Non-standard Vision Measures Predict Mortality in Elders: The Smith-Kettlewell Institute (SKI) Study

REFERENCES

• Rogot E, Goldberg ID, Goldstein H. Survivorship and causes of death among the blind. J Chronic Dis 1966;19:179–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsch RP, Schwartz B. Increased mortality rates after cataract extraction. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:1034–1037.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benson WH, Farver ME, Caplan RJ. Increased mortality rates after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1288–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. Age-related eye disease and survival: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:333–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiller R, Podgor MJ, Sperduto RD, Wilson PWF, Chew EY, D’Agostino RB. High intraocular pressure and survival: The Framingham Studies. Am J Ophthamol 1999;128:440–445.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. Association of ocular disease and mortality in a diabetic population. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1487–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West SK, Munoz B, Istre J et al. Mixed lens opacities and subsequent mortality. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:393–397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hennis, A, Wu S, Li X, Nemesure B, Leske MC, The Barbados Eye Studies Group. Lens opacities and mortality: The Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology 2001;108:498–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, JJ, Mitchell P, Simpson JM, Cumming RG, Smith W. Visual impairment, age-related cataract and mortality. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1186–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, SL, Ferrigno L, Mora P, Rosmini F, Maraini G. Baseline cataract type and 10-year mortality in the Italian-American Case-Control Study of Age-related Cataract. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:127–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DJ, Gomez-Marin O, Lam BL, Zheng DD. Glaucoma and survival: The National Health Interview Survey 1986–1994. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1476–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemons TE, Kurinij N, Sperduto RD, Bressler SB, AREDS Research Group. Associations of mortality with ocular disorders and an intervention of high-dose antioxidants and zinc in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS Report No. 13. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:716–726.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nucci C, Cedrone C, Culasso F, Cesareo M, Regine F. Cerulli L. Association between lens opacities and mortality in the Priverno Eye Study. Graufe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004;242:289–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buch H, Vinding T, la Cour M, Jensen GB, Prause JU, Nielsen NV. Age-related maculopathy: A risk indication for poorer survival in women. The Copenhagen City Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2005;112:305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudtson MD, Klein BEK, Klein R. Age-related eye disease, visual impairment and survival: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:243–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee AJ, Wang JJ, Kifley A, Mitchell, P. Open-angle glaucoma and cardiovascular mortality. Ophthalmology 2006;113:1069–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cugati S, Cumming RG, Smith W, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P, Wang JJ. Visual impairment, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and long-term mortality: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:917–924.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borger PH, van Leeuwen R, Hulsman CAA, et al. Is there a direct association between age-related eye diseases and mortality? The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1292–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JR, Gibson JM, Jagger G. The association between visual impairment and mortality in elderly people. Age Ageing 1989;18:83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appollonio I, Carabellese C, Magni E, Frattola L, Trabucchi M. Sensory impairment and mortality in an elderly community population: A six year follow-up study. Age Ageing 1995;24:30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstey KJ, Luszcz MA, Giles LC, Andrews GR. Demographic, health, cognitive and sensory variables as predictors of mortality in very old adults. Psychol Aging 2001;16:3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy CA, Nanjan MB, Taylor HR. Vision impairment predicts 5 year mortality. Br J. Ophthalmol 2001;85:322–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee DJ, Gomez-Marin O, Lam BL, Zheng DD. Visual acuity impairment and mortality in US adults. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:1544–1550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman EE, Egleston BL, West SK, Bandeen-Roche K, Rubin G. Visual acuity change and mortality in older adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:4040–4045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiagarajan M, Evans JR, Smeeth L. Wormald RPL, Fletcher AE. Cause-specific visual impairment and mortality: Results from a population-based study of older people in the United Kingdom. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:1397–1403.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedula KL, Coleman AL, Hillier TA, et al. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and mortality in older woman: Study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:1871–1877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berdeaux G, Brezin AP, Fagnani F. Lafuma A, Mesbah M. Self-reported visual impairment and mortality: A French nationwide perspective. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2007;14:80–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulmala, J, Era P, Törmäkangas T, Pärssinen O, Rantanen T, Heikkinen E. Visual acuity and mortality in older people and factors on the pathway. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008;15:128–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ SL, Lee DJ, Lam BL, Zheng DD, Arheart KL. Assessment of the effect of visual impairment on mortality through multiple health pathways: Structural equation modeling. Invest Ophthalm Vis Sci 2008;49(8):3318–3323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karpa MJ, Mitchell P, Beath K, Rochtchina E, Cumming RG, Wang JJ. Direct and indirect effects of visual impairment on mortality risk in older persons. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127(10):1347–1353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jessa Z, Evans B, Thomson D, Rowlands G. Vision screening of older people. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2007;27:527–546.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brabyn J, Schneck M, Haegerström-Portnoy G, Lott L. The Smith-Kettlewell Institute (SKI) longitudinal study of vision function and its impact among the elderly: An overview. Optom Vis Sci 2001;78:264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord SR, Dayhew J. Visual risk factors for falls in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:508–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West SK, Rubin GS, Broman AT, Munoz B, Bandeen-Roche K, Turano K. How does visual impairment affect performance on tasks of everyday life? The SEE Project. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:774–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boer MR, Pluijm SMF, Lips P, et al. Different aspects of visual impairment as risk factors for falls and fractures in older men and women. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:1539–1547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneck ME, Haegerström-Portnoy G, Lott LA, Brabyn JA, Gildengorin G. Low contrast vision function predicts subsequent acuity loss in an aged population: The SKI Study. Vis Res 2004;44:2317–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher DC, Schuchard RA. Visual function in patients with choroidal neovascularization resulting from age-related macular degeneration: The importance of looking beyond visual acuity. Optom Vis Sci 2006;83:178–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin GS, Ng ESW, Bandeen–Roche K, et al. A prospective, population–based study of the role of visual impairment in motor vehicle crashes among older drivers: The SEE Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:1483–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haegerström–Portnoy G, Schneck ME, Brabyn JA. Seeing into old age: Vision function beyond acuity. Optom Vis Sci 1999;76:141–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haegerström-Portnoy G, Schneck ME, Lott, LA, Brabyn JA. The relation between visual acuity and other spatial vision measures. Optom Vis Sci 2000;77:653–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy JM, Monson RR, Olivier DC, Sobel AM, Leighton AH. Affective disorders and mortality. A general population study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:473–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazer DG, Hybels CF. What symptoms of depression predict mortality in community-dwelling elders? J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:2052–2056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korten AE, Jorm AF, Jiao Z, et al. Health, cognitive, and psychosocial factors as predictors of mortality in an elderly community sample. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stump TE, Callahan CM, Hendrie HC. Cognitive impairment and mortality in older primary care patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:934–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed D, Satariano W, Gildengorin G, McMahon K, Fleshman R, Schneider E. Health and functioning among the elderly of Marin County, California: A glimpse of the future. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995;50:M61–69.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey IL, Lovie JE. New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1976;53:740–745.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferris III FL, Kassof A, Bresnick GH, Bailey I. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;94:91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haegerström-Portnoy G, Brabyn JA, Schneck ME, Jampolsky A. The SKILL Card: An acuity test of reduced luminance and contrast. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38:207–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey IL, Bullimore MA. A new test of disability glare. Optom Vis Sci 1991;68:911–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelli DG, Robson JG, Wilkins AJ. The design of a new letter chart for measuring contrast sensitivity. Clin Vision Sci 1988;2:187–199.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot DB, Bullimore M, Bailey IL. Improving the reliability of the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test. Clin Vis Sci 1991;6:471–475.
   Google Scholar
• Frisby JP. The Frisby stereotest: Amended instructions. Br Orthopt J 1980;37:108.
   Google Scholar
• Farnsworth, D. The Farnsworth Dichotomous Test for Color Blindness. Panel D-15 Manual. New York: The Psychological Corp., 1947.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, AJ, Haegerström-Portnoy, G. Color deficiency. In: Amos, JF, editor. Diagnosis and Management in Vision Care. Boston: Butterworths, 1987:671–713.
   Google Scholar
• Ball KK, Beard BL, Roenker DL, Miller, RL, Griggs, DS. Age and visual search: Expanding the useful field of view. J Opt Soc Am A 1988;5:2210–2219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ball K, Owsley, C. The useful field of view test: A new technique for evaluating age-related declines in visual function. J Am Optom Assoc 1993;64:71–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Optometric Association Website. Accessed March 8, 2010 online at: http://www.aoa.org/low-vision.xml
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. ICD Update and Revision Platform: Change the definition of blindness. Accessed March 8, 2010 online at: http://www.who.int/blindness/Change%20the%20Definition%20of%20Blindness.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Radloff, LS. The CES-D: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psych Meas 977;1:385–401.
   Google Scholar
• Radloff, LS, Teri L. Use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale with older adults. Clin Gerontol 1986;5:119–136.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer E. A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1975;23:433–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleves MA, Gould WW, Gutierrez RG. An Introduction to Survival Analysis using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Weih LM, VanNewkirk MR, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Age-specific causes of bilateral visual impairment. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz B, West SK, Rubin GS, et al. Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population of older Americans: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:819–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans BJ, Rowlands G. Correctable visual impairment in older people: A major unmet need. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2004;24:161–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale S, Cotch MF, Sperduto RD. Prevalence of visual impairment in the United States. JAMA 2006;295:2158–2163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Dandona R. Revision of visual impairment definitions in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases. BMC Medicine 2006;4:7. Accessed June 4, 2009 online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/4/7
   Google Scholar
• Owsley C, Sloane ME. Contrast sensitivity, acuity and the perception of “real-world” targets. Br J Ophthalmol 1987;71:791–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marron JA, Bailey IL. Visual factors and orientation-mobility performance. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1982:59:413–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuyk T, Elliott JL, Fuhr PS. Visual correlates of mobility in real world settings in older adults with low vision. Optom Vis Sci 1998;75:538–547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar