Methodology of the Singapore Indian Chinese Cohort (SICC) Eye Study: Quantifying ethnic variations in the epidemiology of eye diseases in Asians

REFERENCES

• Wong TY, Loon SC, Saw SM. The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(4):506–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu L, Wang Y, Li Y, et al. Causes of blindness and visual impairment in urban and rural areas in Beijing: the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2006;113(7):1134 e1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foong AW, Fong CW, Wong TY, et al.Visual acuity and mortality in a Chinese population. The Tanjong Pagar Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(5):802–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Dandona R, Srinivas M, et al. Blindness in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42(5):908–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thulasiraj RD, Nirmalan PK, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Blindness and vision impairment in a rural south Indian population: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 2003;110(8):1491–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Dandona R, Mandal P, et al.Angle-closure glaucoma in an urban population in southern India. The Andhra Pradesh eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2000;107(9):1710–1716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Dandona R, Srinivas M, et al. Open-angle glaucoma in an urban population in southern India: the Andhra Pradesh eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2000;107(9):1702–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijaya L, George R, Arvind H, et al.Prevalence of primary angle-closure disease in an urban south Indian population and comparison with a rural population. The Chennai Glaucoma Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(4):655–660 e1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijaya L, George R, Baskaran M, et al.Prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in an urban south Indian population and comparison with a rural population. The Chennai Glaucoma Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(4):648–654 e1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan R, Nirmalan PK, Krishnadas R, et al. Glaucoma in a rural population of southern India: the Aravind comprehensive eye survey. Ophthalmology 2003;110(8):1484–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirmalan PK, Krishnadas R, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Lens opacities in a rural population of southern India: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44(11):4639–4643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thulasiraj RD, Reddy A, Selvaraj S, et al. The Sivaganga eye survey: II.Outcomes of cataract surgery. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2002;9(5):313–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Dandona R, Naduvilath TJ, et al. Population based assessment of diabetic retinopathy in an urban population in southern India. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83(8):937–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rema M, Premkumar S, Anitha B, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) eye study, I. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46(7):2328–2333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster PJ, Oen FT, Machin D, et al. The prevalence of glaucoma in Chinese residents of Singapore: a cross-sectional population survey of the Tanjong Pagar district. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118(8):1105–1111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He M, Foster PJ, Ge J, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of glaucoma in adult Chinese: a population-based study in Liwan District, Guangzhou. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47(7):2782–2788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Xu L, Jonas JB, et al. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the adult population in China: the Beijing eye study. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142(5):788–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STATISTICS SINGAPORE. Median monthly household income from work. General Household Survey 2005 Release 1.
   Google Scholar
• Seet B, Wong TY, Tan DT, et al. Myopia in Singapore: taking a public health approach. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85(5):521–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seah SK, Foster PJ, Chew PT, et al.Incidence of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma in Singapore. An island-wide survey. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115(11):1436–1440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong TY, Foster PJ, Seah SK, Chew PT. Rates of hospital admissions for primary angle closure glaucoma among Chinese, Malays, and Indians in Singapore. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84(9):990–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Tielsch JM, Schein OD. Racial difference in the incidence of retinal detachment in Singapore. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117(3):379–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• B L. Singapore Census of Population 2000: Statistical release 1–demographic characteristics. Singapore: Department of Statistics. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Foong AW, Saw SM, Loo JL, et al. Rationale and methodology for a population-based study of eye diseases in Malay people: The Singapore Malay eye study (SiMES). Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2007;14(1):25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Witt K, et al.Blindness and visual impairment in an American urban population. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108(2):286–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong TY. Cataract extraction rates among Chinese, Malays, and Indians in Singapore: a population-based analysis. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(5):727–732.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• B L. Singapore Census of Population 2000: Statistical release 5–Households and housing. Singapore: Department of Statistics. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Diabetic Retinopathy Study Coordinating Center. Diabetic Retinopathy Study: Manual of operations. Baltimore MDRSCC. 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Chylack LT, Jr., Wolfe JK, Singer DM, et al. The Lens Opacities Classification System III.The Longitudinal Study of Cataract Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111(6):831–836.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster PJ, Devereux JG, Alsbirk PH, et al. Detection of gonioscopically occludable angles and primary angle closure glaucoma by estimation of limbal chamber depth in Asians: modified grading scheme. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84(2):186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheie HG. Width and pigmentation of the angle of the anterior chamber; a system of grading by gonioscopy. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1957;58(4):510–512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spaeth GL. The normal development of the human anterior chamber angle: a new system of descriptive grading. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 1971;91:709–739.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinberg EP, Tielsch JM, Schein OD, et al.The VF-14. An index of functional impairment in patients with cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112(5):630–638.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks R. EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy 1996;37(1):53–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing 1972;1(4):233–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luo N, Chew LH, Fong KY, et al. Validity and reliability of the EQ-5D self-report questionnaire in English-speaking Asian patients with rheumatic diseases in Singapore. Qual Life Res 2003;12(1):87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saw SM, Foster PJ, Gazzard G, Seah S. Causes of blindness, low vision, and questionnaire-assessed poor visual function in Singaporean Chinese adults: The Tanjong Pagar Survey. Ophthalmology 2004;111(6):1161–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamoureux EL, Chong EW, Thumboo J, et al. Vision impairment, ocular conditions, and vision-specific function: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(11):1973–1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J WD, Lim JH, Li H, Jia X, Yin F, Xiong W. Optic cup and disk extraction from retinal fundus images for determination of cup-to-disc ratio. IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Liu J LJ, Wong DWK, Jia X, Yin F, Li H, Wong TY. Image-based automatic glaucoma diagnosis. Asian Conference on Computer Aided Surgery, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Li H KL, Lim JH, Liu J, Wong DWK, Wong TY, Sun Y. Automatic opacity detection in retro-illumination images for cortical cataract diagnosis. International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Li H HW, Lee ML, Wong TY,. Automatic grading of retinal vessel calibre IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2005;52(7):1352–1355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun C, Liew G, Wang JJ, et al. Retinal vascular caliber, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors in an Asian population: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49(5):1784–1790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster PJ, Buhrmann R, Quigley HA, Johnson GJ. The definition and classification of glaucoma in prevalence surveys. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86(2):238–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Davis MD, Magli YL, et al. The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system. Ophthalmology 1991;98(7):1128–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeganathan VS, Kawasaki R, Wang JJ, et al. Retinal vascular caliber and age-related macular degeneration: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;146(6):954–959 e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cackett P, Wong TY, Aung T, et al. Smoking, cardiovascular risk factors, and age-related macular degeneration in Asians: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;146(6):960–967 e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki R, Wang JJ, Aung T, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in a Malay population: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(10):1735–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs—an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology 1991;98(5 Suppl):786–806.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Islam FM, Nguyen TT, Wang JJ, et al. Quantitative retinal vascular calibre changes in diabetes and retinopathy: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Eye 2009 Aug; 23(8):1719–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Cheung N, Tay WT, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(11):1869–1875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Mitchell P. Hypertensive retinopathy. N Engl J Med 2004;351(22):2310–2317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Knudtson MD, Klein R, et al. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology 2004;111(6):1183–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amerasinghe N, Aung T, Cheung N, et al. Evidence of retinal vascular narrowing in glaucomatous eyes in an Asian population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49(12):5397–5402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein BE, Klein R, Linton KL, et al. Assessment of cataracts from photographs in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1990;97(11):1428–1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman DS, Katz J, Bressler NM, et al. Racial differences in the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration: the Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 1999;106(6):1049–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip JL, Foster PJ. Ethnic differences in primary angle-closure glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006;17(2):175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Katz J, et al.Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Jama 1991;266(3):369–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer A, Tielsch JM, Katz J, et al. Racial differences in the cause-specific prevalence of blindness in east Baltimore. N Engl J Med 1991;325(20):1412–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in 4 racial/ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Ophthalmology 2006;113(3):373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Klein R, Islam FM, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic cohort in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;141(3):446–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michon JJ, Lau J, Chan WS, Ellwein LB. Prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery in the Hong Kong elderly. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86(2):133–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu WM, Cheng CY, Liu JH, et al. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2004;111(1):62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirmalan PK, Katz J, Robin AL, et al. Prevalence of vitreoretinal disorders in a rural population of southern India: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(4):581–586.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishnaiah S, Das T, Nirmalan PK, et al. Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: findings from the Andhra Pradesh eye disease study in South India. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46(12):4442–4449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta SK, Murthy GV, Morrison N, et al. Prevalence of early and late age-related macular degeneration in a rural population in northern India: the INDEYE feasibility study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(3):1007–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou HD, Zhang X, Xu X, et al. [Prevalence study of age-related macular degeneration in Caojiadu blocks, Shanghai.]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2005;41(1):15–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gotoh N, Yamada R, Hiratani H, et al. No association between complement factor H gene polymorphism and exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japanese. Hum Genet 2006;120(1):139–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris B, Imrie F, Armbrecht AM, Dhillon B. Age-related macular degeneration and recent developments: new hope for old eyes? Postgrad Med J 2007;83(979):301–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S, et al. Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science 2005;308(5720):419–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY, et al. Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science 2005;308(5720):385–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan-Yeung M, Ait-Khaled N, White N, et al. The burden and impact of COPD in Asia and Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8(1):2–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. The burden of overweight and obesity in the Asia-Pacific region. Obes Rev 2007;8(3):191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng TO. Rising prevalence of diabetes in China. J Natl Med Assoc 2003;95(11):1115–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L. Cardiovascular diseases in China. Biochem Cell Biol 2007;85(2):157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng TO. Diabetes and obesity epidemics in China: a national crisis. Int J Cardiol 2007;123(1):1–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Foster PJ, Hee J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41(9):2486–2494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona R, Dandona L, Naduvilath TJ, et al. Refractive errors in an urban population in Southern India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40(12):2810–2818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai ES, Tan CE. Genes, diet and serum lipid concentrations: lessons from ethnically diverse populations and their relevance to coronary heart disease in Asia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004;15(1):5–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Chong EW, Wong WL, et al. Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in an urban malay population: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126(8):1091–1099.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen SY, Wong TY, Foster PJ, et al. The prevalence and types of glaucoma in malay people: the Singapore Malay eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49(9):3846–3851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavanya R, Wong TY, Aung T, et al. Prevalence of cataract surgery and post surgery visual outcomes in an urban Asian population: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2009 Mar; 93(3):299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saw SM, Chan YH, Wong WL, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the Singapore Malay Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 2008;115(10):1713–1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unpublished crude data, based on LOCS 3 system.
   Google Scholar