The physiologist Ewald Hering (1834–1918): Curriculum vitae

References

• Governor Weber approached a possible division of the university with major reservations. He wrote in January 1881 in a report for the Ministry of Education, among other things: “But for the State the consequences of Czechization the university or the establishment of a separate Czech university is disastrous”, because such a university would result in a civil service that only knew the Czech language and whom one could not ask any German office holding. The authorities would become fully Czechicized, connection of the country with the center of the empire would initially slacken and then completely stop and the road would be paved towards federalization of Austria”. A complete account of this report can be found at Havranek J: Česká univerzita v jednání rakouských úřadů do roku 1881 [The Czech university in the negotiations of the Austrian authorities until 1881]. Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Tomus XII, Fasc.1, pp.35–69. Prague, 1982
   Google Scholar
• Goll J: Rozdělení Pražské university Karlo-Ferdinandovy roku 1882 a počátek samostatné university české [The division on the Charles-Ferdinand University in 1882 and the beginning of the independent Czech University]. Prague, 1908, p.29, footnote 2
   Google Scholar
• A division of the theological faculty first did not come about because the Archbishop of Prague, Cardinal Count Schwarzenberg, resisted the division of the theological faculty. He called upon the function of the church, that had been founded to connect people, not to separate them. The division was too large a concession to the “poison of nationalism”. But Schwarzenberg’s successor was convinced of the necessity of the division, that was then decided upon by the Emperor himself in 1890 (Huber, K.A.: Die Prager theologischen Fakultäten von 1883/1891 bis 1945, pp. 37 – 54 in Die Teilung der Prager Universität 1882 und die intellektuelle Desintegration in den böhmischen Ländern: Vorträge d. Tagung d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee 1982. München 1984)
   Google Scholar
• For the philosophical faculty, Ernst Mach and Jan Kvicala participated. For the jurists, it was Karl Czyhlarz and Antonín Randa
   Google Scholar
• Státní Ústřední Archiv Praha, Presidium Místodržitelství (Zentrales Staatsarchiv Prag, Präsidium Der Statthalterei) 1881–90, 6/1/1 1881, kart.1520. The protocol is very impressive as archive document. It consists of 66 double forms with four pages that were written legibly with a pencil. Among its attachments there is a document on the estimated value of the old university building in Prague as well as one with the résumés of the Czech and German professors
   Google Scholar
• In imperial and royal general hospital clinics and departments were to differ from each other. The clinics as academic training centers were managed by professors, the departments were managed by physicians (Šťastný J: Die Geschichte und der gegenwärtige Zustand des k. k. allgemeinen Krankenhauses in Prag. Prague, 1891). Often, however, there was a personal union, so that, for example, the director of the internal medicine clinic I was also head of the department of internal medicine and therefore had a large patient population, from which he could select the appropriate patients for teaching
   Google Scholar
• Hlaváčková L: Vybudování teoretických ústavů české lékařské fakulty v letech 1883–4 [The construction of the theoretical institutes in the Czech medical faculty in the years 1883–1884]. Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Tomus XII, Fasc.1, pp.123–152. Prag 1982
   Google Scholar
• Šťastný J: Die Geschichte und der gegenwärtige Zustand des k. k. allgemeinen Krankenhauses in Prag. Prague, 1891
   Google Scholar
• Taking into account, in each case, the clinics joined to the departments (see footnote 6)
   Google Scholar
• In § 4 of the law of February 28th, 1882 is states: “The relationship between the clinical and anatomical institutes of the medical institutions shall be regulated according to the principle of equal entitlement of both universities”
   Google Scholar
• For which the imperial parliament had nevertheless assigned a sum of 220,000 fl. on top of the regular budget
   Google Scholar
• Hlaváčková L: Vybudování teoretických ústavů české lékařské fakulty v letech 1883–4 [The construction of the theoretical institutes in the Czech medical faculty in the years 1883–1884]. Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Tomus XII, Fasc.1, pp.123–152. Prag 1982
   Google Scholar
• Inquiry committee: According to the protocol of the second day he said to this demand of Eiselt: “I also hold this view”
   Google Scholar
• Koerting W: Die Deutsche Universität in Prag. Die letzten hundert Jahre ihrer Medizinischen Fakultät. Bonn, 1968, p.57
   Google Scholar
• Probably Hering’s sense of reality was greater than that of his admirers. Hess (Hess C: Nachruf auf Ewald Hering. Archiv für Augenheilkunde 1918;83:88–97) mentioned in his obituary that one never heard Hering say that the preservation of the German university was essentially his merit
   Google Scholar
• Die Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität in Prag unter der Regierung seiner Majestät des Kaisers Franz Josef I. Festschrift zur Feier des fünfzigjährigen Regierungsjubiläums seiner Majestät. Herausgegeben vom Akademischen Senate. Prag 1899, rector directory
   Google Scholar
• Garten S: Ewald Hering zum Gedächtnis. Pflügers Archiv 1918;170:501–522, p.511
   Google Scholar
• A. Kraus was the successor of Weber (see footnote 1)
   Google Scholar
• W.W. Tomek was appointed in 1851 as lecturer in the Czech instruction language (Neumüller M: Die deutsche philosophische Fakultät in Prag um 1882 und die Geschichtswissenschaft. pp. 111–126 in Die Teilung der Prager Universität 1882 und die intellektuelle Desintegration in den böhmischen Ländern. Proceedings of the meeting of the Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee 1982. München 1984). In 1849, Tomek WW, had published: “Geschichte der Prager Universität”
   Google Scholar
• Goll J: Rozdělení Pražské university Karlo-Ferdinandovy roku 1882 a počátek samostatné university české [The division on the Charles-Ferdinand University in 1882 and the beginning of the independent Czech University]. Prague, 1908, p.50
   Google Scholar
• So the announcement reads, in the Prague Tageblatt of December 1st, 1882; a section of this newspaper as well as a similarly worded text in Bohemia, both bourgeois liberal newspapers, are included in the personnel file of Hering (Archives of the Charles University in Prague)
   Google Scholar
• Archives of the Charles University in Prague. NU Rectorate 1883
   Google Scholar
• Archives of the Charles University in Prague. NU Rectorate 1883
   Google Scholar
• Details with Hoffmann D: Ernst Mach in Prag in: Ernst Mach. Studien und Dokumente zu Leben und Werk. Dieter Hoffmann and Hubert Laitko, Berlin, 1991
   Google Scholar
• Archives of the Charles University in Prague. NU B – Academic elections 1883–1890
   Google Scholar
• Archives of the Charles University in Prague. NU Lekarsk. fak. B1
   Google Scholar
• Publications by Hering: Zur Erklärung der Farbenblindheit aus der Theorie der Gegenfarben. Lotos, Jahrbuch der Naturwissenschaft. Neue Folge. 1, 76–107, 1880. Kritik einer Abhandlung von Donders “Über Farbensysteme“. Lotos, Jahrbuch der Naturwissenschaft. Neue Folge. 2, 69–101, 1882. Ueber individuelle Verschiedenheiten des Farbensinnes. Lotos, Jahrbuch der Naturwissenschaft. Neue Folge. 6, 142–198, 1885. Bemerkungen zu A. König’s Kritik einer Abhandlung über individuelle Verschiedenheiten des Farbensinnes. Centralblatt für praktische Augenheilkunde. Jg. 9, 327–332, 1885. Ueber Sigmund Exner’s neue Urtheilstäuschung auf dem Gebiete des Gesichtssinnes. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere. 39, 159–170, 1886. Ueber Newton’s Gesetz der Farbenmischung. Lotos, Jahrbuch der Naturwissenschaft. Neue Folge. 7, 177–268, 1887
   Google Scholar
• Jahresbericht 1877 in Státní Ústřední Archiv Praha, Presidium Místodržitelství (Zentrales Staatsarchiv Prag, Präsidium Der Statthalterei) 1848–1892 V26/4 Lotos
   Google Scholar
• Knoll Ph: Beiträge zur heimischen Zeitgeschichte. Gesellschaft zur Förderung deutscher Wissenschaft, Kunst und Literatur in Böhmen. Prague, 1900, pp. XXXVII
   Google Scholar
• Quoted after Cohen GB: The politics of ethnic survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914. Princeton, 1981
   Google Scholar
• Archives of the Charles University in Prague. Personnel file Ewald Hering; Rectorate brochure, Prague 1919 The celebration speech was given by Hering’s student F.B. Hofmann (Hofmann, F.B.: Ewald Hering-Festrede zur Enthüllung einer Gedenktafel. Deutsche Arbeit-Monatsschrift für das geistige Leben der Deutschen in Böhmen 1912–13;12:465–468). In Prague today this panel is not to be found; presumably it has been removed in the years 1945–46 and destroyed. It was made by the sculptor Franz Metzner (1870–1919). Major works Metzner are the statues of the Monument to the Battle of the Nations in Leipzig
   Google Scholar
• Archives of the Charles University in Prague. Personnel file Ewald Hering; highest resolution of July 21st, 1893
   Google Scholar
• Archives of the Charles University in Prague. Personnel file Ewald Hering. Nachruf des Rektors der Deutschen Karl-Ferdinands-Universität 1918–19
   Google Scholar
• Quoted after Lesky E: Die Wiener Medizinische Schule im 19. Jahrhundert. Graz 1965; p.530, footnote 2
   Google Scholar
• Ernst Wilhelm Brücke was a pupil of Johannes Müller and was professor of physiology in Vienna from 1849 to 1890, he had a friendly relationship with Helmholtz and probably therefore had reservations against Hering (Lesky E: Die Wiener Medizinische Schule im 19. Jahrhundert. Graz, 1965)
   Google Scholar
• Lesky E: Die Wiener Medizinische Schule im 19. Jahrhundert. Graz 1965, pp. 541–544
   Google Scholar
• The conflicts between German Bohemia and the Czechs mentioned at the beginning of this chapter occurred also in the last year Hering worked in Prague. They increased in intensity from 1891 after the Prague municipal council had decided not to permit German company signs and street names any longer because they violated the Czech character of the state capital. The ruling court upheld that decision in 1896 (Prinz F: Die böhmischen Länder von 1848 bis 1914, pp. 3 – 238 in Handbuch der Geschichte der Böhmischen Länder, Vol III (Karl Bosl, Stuttgart, 1968, p.167. Cohen GB: The politics of ethnic survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914. Princeton, 1981, p.148)
   Google Scholar
• Johannes Gad (1842 – 1926) had habilitated 1879 in Berlin. He was a pupil of Emil du Bois-Reymond and Adolf Fick
   Google Scholar