Sarcoidosis: Epidemiology and Clinical Features

REFERENCES

• Sharma OP. Sarcoidosis around the world. Clin Chest Med. 2008;29:357–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeck C. Multiple benign sarcoid of the skin. Norsk Mag Laegevid. 1899;14:1321–1345
   Google Scholar
• Karakatsani A, Papakosta D, Rapti A, et al. Epidemiology of interstitial lung disease in Greece. Respir Med. 2009;103:1122–1129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demedts M, Wells AU, Anto JM, et al. Interstitial lung disease: an epidemiological overview. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2001;32:2s–16s
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauer H, Lofgren S. International study of pulmonary sarcoidosis in mass radiography. Acta Med Scand. 1964;425(suppl):103–105
   Google Scholar
• Siltzbach L, James D, Neville E, et al. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis around the world. Am J Med. 1974;57:847–852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi T. Population differences in clinical features and prognosis of sarcoidosis throughout the world: international survey report. Sarcoidosis. 1992;9(suppl 1):105–118
   Google Scholar
• Selroos O. Differences in sarcoidosis around the world: what they tell us. In: Baughmann R, ed. Sarcoidosis: Lung Biology in Health and Disease, Vol 210. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2006:47–64
   Google Scholar
• Pietinalho A, Hiraga Y, Hosoda Y, Lofroos AB, Yamaguchi M, Selroos O. The frequency of sarcoidosis in Finland and Hokkaido, Japan: a comparative epidemiological study. Sarcoidosis. 1995;12:61–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baughmann RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1885–1889
   Google Scholar
• Newman L, Rose C, Bresnitz R, et al. A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational risk factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1324–1330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillerdal G, Nou E, Osterman K, et al. Sarcoidosis—epidemiology and prognosis: a 15-year European study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130:29–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybicki BA, Major M, Popovitch J. Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a 5-year study in health maintenance organisation. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:234–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath DS, Daniil Z, Foley P, et al. Epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis in the UK. Thorax. 2000;55:751–754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybicki BA, Iannuzzi MC, Frederick MM, et al. Familial aggregation of sarcoidosis: a case-control etiologic study of sarcoidosis (ACCESS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:2085–2091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H, Raphael S, et al. Genetic linkage of familial granulomatous inflammatory arthritis, skin rash and uveitis to chromosome 16. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;59:1097–1107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker ML, Rose CD. Blau syndrome and related genetic disorders causing childhood arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007;7:427–433
   Google Scholar
• Schurmann M, Valentonyte R, Hampe J, Muller-Quernheim J, Schwinger E, Schreiber S. CARD15 gene mutations in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:748–754
   Google Scholar
• James DG. Erythema nodosum. Br Med J. 1961;i:53–57
   Google Scholar
• Wilsher ML. Seasonal clustering of sarcoidosis presenting with erythema nodosum. Eur Respir J. 1998;12:1197–1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirkok SS, Basaranoglu M, Coker E, Karayel T. Seasonality of the onset of symptoms, tuberculin test anergy and Kveim positive reaction in a large cohort of patients with sarcoidosis. Respirology. 2007;12:591–593
   Google Scholar
• Kucera GP, Rybicki BA, Kirkey KL, et al. Occupational risk factors for sarcoidosis in African-American siblings. Chest. 2003;123:1527–1535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybicki BA, Amend KL, Malliarik MJ, Iannuzzi MC. Photocopier exposure and risk of sarcoidosis in African-American sibs. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2004;21:49–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybicki BA, Iannuzzi MC. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: recent advances and future prospects. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;28:22–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihailovic-Vucinic V, Jovanivic D. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 2008;29:459–473
   Google Scholar
• Lynch JP III, Ma YL, Koss MN, et al. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;28:53–74
   Google Scholar
• Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1885–1889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scadding JG. Prognosis of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in England; a review of 136 cases after five years’ observation. Br Med J. 1961;2:1165–1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville E, Walker A, James DG. Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis: an analysis of 818 patients. Quart J Med. 1983;52:525–533
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reich JM. Mortality of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in referral vs population-based settings: influence of stage, ethnicity, and corticosteroid therapy. Chest. 2002;121:32–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch JP III. Computed tomography scanning in sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;24:393–418
   Google Scholar
• Judson MA. Hepatic, splenic and gastrointestinal involvement with sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;23:529–541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma OP, Maheshwari A, Thaker K. Myocardial sarcoidosis. Chest. 1993;103:253–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman KJ, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH. Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathological study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Circulation. 1978;58:1204–1211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petursdottir D, Haraldsdottir SO, Gislason T, Gudbjornsson B. Clinical manifestation, prevalence and prognosis of sarcoid arthropathy. A nationwide study: the Icelandic Sarcoidosis Study. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2007;24:113–120
   Google Scholar
• Torralba KD, Quismorio FP. Sarcoid arthritis: a review of clinical features, pathology and therapy. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2003;20:95–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullapalli D, Phillips LH. Neurologic manifestations of sarcoidosis. Neurol Clin. 2002;20:59–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen RK, Sellars RE, Sandstrom PA. A prospective study of 32 patients with neurosarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2003;20:118–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lower EE, Weiss KL. Neurosarcoisosis. Clin Chest Med. 29;2008:475–492
   Google Scholar
• Palacios E, Rigby PL, Smith DL. Cranial neuropathy in sarcoidosis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2003;82:251–252
   Google Scholar
• Zajicek JP, Scolding NJ, Foster O, et al. Central nervous system sarcoidosis: diagnosis and management. QJM. 1999;92:103–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott TF, Yandora K, Valeri A, et al. Aggressive therapy for neurosarcoidosis: long-term follow-up of 48 treated patients. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:691–696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baughmann RP, Lower EE. Infliximab for refractory sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2001;18:70–74
   Google Scholar
• Newman LS, Rose CS, Maier LA. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 1224–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATS/ ERS/ WASOG Committee. Statement on sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 736–755.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Sharma OP, Hosoda Y. Special report: the 1991 descriptive definition of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis. 1992; 9: 33–34.
   Google Scholar
• Crick RP, Hoyle C, Smellie H. The eyes in sarcoidosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1961; 45: 461–481.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obenauf CD, Shaw HE, Syndor CF, Klintworth GK. Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978; 86: 648–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs DA, Johns CJ. Ocular involvement in chronic sarcoidosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986; 102: 297–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohara K, Okubo A, Sasaki H, Kamata K. Intraocular manifestations of systemic sarcoidosis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1992; 36: 452–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chumbley LC, Kearns TP. Retinopathy of sarcoidosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1972; 73: 123–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spalton DJ, Sanders MD. Fundus changes in histologically confirmed sarcoidosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981; 65: 348–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook BE Jr, Robertson DM. Confluent choroidal infiltrates with sarcoidosis. Retina. 2000; 20: 1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorne JE, Brucker AJ. Choroidal white lesions as an early manifestation of sarcoidosis. Retina. 2000; 20: 8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfensberger TJ, Herbort CP. Indocyanine green angiographic features in ocular sarcoidosis. Ophthalmology. 1999; 106: 285–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai UR, Tawansy KA, Joondeph BC, Schiffman RM. Choroidal granulomas in systemic sarcoidosis. Retina. 2001; 21: 40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbort CP, Mochizuki M, Rao NA, and Members of Scientific Committee of 1st IWOS. International criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis: results of the first international workshop on ocular sarcoidosis (IWOS). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009; 17: 160–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawaguchi T, Hanada A, Horie S, et al. Evaluation of characteristic ocular signs and systemic investigations in ocular sarcoidosis patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2007; 51: 121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Ohtani S, Miyata K, et al. A clinical evaluation of uveitis-associated secondary glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2002; 46: 556–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM, Palestine AG. Uveitis, 2nd ed. Intermediate Uveitis. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996:279–288.
   Google Scholar
• Takase H, Shimizu K, Yamada Y, et al. Validation of international criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis proposed by the 1st international workshop on ocular sarcoidosis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Haimovici R, Foster CS. Ocular Infection & Immunity, Sarcoidosis. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996:754–776.
   Google Scholar