Ther. 11:96–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang AE, Gill S, Patel NK, Lozano A, Nutt JG, Penn R, Brooks DJ, Hotton G, Moro E, Heywood P, Brodsky MA, Burchiel K, Kelly P, Dalvi A, Scott B, Stacy M, Turner D, Wooten VG, Elias WJ, Laws ER, Dhawan V, Stoessl AJ, Matcham J, Coffey RJ, Traub M. 2006. Randomized controlled trial of intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor infusion in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 59:459–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledda F, Paratcha G, Ibanez CF. 2002. Target-derived GFRalpha1 as an attractive guidance signal for developing sensory and sympathetic axons via activation of Cdk5. Neuron. 36:387–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledda F, Paratcha G, Sandoval-Guzman T, Ibanez CF. 2007. GDNF and GFRalpha1 promote formation of neuronal synapses by ligand-induced cell adhesion. Nat Neurosci. 10:293–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee GA, Lin CH, Jiang HH, Chao HJ, Wu CL, Hsueh CM. 2004. Microglia-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor could protect Sprague-Dawley rat astrocyte from in vitro ischemia-induced damage. Neurosci Lett. 356:111–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenhard T, Schober A, Suter-Crazzolara C, Unsicker K. 2002. Fibroblast growth factor-2 requires glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor for exerting its neuroprotective actions on glutamate-lesioned hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci. 20:181–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin LF, Doherty DH, Lile JD, Bektesh S, Collins F. 1993. GDNF: A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Science. 260:1130–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin LF, Zhang TJ, Collins F, Armes LG. 1994. Purification and initial characterization of rat B49 glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurochem. 63:758–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CH, Cheng FC, Lu YZ, Chu LF, Wang CH, Hsueh CM. 2006. Protection of ischemic brain cells is dependent on astrocyte-derived growth factors and their receptors. Exp Neurol. 201:225–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo AC, Gomes JR, Catarino T, Mele M, Fernandez P, Inacio AR, Bahr BA, Santos AE, Wieloch T, Carvalho AL, Duarte CB. 2011. Cleavage of the vesicular glutamate transporters under excitotoxic conditions. Neurobiol Dis. 44:292–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lonka-Nevalaita L, Lume M, Leppanen S, Jokitalo E, Peranen J, Saarma M. 2010. Characterization of the intracellular localization, processing, and secretion of two glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor splice isoforms. J Neurosci. 30:11403–11413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu YZ, Lin CH, Cheng FC, Hsueh CM. 2005. Molecular mechanisms responsible for microglia-derived protection of Sprague-Dawley rat brain cells during in vitro ischemia. Neurosci Lett. 373:159–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manadas B, Santos AR, Szabadfi K, Gomes JR, Garbis SD, Fountoulakis M, Duarte CB. 2009. BDNF-induced changes in the expression of the translation machinery in hippocampal neurons: Protein levels and dendritic mRNA. J Proteome Res. 8:4536–4552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massa SM, Yang T, Xie Y, Shi J, Bilgen M, Joyce JN, Nehama D, Rajadas J, Longo FM. 2010. Small molecule BDNF mimetics activate TrkB signaling and prevent neuronal degeneration in rodents. J Clin Invest. 120:1774–1785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki H, Okuma Y, Fujii Y, Nagashima K, Nomura Y. 1999. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against delayed neuronal death after transient forebrain ischemia in rats. Neuroscience. 89:643–647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyazaki H, Nagashima K, Okuma Y, Nomura Y. 2001. Expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induced by transient forebrain ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 922:165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki H, Nagashima K, Okuma Y, Nomura Y. 2002. Expression of Ret receptor tyrosine kinase after transient forebrain ischemia is modulated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. 318:1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore MW, Klein RD, Farinas I, Sauer H, Armanini M, Phillips H, Reichardt LF, Ryan AM, Carver-Moore K, Rosenthal A. 1996. Renal and neuronal abnormalities in mice lacking GDNF. Nature. 382:76–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicole O, Ali C, Docagne F, Plawinski L, MacKenzie ET, Vivien D, Buisson A. 2001. Neuroprotection mediated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor: Involvement of a reduction of NMDA-induced calcium influx by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Neurosci. 21:3024–3033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen J, Gotfryd K, Li S, Kulahin N, Soroka V, Rasmussen KK, Bock E, Berezin V. 2009. Role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) interactions in induction of neurite outgrowth and identification of a binding site for NCAM in the heel region of GDNF. J Neurosci. 29:11360–11376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura T, Honmou O, Harada K, Houkin K, Hamada H, Kocsis JD. 2005. I.V. infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene-modified human mesenchymal stem cells protects against injury in a cerebral ischemia model in adult rat. Neuroscience. 136:161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nystedt J, Makinen S, Laine J, Jolkkonen J. 2006. Human cord blood CD34+ cells and behavioral recovery following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 66:293–300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Omori Y, Honmou O, Harada K, Suzuki J, Houkin K, Kocsis JD. 2008. Optimization of a therapeutic protocol for intravenous injection of human mesenchymal stem cells after cerebral ischemia in adult rats. Brain Res. 1236:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oo TF, Kholodilov N, Burke RE. 2003. Regulation of natural cell death in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra by striatal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in vivo. J Neurosci. 23:5141–5148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou Y, Yu S, Kaneko Y, Tajiri N, Bae EC, Chheda SH, Stahl CE, Yang T, Fang L, Hu K, Borlongan CV, Yu G. 2010. Intravenous infusion of GDNF gene-modified human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells protects against cerebral ischemic injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res. 1366:217–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paratcha G, Ledda F. 2008. GDNF and GFRalpha: A versatile molecular complex for developing neurons. Trends Neurosci. 31:384–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paratcha G, Ledda F, Ibanez CF. 2003. The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is an alternative signaling receptor for GDNF family ligands. Cell. 113:867–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paratcha G, Ibanez CF, Ledda F. 2006. GDNF is a chemoattractant factor for neuronal precursor cells in the rostral migratory stream. Mol Cell Neurosci. 31:505–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent JM, Vexler ZS, Gong C, Derugin N, Ferriero DM. 2002. Rat forebrain neurogenesis and striatal neuron replacement after focal stroke. Ann Neurol. 52:802–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual A, Hidalgo-Figueroa M, Piruat JI, Pintado CO, Gomez-Diaz R, Lopez-Barneo J. 2008. Absolute requirement of GDNF for adult catecholaminergic neuron survival. Nat Neurosci. 11:755–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignataro G, Gala R, Cuomo O, Tortiglione A, Giaccio L, Castaldo P, Sirabella R, Matrone C, Canitano A, Amoroso S, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. 2004. Two sodium/calcium exchanger gene products, NCX1 and NCX3, play a major role in the development of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 35:2566–2570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polster BM, Basanez G, Etxebarria A, Hardwick JM, Nicholls DG. 2005. Calpain I induces cleavage and release of apoptosis-inducing factor from isolated mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 280:6447–6454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rami A, Kogel D. 2008. Apoptosis meets autophagy-like cell death in the ischemic penumbra: Two sides of the same coin?. Autophagy. 4:422–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rind HB, Butowt R, von Bartheld CS. 2005. Synaptic targeting of retrogradely transported trophic factors in motoneurons: Comparison of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1 with tetanus toxin. J Neurosci. 25:539–549.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saavedra A, Baltazar G, Duarte EP. 2008. Driving GDNF expression: The green and the red traffic lights. Prog Neurobiol. 86:186–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarabi A, Chang CF, Wang Y, Hoffer BJ, Morales M. 2001. Time course study of GFRalpha-1 expression in an animal model of stroke. Exp Neurol. 170:283–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarabi A, Chang CF, Wang Y, Tomac AC, Hoffer BJ, Morales M. 2003. Differential expression of the cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor GFRalpha1 in heterozygous Gfralpha1 null-mutant mice after stroke. Neurosci Lett. 341:241–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sariola H, Saarma M. 2003. Novel functions and signalling pathways for GDNF. J Cell Sci. 116:3855–3862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sensi SL, Paoletti P, Bush AI, Sekler I. 2009. Zinc in the physiology and pathology of the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci. 10:780–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang J, Deguchi K, Yamashita T, Ohta Y, Zhang H, Morimoto N, Liu N, Zhang X, Tian F, Matsuura T, Funakoshi H, Nakamura T, Abe K. 2010. Antiapoptotic and antiautophagic effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and hepatocyte growth factor after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Neurosci Res. 88:2197–2206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang J, Deguchi K, Ohta Y, Liu N, Zhang X, Tian F, Yamashita T, Ikeda Y, Matsuura T, Funakoshi H, Nakamura T, Abe K. 2011. Strong neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, and antifibrosis of hepatocyte growth factor in rats brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neurosci Res. 89:86–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirakura M, Fukumura M, Inoue M, Fujikawa S, Maeda M, Watabe K, Kyuwa S, Yoshikawa Y, Hasegawa M. 2003. Sendai virus vector-mediated gene transfer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents delayed neuronal death after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Exp Anim. 52:119–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirakura M, Inoue M, Fujikawa S, Washizawa K, Komaba S, Maeda M, Watabe K, Yoshikawa Y, Hasegawa M. 2004. Postischemic administration of Sendai virus vector carrying neurotrophic factor genes prevents delayed neuronal death in gerbils. Gene Ther. 11:784–790.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shuai K, Ziemiecki A, Wilks AF, Harpur AG, Sadowski HB, Gilman MZ, Darnell JE. 1993. Polypeptide signalling to the nucleus through tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak and Stat proteins. Nature. 366:580–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirabella R, Secondo A, Pannaccione A, Scorziello A, Valsecchi V, Adornetto A, Bilo L, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. 2009. Anoxia-induced NF-kappaB-dependent upregulation of NCX1 contributes to Ca2+ refilling into endoplasmic reticulum in cortical neurons. Stroke. 40:922–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondell M, Sundler F, Kanje M. 2000. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a neurotrophic factor which stimulates axonal outgrowth through the flk-1 receptor. Eur J Neurosci. 12:4243–4254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugawara T, Chan PH. 2003. Reactive oxygen radicals and pathogenesis of neuronal death after cerebral ischemia. Antioxid Redox Signal. 5:597–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szydlowska K, Tymianski M. 2010. Calcium, ischemia and excitotoxicity. Cell Calcium. 47:122–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi A, Soma T, Tanaka H, Kanda T, Nishimura H, Yoshikawa H, Tsukamoto Y, Iso H, Fujimori Y, Stern DM, Naritomi H, Matsuyama T. 2004. Administration of CD34+ cells after stroke enhances neurogenesis via angiogenesis in a mouse model. J Clin Invest. 114:330–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokugawa K, Yamamoto K, Nishiguchi M, Sekine T, Sakai M, Ueki T, Chaki S, Okuyama S. 2003. XIB4035, a novel nonpeptidyl small molecule agonist for GFRalpha-1. Neurochem Int. 42:81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomac A, Widenfalk J, Lin LF, Kohno T, Ebendal T, Hoffer BJ, Olson L. 1995. Retrograde axonal transport of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult nigrostriatal system suggests a trophic role in the adult. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:8274–8278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomac AC, Grinberg A, Huang SP, Nosrat C, Wang Y, Borlongan C, Lin SZ, Chiang YH, Olson L, Westphal H, Hoffer BJ. 2000. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha1 availability regulates glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling: Evidence from mice carrying one or two mutated alleles. Neuroscience. 95:1011–1023.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Traystman RJ. 2003. Animal models of focal and global cerebral ischemia. ILAR J. 44:85–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tremper-Wells B, Vallano ML. 2005. Nuclear calpain regulates Ca2+-dependent signaling via proteolysis of nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV in cultured neurons. J Biol Chem. 280:2165–2175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trupp M, Ryden M, Jornvall H, Funakoshi H, Timmusk T, Arenas E, Ibanez CF. 1995. Peripheral expression and biological activities of GDNF, a new neurotrophic factor for avian and mammalian peripheral neurons. J Cell Biol. 130:137–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trupp M, Belluardo N, Funakoshi H, Ibanez CF. 1997. Complementary and overlapping expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), c-ret proto-oncogene, and GDNF receptor-alpha indicates multiple mechanisms of trophic actions in the adult rat CNS. J Neurosci. 17:3554–3567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trupp M, Scott R, Whittemore SR, Ibanez CF. 1999. Ret-dependent and -independent mechanisms of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem. 274:20885–20894.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai TH, Chen SL, Chiang YH, Lin SZ, Ma HI, Kuo SW, Tsao YP. 2000. Recombinant adeno-associated virus vector expressing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor reduces ischemia-induced damage. Exp Neurol. 166:266–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai TH, Chen SL, Xiao X, Liu DW, Tsao YP. 2002. Gene therapy for treatment of cerebral ischemia using defective recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Methods. 28:253–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui CC, Pierchala BA. 2010. The differential axonal degradation of Ret accounts for cell-type-specific function of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor as a retrograde survival factor. J Neurosci. 30:5149–5158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Belle E, Witzenbichler B, Chen D, Silver M, Chang L, Schwall R, Isner JM. 1998. Potentiated angiogenic effect of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor: The case for paracrine amplification of angiogenesis. Circulation. 97:381–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendrame M, Cassady J, Newcomb J, Butler T, Pennypacker KR, Zigova T, Sanberg CD, Sanberg PR, Willing AE. 2004. Infusion of human umbilical cord blood cells in a rat model of stroke dose-dependently rescues behavioral deficits and reduces infarct volume. Stroke. 35:2390–2395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Lin SZ, Chiou AL, Williams LR, Hoffer BJ. 1997. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischemia-induced injury in the cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 17:4341–4348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei G, Wu G, Cao X. 2000. Dynamic expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor after cerebral ischemia. Neuroreport. 11:1177–1183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willing AE, Lixian J, Milliken M, Poulos S, Zigova T, Song S, Hart C, Sanchez-Ramos J, Sanberg PR. 2003. Intravenous versus intrastriatal cord blood administration in a rodent model of stroke. J Neurosci Res. 73:296–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong LF, Ralph GS, Walmsley LE, Bienemann AS, Parham S, Kingsman SM, Uney JB, Mazarakis ND. 2005. Lentiviral-mediated delivery of Bcl-2 or GDNF protects against excitotoxicity in the rat hippocampus. Mol Ther. 11:89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu HY, Yuen EY, Lu YF, Matsushita M, Matsui H, Yan Z, Tomizawa K. 2005. Regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by calpain in cortical neurons. J Biol Chem. 280:21588–21593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao J, Nan Z, Motooka Y, Low WC. 2005. Transplantation of a novel cell line population of umbilical cord blood stem cells ameliorates neurological deficits associated with ischemic brain injury. Stem Cells Dev. 14:722–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Wong TP, Chery N, Gaertner T, Wang YT, Baudry M. 2007. Calpain-mediated mGluR1alpha truncation: A key step in excitotoxicity. Neuron. 53:399–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagi T, Jikihara I, Fukumura M, Watabe K, Ohashi T, Eto Y, Hara M, Maeda M. 2000. Rescue of ischemic brain injury by adenoviral gene transfer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Brain Res. 885:273–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamagata K, Hakata K, Maeda A, Mochizuki C, Matsufuji H, Chino M, Yamori Y. 2007. Adenosine induces expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in primary rat astrocytes. Neurosci Res. 59:467–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo YM, Lee CJ, Lee U, Kim YJ. 2006. Neuroprotection of adenoviral-vector-mediated GDNF expression against kainic-acid-induced excitotoxicity in the rat hippocampus. Exp Neurol. 200:407–417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu AC, Liu RY, Zhang Y, Sun HR, Qin LY, Lau LT, Wu BY, Hui HK, Heung MY, Han JS. 2007. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects astrocytes from staurosporine- and ischemia- induced apoptosis. J Neurosci Res. 85:3457–3464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang RL, Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Chopp M. Proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells in the cortex and the subventricular zone in the adult rat after focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience. 2001a; 105:33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WR, Hayashi T, Iwai M, Nagano I, Sato K, Manabe Y, Abe K. Time dependent amelioration against ischemic brain damage by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat. Brain Res. 2001b; 903:253–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WR, Sato K, Iwai M, Nagano I, Manabe Y, Abe K. 2002. Therapeutic time window of adenovirus-mediated GDNF gene transfer after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat. Brain Res. 947:140–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Zhu DY. 2009. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase: Structure, subcellular localization, regulation, and clinical implications. Nitric Oxide. 20:223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar