Differences in Prevalence of Refractive Errors in Young Asian Males in Singapore between 1996–1997 and 2009–2010

REFERENCES

• Sainz-Gomez C, Fernandez-Robredo P, Salinas-Alaman A, et al. Prevalence and causes of bilateral blindness and visual impairment among institutionalized elderly people in Pamplona, Spain. Eur J Ophthalmol 2010;20(2):442–450
   Google Scholar
• Cheng CY, Hsu WM, Liu JH, et al. Refractive errors in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44(11):4630–4638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Newkirk MR. The Hong Kong vision study: a pilot assessment of visual impairment in adults. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1997;95:715–749
   Google Scholar
• Wang L, Huang W, He M, et al. Causes and five-year incidence of blindness and visual impairment in urban Southern China: the Liwan Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(6):4117–4121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budenz DL, Bandi JR, Barton K, et al. Blindness and visual impairment in an urban West African population: the Tema Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 2012;119(9):1744–1753
   Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Chong EW, Wong WL, et al. Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in an urban malay population: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126(8):1091–1099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong TY, Foster PJ, Hee J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41(9):2486–2494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu HM, Seet B, Yap EP, et al. Does education explain ethnic differences in myopia prevalence? A population-based study of young adult males in Singapore. Optom Vis Sci 2001;78(4):234–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar Dayan Y, Levin A, Morad Y, et al. The changing prevalence of myopia in young adults: a 13-year series of population-based prevalence surveys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46(8):2760–2765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale S, Sperduto RD, Ferris FL, 3rd. Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971--1972 and 1999-2004. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127(12):1632–1639
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Department of Statistics S. Singapore in Figures 2013. In: Department of Statistics S, ed. Singapore 2013
   Google Scholar
• Au Eong KG, Tay TH, Lim MK. Race, culture and Myopia in 110,236 young Singaporean males. Singapore Med J 1993;34(1):29–32
   Google Scholar
• Chew SJ, Chia SC, Lee LK. The pattern of myopia in young Singaporean men. Singapore Med J 1988;29(3):201–211
   Google Scholar
• Lee YY, Lo CT, Sheu SJ, Lin JL. What factors are associated with myopia in young adults? A survey study in Taiwan Military Conscripts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(2):1026–1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung SK, Lee JH, Kakizaki H, Jee D. Prevalence of myopia and its association with body stature and educational level in 19-year-old male conscripts in seoul, South Korea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012;53(9):5579–5583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Jee D, Kwon JW, Lee WK. Prevalence and risk factors for myopia in a rural Korean population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(8):5466–5471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SJ, Urm SH, Yu BC, et al. [The prevalence of high myopia in 19 year-old men in Busan, Ulsan and Gyeongsangnam-do]. J Prev Med Public Health 2011;44(1):56–64
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen N, Jensen H, Goldschmidt E. Prevalence of myopia in Danish conscripts. Acta Odontol Scand 2007;85(2):165–170
   Google Scholar
• Tan CS, Chan YH, Wong TY, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors and ocular biometry parameters in an elderly Asian population: the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS). Eye (Lond) 2011;25(10):1294–1301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan CW, Zheng YF, Anuar AR, et al. Prevalence of refractive errors in a multiethnic Asian population: the Singapore epidemiology of eye disease study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(4):2590–2598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam CS, Goh WS, Tang YK, et al. Changes in refractive trends and optical components of Hong Kong Chinese aged over 40 years. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1994;14(4):383–388
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch MJ. Changes in refractive state after the age of forty-five. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1958;35(5):229–237
   Google Scholar
• Grosvenor T. Reduction in axial length with age: an emmetropizing mechanism for the adult eye? Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987;64(9):657–663
   Google Scholar
• Vitale S, Ellwein L, Cotch MF, et al. Prevalence of refractive error in the United States, 1999-2004. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126(8):1111–1119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study design and baseline patient characteristics. ETDRS report number 7. Ophthalmology 1991;98(5 Suppl):741–756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwiazda J, Thorn F, Bauer J, Held R. Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34(3):690–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton AB, Hansen RM, Petersen RA. The relation of myopia and astigmatism in developing eyes. Ophthalmology 1982;89(4):298–302
   Google Scholar
• Mutti DO, Zadnik K, Fusaro RE, et al. Optical and structural development of the crystalline lens in childhood. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39(1):120–133
   Google Scholar
• He M, Huang W, Li Y, et al. Refractive error and biometry in older Chinese adults: the Liwan eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50(11):5130–5136
   Google Scholar
• Attebo K, Ivers RQ, Mitchell P. Refractive errors in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1999;106(6):1066–1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robaei D, Rose K, Ojaimi E, et al. Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in a population-based sample of 6-year-old Australian children. Ophthalmology 2005;112(7):1275–1282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia A, Lin X, Dirani M, et al. Risk factors for strabismus and amblyopia in young Singapore Chinese children. Ophthal Epidemiol 2013;20(3):138–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai AS, Rose KA, Leone JF, et al. Amblyopia prevalence and risk factors in Australian preschool children. Ophthalmology 2012;119(1):138–144
   Google Scholar
• Harvey EM, Dobson V, Miller JM, Clifford-Donaldson CE. Amblyopia in astigmatic children: patterns of deficits. Vision Res 2007;47(3):315–326
   Google Scholar
• Wen G, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, et al. Prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in non-Hispanic white and Asian children: multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2013;120(10):2109–2116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Peyman A, et al. The association between residual astigmatism and refractive errors in a population-based study. J Refract Surg 2013;29(9):624–628
   Google Scholar
• Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Yekta AA, . Characteristics of astigmatism in a population of schoolchildren, Dezful, Iran. Optom Vis Sci 2011;88(9):1054–1059
   Google Scholar
• Sawada A, Tomidokoro A, Araie M, et al. Refractive errors in an elderly Japanese population: the Tajimi study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(2):363–370 e363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afsari S, Rose KA, Gole GA, et al. Prevalence of anisometropia and its association with refractive error and amblyopia in preschool children. Brit J Med Psychol 2013;97(9):1095–1099
   Google Scholar
• Sperduto RD, Seigel D, Roberts J, Rowland M. Prevalence of myopia in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101(3):405–407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz J, Tielsch JM, Sommer A. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in an adult inner city population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38(2):334–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Klein BE, Klein R, Moss SE. Refractive status in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35(13):4344–4347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott M, Simpson T, Richter D, Fonn D. Repeatability and accuracy of automated refraction: a comparison of the Nikon NRK-8000, the Nidek AR-1000, and subjective refraction. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74(6):434–438
   Google Scholar
• Pesudovs K, Weisinger HS. A comparison of autorefractor performance. Optom Vis Sci 2004;81(7):554–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwiazda J, Weber C. Comparison of spherical equivalent refraction and astigmatism measured with three different models of autorefractors. Optom Vis Sci 2004;81(1):56–61
   Google Scholar