Peri- and post-menopausal incidental adnexal masses and the risk of sporadic ovarian malignancy: new insights and clinical management

References

• Young RC. Gynecologic malignancies. In: Fauci AS, Harrison TR, Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2005. pp. 553–558.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh CS, Blum A, Walts A, Alsabeh R, Tran H, Koeffler HP, Karlan BY. Lynch syndrome among gynecologic oncology patients meeting Bethesda guidelines for screening. Gynecol Oncol, 2010;116:516–521.
   Google Scholar
• South SA, Vance H, Farrell C, DiCioccio RA, Fahey C, Piver MS, Rodabaugh KJ. Consideration of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in BRCA mutation-negative familial ovarian cancers. Cancer 2009;115:324–333.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey CL, Ueland FR, Land GL, DePriest PD, Gallion HH, Kryscio RJ, van Nagell JR Jr. The malignant potential of small cystic ovarian tumors in women over 50 years of age. Gynecol Oncol 1998;69:3–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen JT, Boldsen JL, Westergaard JG. Functional ovarian cysts in premenopausal and gynecologically healthy women. Contraception 2002;66:153–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorum A, Blom GP, Ekerhovd E, Granberg S. Prevalence and histologic diagnosis of adnexal cysts in postmenopausal women: an autopsy study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake J. Diagnosis and management of the adnexal mass. Am Fam Physician 1998;57:2471–2476, 2479–2480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald J, Modesitt SC. The incidental postmenopausal adnexal mass. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006;49:506–516.
   Google Scholar
• Vuento MH, Pirhonen JP, Mäkinen JI, Laippala PJ, Grönroos M, Salmi TA. Evaluation of ovarian findings in asymptomatic postmenopausal women with color Doppler ultrasound. Cancer 1995;76:1214–1218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Healy DL, Bell R, Robertson DM, Jobling T, Oehler MK, Edwards A, Shekleton P, Oldham J, Piessens S, Teoh M, et al Ovarian status in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 2008;15:1109–1114.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for ovarian cancer: recommendation statement. Am Fam Physician 2005;71:759–762.
   Google Scholar
• Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Hallett R, Ryan A, Burnell M, Sharma A, Lewis S, Davies S, Philpott S, Lopes A, et al Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Lancet Oncol 2009;10:327–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke-Pearson DL. Clinical practice. Screening for ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2009;361:170–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comerci JT Jr, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL. Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch A, Beiner M, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, Moller P, Rosen B, Murphy J, Ghadirian P, Friedman E, Foulkes WD, et al Hereditary Ovarian Cancer Clinical Study Group. Salpingo-oophorectomy and the risk of ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation. JAMA 2006;296:185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal A, Jacobs I. Familial ovarian cancer screening. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006;20:321–338.
   Google Scholar
• van der Velde NM, Mourits MJ, Arts HJ, de Vries J, Leegte BK, Dijkhuis G, Oosterwijk JC, de Bock GH. Time to stop ovarian cancer screening in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers? Int J Cancer 2009;124:919–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry NB, Bapat SA. Ovarian cancer plasticity and epigenomics in the acquisition of a stem-like phenotype. J Ovarian Res 2008;1:8.
   Google Scholar
• Cochard LR, Netter FH. The urogenital system. In: Netter's atlas of human embryology, Teterboro, NJ: Icon Learning Systems; 2002. Chapter 7, pp 157–183.
   Google Scholar
• Scully RE. Pathology of ovarian cancer precursors. J Cell Biochem 1995;23 (Suppl):208–218.
   Google Scholar
• Brown PO, Palmer C. The preclinical natural history of serous ovarian cancer: defining the target for early detection. PLoS Med 2009;6:e1000114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomassen M, Jochumsen KM, Mogensen O, Tan Q, Kruse TA. Gene expression meta-analysis identifies chromosomal regions involved in ovarian cancer survival. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009;48:711–724.
   Google Scholar
• Bendoraite A, Knouf EC, Garg KS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, O'Briant KC, Ventura AP, Godwin AK, Karlan BY, Drescher CW, et al Regulation of miR-200 family microRNAs and ZEB transcription factors in ovarian cancer: evidence supporting a mesothelial-to-epithelial transition. Gynecol Oncol 2010;116:117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer D, Thomé M, Becker S, Cordes T, Diedrich K, Friedrich M, Thill M. Expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3–24-hydroxylase in benign and malignant ovarian cell lines and tissue. Anticancer Res 2009;29:3635–3639.
   Google Scholar
• Karihtala P, Soini Y, Vaskivuo L, Bloigu R, Puistola U. DNA adduct 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a novel putative marker of prognostic significance in ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:1047–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Gan L, Jeffery E, Gayle M, Gown AM, Skelly M, Nelson PS, Ng WV, Schummer M, Hood L, et al Montoring gene expression profile changes in ovarian carcinomas using cDNA microarray. Gene 1999;229:101–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono K, Tanaka T, Tsunoda T, Fujita M, Miwa N, Tanaka T, Tsunoda T, Yang KC, Nakamura Y, Furukawa Y. Identification by cDNA microarray of genes involved in ovarian carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2000;60:5007–5011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross DT, Scherf U, Eisen MB, Perou CM, Rees C, Spellman P, Iyer V, Jeffrey SS, Van de Rijn M, Waltham M, et al Systematic variation in gene expression patterns in human cancer cell lines. Nat Genet 2000;24:227–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shridhar V, Lee J, Pandita A, Iturria S, Avula R, Staub J, Morrissey M, Calhoun E, Sen A, Kalli K, et al Genetic analysis of early- versus late-stage ovarian tumors. Cancer Res 2001;61:5895–5904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia A, Hurteau JA, Bigsby RM, Nephew KP. DNA methylation in ovarian cancer. II. Expression of DNA methyltransferases in ovarian cancer cell lines and normal ovarian epithelial cells. Gynecol Oncol 2001;82:299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley KM, Wells M. Precursor lesions of ovarian epithelial malignancy. Histopathology 2001;38:87–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskins WJ. Histologic changes in the ovaries of cancer-prone women: an indication of premalignant change? J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1790–1791.
   Google Scholar
• Salazar H, Godwin AK, Daly MB, Laub PB, Hogan WM, Rosenblum N, Boente MP, Lynch HT, Hamilton TC. Microscopic benign and invasive malignant neoplasms and a cancer-prone phenotype in prophylactic oophorectomies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1810–1820.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werness BA, Afify AM, Bielat KL, Eltabbakh GH, Piver MS, Paterson JM. Altered surface and cyst epithelium of ovaries removed prophylactically from women with a family history of ovarian cancer. Hum Pathol 1999;30:151–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piek JM, Verheijen RH, Menko FH, Jongsma AP, Weegenaar J, Gille JJ, Pals G, Kenemans P, van Diest PJ. Expression of differentiation and proliferation related proteins in epithelium of prophylactically removed ovaries from women with a hereditary female adnexal cancer predisposition. Histopathology 2003;43:26–32.
   Google Scholar
• Parrott JA, Doraiswamy V, Kim G, Mosher R, Skinner MK. Expression and actions of both the follicle stimulating hormone receptor and the luteinizing hormone receptor in normal ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001;172:213–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung PC, Choi JH. Endocrine signaling in ovarian surface epithelium and cancer. Hum Reprod Update 2007;13:143–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laviolette LA, Garson K, Macdonald EA, Senterman MK, Courville K, Crane CA, Vanderhyden BC. 17{beta}-estradiol accelerates tumor onset and decreases survival in a transgenic mouse model of ovarian cancer. Endocrinology, 2010;151:928–938.
   Google Scholar
• Bagnardi V, Blangiardo M, La Vecchia C, Corrao G. Alcohol consumption and the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Alcohol Res Health 2001;25:263–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soegaard M, Jensen A, Høgdall E, Christensen L, Høgdall C, Blaakaer J, Kjaer SK. Different risk factor profiles for mucinous and nonmucinous ovarian cancer: results from the Danish MALOVA study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:1160–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan SJ, Whiteman DC, Purdie DM, Green AC, Webb PM. Does smoking increase risk of ovarian cancer? A systematic review. Gynecol Oncol 2006;103:1122–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan SJ, Siskind V, C Green A, Whiteman DC, Webb PM. Breastfeeding and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 2010;21:109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer; Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C, Peto R, Reeves G. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet 2008;371:303–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delort L, Kwiatkowski F, Chalabi N, Satih S, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon DJ. Central adiposity as a major risk factor of ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res 2009;29:5229–5234.
   Google Scholar
• Lahmann PH, Cust AE, Friedenreich CM, Schulz M, Lukanova A, Kaaks R, Lundin E, Tjønneland A, Halkjær J, Severinsen MT, et al Anthropometric measures and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer, 2010;126:2404–2415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates MA, Rosner BA, Hecht JL, Tworoger SS. Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic subtype. Am J Epidemiol 2010;171:45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossing MA, Cushing-Haugen KL, Wicklund KG, Doherty JA, Weiss NS. Recreational physical activity and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 2010;21:485–491.
   Google Scholar
• Toriola AT, Surcel HM, Agborsangaya C, Grankvist K, Tuohimaa P, Toniolo P, Lukanova A, Pukkala E, Lehtinen M. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer, 2010;46:364–369.
   Google Scholar
• Kotsopoulos J, Baer HJ, Tworoger SS. Anthropometric measures and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: results from the nurses' health study. Obesity (Silver Spring), in press.
   Google Scholar
• Amsterdam A, Sasson R. The anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids is mediated by cell type specific regulation of apoptosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002;189:1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson EE, Skinner MK. Role of transforming growth factor beta in ovarian surface epithelium biology and ovarian cancer. Reprod Biomed Online 2002;5:254–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong AS, Leung PC. Role of endocrine and growth factors on the ovarian surface epithelium. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli MC, De Giovanni C, Nicoletti G, Grilli S, Nanni P, Prodi G, Gola G, Rocchetta R, Orlandi C. The occurrence of multiple steroid hormone receptors in disease free and neoplastic human ovary. Cancer 1981;47:1297–1302.
   Google Scholar
• Slotman BJ, Rao BR. Ovarian cancer (review): etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. Anticancer Res 1988;8:417–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-López FR, Campo C, Ibañez F, Blasco C. Receptores de estrógenos y de progesterona en ovarios sanos y tumorales. Acta Ginecológica (Madrid) 1992;49:115–122.
   Google Scholar
• Chien J, Fan JB, Bell DA, April C, Klotzle B, Ota T, Lingle WL, Gonzalez Bosquet J, Shridhar V, Hartmann LC. Analysis of gene expression in stage I serous tumors identifies critical pathways altered in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2009;114:3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond A, Fuller P. The importance of ER{beta} signalling in ovarian function. J Endocrinol, 2010;205:15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker LP, Taylor DD, Kesterson S, Gercel-Taylor C. Gene expression profiling in response to estradiol and genistein in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2009;6:189–194.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida S, Furukawa N, Haruta S, Tanase Y, Kanayama S, Noguchi T, Sakata M, Yamada Y, Oi H, Kobayashi H. Expression profiles of genes involved in poor prognosis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:992–997.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer A, Goff AK, Boerboom D. WNT signaling in ovarian follicle biology and tumorigenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Beral V, Bull D, Green J, Reeves G; Million Women Study Collaborators,. Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2007;369:1703–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mørch LS, Løkkegaard E, Andreasen AH, Krüger-Kjaer S, Lidegaard O. Hormone therapy and ovarian cancer. JAMA 2009;302:298–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce CL, Chung K, Pike MC, Wu AH. Increased ovarian cancer risk associated with menopausal estrogen therapy is reduced by adding a progestin. Cancer 2009;115:531–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou B, Sun Q, Cong R, Gu H, Tang N, Yang L, Wang B. Hormone replacement therapy and ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;108:641–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum CP, Drapkin R, Kindelberger D, Medeiros F, Miron A, Lee Y. Lessons from BRCA: the tubal fimbria emerges as an origin for pelvic serous cancer. Clin Med Res 2007;5:35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goff BA, Mandel L, Muntz HG, Melancon CH. Ovarian carcinoma diagnosis. Cancer 2000;89:2068–2075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff BA, Mandel LS, Melancon CH, Muntz HG. Frequency of symptoms of ovarian cancer in women presenting to primary care clinics. JAMA 2004;291:2705–2712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bankhead CR, Kehoe ST, Austoker J. Symptoms associated with diagnosis of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. BJOG 2005;112:857–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryerson AB, Eheman C, Burton J, McCall N, Blackman D, Subramanian S, Richardson LC. Symptoms, diagnoses, and time to key diagnostic procedures among older U.S. women with ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:1053–1061.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlik EJ, Saunders BA, Doran S, McHugh KW, Ueland FR, Desimone CP, Depriest PD, Ware RA, Kryscio RJ, van Nagell JR Jr. The search for meaning-Symptoms and transvaginal sonography screening for ovarian cancer: predicting malignancy. Cancer 2009;115:3689–3698.
   Google Scholar
• Kazandi M, Sendag F, Akercan F, Terek MC, Ozsaran A, Dikmen Y. Ovarian cysts in postmenopausal tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients with endometrial thickening detected by transvaginal sonography. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2002;23:257–260.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen I, Potlog-Nahari C, Shapira J, Yigael D, Tepper R. Simple ovarian cysts in postmenopausal patients with breast carcinoma treated with tamoxifen: long-term follow-up. Radiology 2003;227:844–848.
   Google Scholar
• Hata K, Hata T, Kitao M. Intratumoral peak systolic velocity as a new possible predictor for detection of adnexal malignancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1496–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyelese Y, Kueck AS, Barter JF, Zalud I. Asymptomatic postmenopausal simple ovarian cyst. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2002;57:803–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcázar JL, Galán MJ, Ceamanos C, García-Manero M. Transvaginal gray scale and color Doppler sonography in primary ovarian cancer and metastatic tumors to the ovary. J Ultrasound Med 2003;22:243–247.
   Google Scholar
• Alcázar JL. Ecografía y angiografía power Doppler tridimensional en el diagnóstico diferencial de las masas anexiales: Estado actual. Rev Chil Ultrasonog 2008;11:4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf I, Gosink BB, Feldesman MR, Lin MC, Stuenkel CA, Braly PS, Pretorius DH. Prevalence of simple adnexal cysts in postmenopausal women. Radiology 1991;180:65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modessit SC, Pavlik EJ, Ueland FR, DePriest PD, Kryscio RJ, van Nagell JR. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:594–599.
   Google Scholar
• Castillo G, Alcázar JL, Jurado M. Natural history of sonographically detected simple unilocular adnexal cysts in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol 2004;92:965–969.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valentin L, Ameye J, Testa A, Lecuru F, Bernard JP, Paladini D, Van Huffel S, Timmerman D. Ultrasound characteristics of different types of adnexal malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2006;102:41–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Nagell JR Jr, DePriest PD, Ueland FR, DeSimone CP, Cooper AL, McDonald JM, Pavlik EJ, Kryscio RJ. Ovarian cancer screening with annual transvaginal sonography: findings of 25,000 women screened. Cancer 2007;109:1887–1896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Nagell JR, DePriest PD, Puls LE, Donaldson ES, Gallion HH, Pavlik EJ, Powell DE, Kryscio RJ. Ovarian cancer screening in asymptomatic postmenopausal women by transvaginal sonography. Cancer 1991;68:458–462.
   Google Scholar
• Barloon TJ, Brown BP, Abu-Yousef MM, Warnock NG. Paraovarian and paratubal cysts: preoperative diagnosis using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 1996;24:117–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim JS, Woo SK, Suh SJ, Morettin LB. Sonographic diagnosis of paraovarian cysts: value of detecting a separate ipsilateral ovary. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;164:1441–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korbin CD, Brown DL, Welch WR. Paraovarian cystadenomas and cystadenofibromas: sonographic characteristics in 14 cases. Radiology 1998;208:459–462.
   Google Scholar
• Savelli L, Ghi T, De Iaco P, Ceccaroni M, Venturoli S, Cacciatore B. Paraovarian/paratubal cysts: comparison of transvaginal sonographic and pathological findings to establish diagnostic criteria. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;28:330–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini G, Quadri PG, Gandolfo NG, Gandolfo N, Martinoli C, Derchi LE. Sonographic features of incidentally detected, small, nonpalpable ovarian dermoids. J Clin Ultrasound 1999;27:369–373.
   Google Scholar
• Ekici E, Soysal M, Kara S, Dogan M, Gokmen O. The efficiency of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of dermoid cysts. Zentralbl Gynakol 1996;118:136–141.
   Google Scholar
• Alcázar JL, Errasti T, Mínguez JA, Galán MJ, García-Manero M, Ceamanos C. Sonographic features of ovarian cystadenofibromas: spectrum of findings. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20:915–919.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto R, Fujita M, Kuwabara M, Sogame M, Ebina Y, Sakuragi N, Kato H, Fujimoto S. Malignant Brenner tumors of the ovary and tumor markers: case reports. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1999;29:308–313.
   Google Scholar
• Green GE, Mortele KJ, Glickman JN, Benson CB. Brenner tumors of the ovary: sonographic and computed tomographic imaging features. J Ultrasound Med 2006;25:1245–1251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pascual MA, Tresserra F, Grases PJ, Labastida R, Dexeus S. Borderline cystic tumors of the ovary: gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 2002;30:76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exacoustos C, Romanini ME, Rinaldo D, Amoroso C, Szabolcs B, Zupi E, Arduini D. Preoperative sonographic features of borderline ovarian tumors. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005;25:50–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcázar JL, Ruiz-Perez ML, Errasti T. Transvaginal color Doppler sonography in adnexal masses: which parameter performs best? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:114–119.
   Google Scholar
• Buy JN, Ghossain MA, Hugol D, Hassen K, Sciot C, Truc JB, Poitout P, Vadrot D. Characterization of adnexal masses: combination of color Doppler and conventional sonography compared with spectral Doppler analysis alone and conventional sonography alone. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;166:385–393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medeiros LR, Rosa DD, da Rosa MI, Bozzetti MC. Accuracy of ultrasonography with color Doppler in ovarian tumor: a systematic quantitative review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:1214–1220.
   Google Scholar
• Emoto M, Obama H, Horiuchi S, Miyakawa T, Kawarabayashi T. Transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonic characterization of benign and malignant ovarian cystic teratomas and comparison with serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen. Cancer 2000;88:2298–2304.
   Google Scholar
• Zalel Y, Seidman DS, Oren M, Achiron R, Gotlieb W, Mashiach S, Goldenberg M. Sonographic and clinical characteristics of struma ovarii. J Ultrasound Med 2000;19:857–861.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Nagell JR Jr, DePriest PD, Ueland FR, DeSimone CP, Cooper AL, McDonald JM, Pavlik EJ, Kryscio RJ. Ovarian cancer screening with annual transvaginal sonography: findings of 25,000 women screened. Cancer 2007;109:1887–1896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasholzner U, Baumgartner L, Stieber P, Meier W, Hofmann K, Fateh-Moghadam A. Significance of the tumour markers CA 125 II, CA 72-4, CASA and CYFRA 21-1 in ovarian carcinoma. Anticancer Res 1994;14:2743–2746.
   Google Scholar
• Schutter EM, Davelaar EM, van Kamp GJ, Verstraeten RA, Kenemans P, Verheijen RH. The differential diagnostic potential of a panel of tumor markers (CA 125, CA 15-3, and CA 72-4 antigens) in patients with a pelvic mass. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayhan A, Guven S, Guven ES, Kucukali T. Is there a correlation between tumor marker panel and tumor size and histopathology in well staged patients with borderline ovarian tumors? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007;86:484–490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao KC, Hong JH, Wu TL, Chang PY, Sun CF, Wu JT. Elevation of CA 19-9 and chromogranin A, in addition to CA 125, are detectable in benign tumors in leiomyomas and endometriosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2007;21:193–196.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer T, Rustin GJ. Role of tumour markers in monitoring epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2000;82:1535–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CS, Rubin SC. Screening for ovarian cancer in the general population. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006;20:307–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bast RC Jr. Status of tumor markers in ovarian cancer screening. J Clin Oncol 2003;21(10 Suppl):200s–205s.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs IJ, Skates S, Davies AP, Woolas RP, Jeyerajah A, Weidemann P, Sibley K, Oram DH. Risk of diagnosis of ovarian cancer after raised serum CA 125 concentration: a prospective cohort study. BMJ 1996;313:1355–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seow K-M, Lin Y-H, Hsieh B-C, Huang LW, Pan HS, Chang JZ, Chen HJ, Hwang JL. Transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasonography combined with serum CA125 level for the diagnosis of pelvic adhesions before laparoscopic surgery. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10:320–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sevinc A, Camci C, Turk HM, Buyukberber S. How to interpret serum CA125 levels in patients with serosal involvement? A clinical dilemma. Oncol Rev 2003;65:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi H, Ooi H, Yamada Y, Sakata M, Kawaguchi R, Kanayama S, Sumimoto K, Terao T. Serum CA125 level before the development of ovarian cancer. International J Gynecol Obstet 2007;99:95–99.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi H, Yamada Y, Sado T, Sakata M, Yoshida S, Kawaguchi R, Kanayama S, Shigetomi H, Haruta S, Tsuji Y, et al Prevalence of ovarian cancer among women with a CA125 level of 35 U/ml or less. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008;65:133–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mogensen O, Mogensen B, Jakobsen A. Tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) and cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) in mucinous ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer 1990;61:327–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solakidi S, Tiniakos DG, Petraki K, Stathopoulos GP, Markaki I, Androulakis G, Sekeris CE. Co-expression of trypsin and tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Histol Histopathol 2003;18:1181–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paju A, Vartiainen J, Haglund C, Itkonen O, von Boguslawski K, Leminen A, Wahlström T, Stenman UH. Expression of trypsinogen-1, trypsinogen-2, and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor in ovarian cancer: prognostic study on tissue and serum. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:4761–4768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters-Engl C, Medl M, Ogris E, Leodolter S. Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res 1995;15:2727–2730.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth LM, Talerman A. Recent advances in the pathology and classification of ovarian germ cell tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006;25:305–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagaya H, Fukasawa H, Shoda T, Hoshi K, Hirata S. Novel alpha-fetoprotein-V messenger RNA isoforms in humans. Reprod Sci 2009;16:794–801.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson DA, Pruysers E, Jobling T. Inhibin as a diagnostic marker for ovarian cancer. Cancer Lett 2007;249:14–17.
   Google Scholar
• Geerts I, Vergote I, Neven P, Billen J. The role of inhibins B and antimüllerian hormone for diagnosis and follow-up of granulosa cell tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:847–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy DL, Burger HG, Mamers P, Jobling T, Bangah M, Quinn M, Grant P, Day AJ, Rome R, Campbell JJ. Elevated serum inhibin concentrations in postmenopausal women with ovarian tumours, New Eng J Med 1993;329:1539–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappohn RE, Burger HG, Bouma J, Bangah M, Krans M, de Bruijn HWA. Inhibin as a marker for granulose cell tumours. New Engl J Med 1989;321:790–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerts I, Vergote I, Neven P, Billen J. The role of inhibins B and antimüllerian hormone for diagnosis and follow-up of granulosa cell tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:847–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drapkin R, von Horsten HH, Lin Y, Mok SC, Crum CP, Welch WR, Hecht JL. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a secreted glycoprotein that is overexpressed by serous and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Res 2005;65:2162–2169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE. SMRP and HE4 as biomarkers for ovarian carcinoma when used alone and in combination with CA125 and/or each other. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008;622:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhtinen K, Suvitie P, Hiissa J, Junnila J, Huvila J, Kujari H, Setälä M, Härkki P, Jalkanen J, Fraser J, et al Serum HE4 concentration differentiates malignant ovarian tumours from ovarian endometriotic cysts. Br J Cancer 2009;100:1315–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah CA, Lowe KA, Paley P, Wallace E, Anderson GL, McIntosh MW, Andersen MR, Scholler N, Bergan LA, Thorpe JD, et al Influence of ovarian cancer risk status on the diagnostic performance of the serum biomarkers mesothelin, HE4, and CA125. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2009;18:1365–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe KA, Shah C, Wallace E, Anderson G, Paley P, McIntosh M, Andersen MR, Scholler N, Bergan L, Thorpe J, et al Effects of personal characteristics on serum CA125, mesothelin, and HE4 levels in healthy postmenopausal women at high-risk for ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:2480–2487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RG, Brown AK, Miller MC, Skates S, Allard WJ, Verch T, Steinhoff M, Messerlian G, DiSilvestro P, Granai CO, et al The use of multiple novel tumor biomarkers for the detection of ovarian carcinoma in patients with a pelvic mass. Gynecol Oncol 2008;108:402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen MR, Goff BA, Lowe KA, Scholler N, Bergan L, Dresher CW, Paley P, Urban N. Combining a symptoms index with CA 125 to improve detection of ovarian cancer. Cancer 2008;113:484–489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosen DG, Wang L, Atkinson JN, Yu Y, Lu KH, Diamandis EP, Hellstrom I, Mok SC, Liu J, Bast RC Jr. Potential markers that complement expression of CA125 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005;99:267–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RG, Brown AK, Miller MC, Skates S, Allard WJ, Verch T, Steinhoff M, Messerlian G, DiSilvestro P, Granai CO, et al The use of multiple novel tumor biomarkers for the detection of ovarian carcinoma in patients with a pelvic mass. Gynecol Oncol 2007;108:402–408.
   Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Xiao X, Zhu Z, Streaker E, Ho M, Pastan I, Dimitrov DS. A novel human monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to mesothelin-expressing cells and kills them by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Mol Cancer Ther, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng WF, Huang CY, Chang MC, Hu YH, Chiang YC, Chen YL, Hsieh CY, Chen CA. High mesothelin correlates with chemoresistance and poor survival in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2009;100:1144–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubbels JA, Belisle J, Onda M, Rancourt C, Migneault M, Ho M, Bera TK, Connor J, Sathyanarayana BK, Lee B, et al Mesothelin-MUC16 binding is a high affinity, N-glycan dependent interaction that facilitates peritoneal metastasis of ovarian tumors. Mol Cancer 2006;5:50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellstrom I, Raycraft J, Kanan S, Sardesai NY, Verch T, Yang Y, Hellstrom KE. Mesothelin variant 1 is released from tumor cells as a diagnostic marker. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1014–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon I, Liu Y, Krall KL, Urban N, Wolfert RL, Kim NW, McIntosh MW. Evaluation of the novel serum markers B7-H4, Spondin 2, and DcR3 for diagnosis and early detection of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2007;106:112–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor JP, Felder M. Ascites from epithelial ovarian cancer contain high levels of functional decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) and is associated with platinum resistance. Gynecol Oncol 2008;111:330–335.
   Google Scholar
• Collins M, Ling V, Carreno BM. The B7 family of immune-regulatory ligands. Genome Biol 2005;6:223.1–223.7.
   Google Scholar
• Tringler B, Liu W, Corral L, Torkko KC, Enomoto T, Davidson S, Lucia MS, Heinz DE, Papkoff J, Shroyer KR. B7-H4 over-expression in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006;100:44–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon I, Zhou S, Corral L, Diamandis EP, Sarno MJ, Wolfert RL, Kim NW. B7-H4 is a novel membrane-bound protein and a candidate serum and tissue biomarker for ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:1570–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry R, Schneider D, Hudson D, Parkes D, Xuan JA, Newton A, Toy P, Lin R, Harkins R, Alicke B, et al Identification of a novel prostate tumor target, mindin/RG-1, for antibody-based radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2005;65:8397–8405.
   Google Scholar
• Kong F, Nicole White C, Xiao X, Feng Y, Xu C, He D, Zhang Z, Yu Y. Using proteomic approaches to identify new biomarkers for detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006;100:247–253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coates RJ, Kolor K, Stewart SL, Richardson LC. Diagnostic markers for ovarian cancer screening: not ready for routine clinical use. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:7575–7576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visintin I, Feng Z, Longton G, Ward DC, Alvero AB, Lai Y, Tenthorey J, Leiser A, Flores-Saaib R, Yu H, et al Diagnostic markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:1062–1072.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson GL, McIntosh M, Wu L, Barnett M, Goodman G, Thorpe JD, Bergan L, Thornquist MD, Scholler N, Kim N, et al Assessing lead time of selected ovarian cancer biomarkers: a nested case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010;102:26–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosov V, Su F, Amneus M, Birrer M, Robins T, Kotlerman J, Reddy S, Farias-Eisner R. Validation of serum biomarkers for detection of early-stage ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:639.e1–639e.5.
   Google Scholar
• Wong AS, Kim SO, Leung PC, Auersperg N, Pelech SL. Profiling of protein kinases in the neoplastic transformation of human ovarian surface epithelium. Gynecol Oncol 2001;82:305–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulfkuhle JD, Aquino JA, Calvert VS, Fishman DA, Coukos G, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF III. Signal pathway profiling of ovarian cancer from human tissue specimens using reverse-phase protein microarrays. Proteomics 2003;3:2085–2090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor G, Visintin I, Lai Y, Zhao H, Schwartz P, Rutherford T, Yue L, Bray-Ward P, Ward DC. Serum protein markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. PNAS 2005;102:7677–7782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Zhang X, Ge X, Guo H, Xiong G, Zhu Y. Proteomic studies of early-stage and advanced ovarian cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 2008;111:111–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadron I, Van Gorp T, Timmerman D, Amant F, Waelkens E, Vergote I. Application of proteomics in ovarian cancer: which sample should be used? Gynecol Oncol 2009;115:497–503.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer C, Duan X, Hawley S, Scholler N, Thorpe JD, Sahota RA, Wong MQ, Wray A, Bergan LA, Drescher CW, et al Systematic evaluation of candidate blood markers for detecting ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2008;3:e2633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil I, Brewer MA, Neyarapally T, Runowicz CD. The potential of biologic network models in understanding the etiopathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Gunawardana CG, Kuk C, Smith CR, Batruch I, Soosaipillai A, Diamandis EP. Comprehensive analysis of conditioned media from ovarian cancer cell lines identifies novel candidate markers of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Proteome Res 2009;8:4705–4713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinelli A, Vergara D, Martignago R, Leo G, Pisanò M, Malvasi A. An outlook on ovarian cancer and borderline ovarian tumors: focus on genomic and proteomic findings. Curr Genomics 2009;10:240–249.
   Google Scholar
• Outwater EK, Dunton CJ. Imaging of the ovary and adnexa: clinical issues and applications of MR imaging. Radiology1995;194:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Jeong YY, Outwater EK, Kang HK. Imaging evaluation of ovarian masses. RadioGraphics 2000;20:1445–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber S, Medl M, Baumann L, Czembirek H. Value of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative evaluation of suspected ovarian masses. Anticancer Res 2002;22:2501–2507.
   Google Scholar
• Outwater EK, Mitchell DG. Normal ovaries and functional cysts: MR appearance. Radiology 1996;198:397–402.
   Google Scholar
• Hricak H, Chen M, Coakley FV, Kinkel K, Yu KK, Sica G, Bacchetti P, Powell CB. Complex adnexal masses: detection and characterization with MR imaging –multivariate analysis. Radiology 2000;214:39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohaib SAA, Sahdev A, Van Trappen P, Jacobs IJ, Reznek RH. Characterization of adnexal lesions on MR imaging. AJR 2003;180:1297–1304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temma-Asano K, Kimura T, Tsutsui T, Nobunaga T, Samejima Y, Mitsuda N, Kameda T, Ohta Y, Yamamoto T, Saji F, et al MR imaging evaluation of postmenopausal adnexal masses: correlation with final pathologic diagnosis. Maturitas 2006;53:27–31.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra A, Cunha TM, Félix A. Magnetic resonance evaluation of adnexal masses. Acta Radiol 2008;49:700–709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saini A, Dina R, McIndoe GA, Soutter WP, Gishen P, deSouza NM. Characterization of adnexal masses with MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184:1004–1009.
   Google Scholar
• Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Talerman A, Dunton C. Ovarian fibromas and cystadenofibromas: MRI features of the fibrous component. J Magn Reson Imaging 1997;7:465–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho SM, Byun JY, Rha SE, Jung SE, Park GS, Kim BK, Kim B, Cho KS, Jung NY, Kim SH, et al CT and MRI findings of cystadenofibromas of the ovary. Eur Radiol 2004;14:798–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto K, Ito K, Awaya H, Matsunaga N, Outwater EK, Siegelman ES. Paraovarian cyst: MR imaging features. Abdom Imaging 2002;27:685–689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asch E, Levine D, Pedrosa I, Hecht JL, Kruskal J. Patterns of misinterpretation of adnexal masses on CT and MR in an academic radiology department. Acad Radiol 2009;16:969–980.
   Google Scholar
• Asch E, Levine D, Kim Y, Hecht JL. Histologic, surgical, and imaging correlations of adnexal masses. J Ultrasound Med 2008;27:327–342.
   Google Scholar
• Valentin L, Akrawi D. The natural history of adnexal cysts incidentally detected at transvaginal ultrasound examination in postmenopausal women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002;20:174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour GM, El-Lamie IK, El-Sayed HM, Ibrahim AM, Laban M, Abou-Louz SK, Abd Allah MY, El-Mahallawi MN, El-Lamie KI, Gad-Allah M. Adnexal mass vascularity assessed by 3-dimensional power Doppler: does it add to the risk of malignancy index in prediction of ovarian malignancy? Four hundred-case study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009;19:867–872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokubkiene L, Sladkevicius P, Valentin L. Does three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound help in discrimination between benign and malignant ovarian masses? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;29:215–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, Scheuer L, Hensley M, Hudis CA, Ellis NA, Boyd J, Borgen PI, Barakat RR, et al Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. New Eng J Med 2002;346:1609–1615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, Narod SA, Van't Veer L, Garber JE, Evans G, Isaacs C, Daly MB, Matloff E, et al Prevention and observation of Surgical End Points Study Group. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. New Eng J Med 2002;306:1616–1622.
   Google Scholar