Fertility drug use and risk of ovarian tumors: a debated clinical challenge

References

• Cetin I, Cozzi V, Antonazzo P. Infertility as a cancer risk factor - a review. Placenta 2008;29 Suppl B:169–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lerner-Geva L, Rabinovici J, Lunenfeld B. Ovarian stimulation: is there a long-term risk for ovarian, breast and endometrial cancer? Womens Health (Lond Engl) 2010;6:831–839.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kremer JA, Bots RS, Cohlen B, Crooij M, van Dop PA, Jansen CA, Land JA, et al. [Ten years of results of in-vitro fertilisation in the Netherlands 1996-2005]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2008;152:146–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright VC, Schieve LA, Reynolds MA, Jeng G; Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Assisted reproductive technology surveillance–United States, 2002. MMWR Surveill Summ 2005;54:1–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whittemore AS, Harris R, Itnyre J. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. II. Invasive epithelial ovarian cancers in white women. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1184–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness RB, Cramer DW, Goodman MT, Kjaer SK, Mallin K, Mosgaard BJ, Purdie DM, et al. Infertility, fertility drugs, and ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modugno F, Ness RB, Allen GO, Schildkraut JM, Davis FG, Goodman MT. Oral contraceptive use, reproductive history, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in women with and without endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:733–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riman T, Nilsson S, Persson IR. Review of epidemiological evidence for reproductive and hormonal factors in relation to the risk of epithelial ovarian malignancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83:783–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aris A. Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer: A ten-year cohort study of women living in the Estrie Region of Quebec, Canada. J Ovarian Res 2010;3:2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayasneh A, Tsivos D, Crawford R. Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: a systematic review. ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2011;2011:140310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsilidis KK, Allen NE, Key TJ, Dossus L, Lukanova A, Bakken K, Lund E, et al. Oral contraceptive use and reproductive factors and risk of ovarian cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Br J Cancer 2011;105:1436–1442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce CL, Templeman C, Rossing MA, Lee A, Near AM, Webb PM, Nagle CM, et al.; Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. Association between endometriosis and risk of histological subtypes of ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:385–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris R, Whittemore AS, Itnyre J. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. III. Epithelial tumors of low malignant potential in white women. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1204–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossing MA, Daling JR, Weiss NS, Moore DE, Self SG. Ovarian tumors in a cohort of infertile women. N Engl J Med 1994;331:771–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Guarneri S, Montella M, Conti E, Parazzini F. Fertility drugs and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in Italy. Hum Reprod 1994;9:1673–1675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow RE, Karlan BY. Ovulation induction, infertility, and ovarian cancer risk. Fertil Steril 1996;66:499–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shushan A, Paltiel O, Iscovich J, Elchalal U, Peretz T, Schenker JG. Human menopausal gonadotropin and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Fertil Steril 1996;65:13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson SM, Dimitrievich E. Ovulation induction for infertility is it safe or not? S D J Med 1996;49:419–421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosgaard BJ, Lidegaard O, Kjaer SK, Schou G, Andersen AN. Infertility, fertility drugs, and invasive ovarian cancer: a case-control study. Fertil Steril 1997;67:1005–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosgaard BJ, Lidegaard O, Kjaer SK, Schou G, Andersen AN. Ovarian stimulation and borderline ovarian tumors: a case-control study. Fertil Steril 1998;70:1049–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modan B, Ron E, Lerner-Geva L, Blumstein T, Menczer J, Rabinovici J, Oelsner G, et al. Cancer incidence in a cohort of infertile women. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:1038–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parazzini F, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Moroni S, Polatti A, Chiaffarino F, Surace M, Ricci E. Treatment for fertility and risk of ovarian tumors of borderline malignancy. Gynecol Oncol 1998;68:226–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potashnik G, Lerner-Geva L, Genkin L, Chetrit A, Lunenfeld E, Porath A. Fertility drugs and the risk of breast and ovarian cancers: results of a long-term follow-up study. Fertil Steril 1999;71:853–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venn A, Watson L, Bruinsma F, Giles G, Healy D. Risk of cancer after use of fertility drugs with in-vitro fertilisation. Lancet 1999;354:1586–1590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dor J, Lerner-Geva L, Rabinovici J, Chetrit A, Levran D, Lunenfeld B, Mashiach S, Modan B. Cancer incidence in a cohort of infertile women who underwent in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2002;77:324–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossing MA, Tang MT, Flagg EW, Weiss LK, Wicklund KG. A case-control study of ovarian cancer in relation to infertility and the use of ovulation-inducing drugs. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:1070–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinton LA, Lamb EJ, Moghissi KS, Scoccia B, Althuis MD, Mabie JE, Westhoff CL. Ovarian cancer risk after the use of ovulation-stimulating drugs. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:1194–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayhan A, Salman MC, Celik H, Dursun P, Ozyuncu O, Gultekin M. Association between fertility drugs and gynecologic cancers, breast cancer, and childhood cancers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83:1104–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinton LA, Moghissi KS, Scoccia B, Westhoff CL, Lamb EJ. Ovulation induction and cancer risk. Fertil Steril 2005;83:261–74; quiz 525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeremic K, Gojnic M, Milenkovic V, Petkovic S, Stojnic J, Lazovic G, Berisavac M, Jeremic J. Treatment for infertility and risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer–a case report. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2006;33:190–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brinton L. Long-term effects of ovulation-stimulating drugs on cancer risk. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;15:38–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusidó M, Fábregas R, Pere BS, Escayola C, Barri PN. Ovulation induction treatment and risk of borderline ovarian tumors. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen A, Sharif H, Olsen JH, Kjaer SK. Risk of breast cancer and gynecologic cancers in a large population of nearly 50,000 infertile Danish women. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:49–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanner K, Conner P, Bergfeldt K, Dickman P, Sundfeldt K, Bergh T, Hagenfeldt K, et al. Ovarian epithelial neoplasia after hormonal infertility treatment: long-term follow-up of a historical cohort in Sweden. Fertil Steril 2009;91:1152–1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva Idos S, Wark PA, McCormack VA, Mayer D, Overton C, Little V, Nieto J, et al. Ovulation-stimulation drugs and cancer risks: a long-term follow-up of a British cohort. Br J Cancer 2009;100:1824–1831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen A, Sharif H, Frederiksen K, Kjaer SK. Use of fertility drugs and risk of ovarian cancer: Danish Population Based Cohort Study. BMJ 2009;338:b249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Källén B, Finnström O, Lindam A, Nilsson E, Nygren KG, Olausson PO. Malignancies among women who gave birth after in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 2011;26:253–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen FE, Klip H, Mooij TM, van de Swaluw AM, Lambalk CB, Kortman M, Laven JS, et al. Risk of borderline and invasive ovarian tumours after ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization in a large Dutch cohort. Hum Reprod 2011;26:3456–3465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risch HA. Hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer, with a hypothesis concerning the role of androgens and progesterone. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1774–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming JS, Beaugié CR, Haviv I, Chenevix-Trench G, Tan OL. Incessant ovulation, inflammation and epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis: revisiting old hypotheses. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006;247:4–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi I, Kuroda H, Mandai M. Review: gonadotropins and development of ovarian cancer. Oncology 1999;57 Suppl 2:45–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parrott JA, Doraiswamy V, Kim G, Mosher R, Skinner MK. Expression and actions of both the follicle stimulating hormone receptor and the luteinizing hormone receptor in normal ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001;172:213–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed V, Ulinski G, Mok SC, Yiu GK, Ho SM. Expression of gonadotropin receptor and growth responses to key reproductive hormones in normal and malignant human ovarian surface epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2001;61:6768–6776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi KC, Kang SK, Tai CJ, Auersperg N, Leung PC. Follicle-stimulating hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in preneoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2245–2253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart SL, Querec TD, Gruver BN, O’Hare B, Babb JS, Patriotis C. Gonadotropin and steroid hormones stimulate proliferation of the rat ovarian surface epithelium. J Cell Physiol 2004;198:119–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadducci A, Cosio S, Gargini A, Genazzani AR. Sex-steroid hormones, gonadotropin and ovarian carcinogenesis: a review of epidemiological and experimental data. Gynecol Endocrinol 2004;19:216–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez GC, Walmer DK, Cline M, Krigman H, Lessey BA, Whitaker RS, Dodge R, Hughes CL. Effect of progestin on the ovarian epithelium of macaques: cancer prevention through apoptosis? J Soc Gynecol Investig 1998;5:271–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodriguez GC, Nagarsheth NP, Lee KL, Bentley RC, Walmer DK, Cline M, Whitaker RS, et al. Progestin-induced apoptosis in the Macaque ovarian epithelium: differential regulation of transforming growth factor-beta. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:50–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed V, Ho SM. Progesterone-induced apoptosis in immortalized normal and malignant human ovarian surface epithelial cells involves enhanced expression of FasL. Oncogene 2003;22:6883–6890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piek JM, van Diest PJ, Zweemer RP, Jansen JW, Poort-Keesom RJ, Menko FH, Gille JJ, et al. Dysplastic changes in prophylactically removed Fallopian tubes of women predisposed to developing ovarian cancer. J Pathol 2001;195:451–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih IeM, Kurman RJ. Ovarian tumorigenesis: a proposed model based on morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Am J Pathol 2004;164:1511–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kindelberger DW, Lee Y, Miron A, Hirsch MS, Feltmate C, Medeiros F, Callahan MJ, et al. Intraepithelial carcinoma of the fimbria and pelvic serous carcinoma: Evidence for a causal relationship. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho KR, Shih IeM. Ovarian cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 2009;4:287–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurman RJ, Shih IeM. The origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer: a proposed unifying theory. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:433–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurman RJ, Shih IeM. Molecular pathogenesis and extraovarian origin of epithelial ovarian cancer–shifting the paradigm. Hum Pathol 2011;42:918–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlahos NF, Economopoulos KP, Creatsas G. Fertility drugs and ovarian cancer risk: a critical review of the literature. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1205:214–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gadducci A, Guerrieri ME, Genazzani AR. New insights on the pathogenesis of ovarian carcinoma: molecular basis and clinical implications Gynecol Endocrinol. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012 Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar