Vaginal atrophy in breast cancer survivors: role of vaginal estrogen therapy

References

• Joslyn SA. Hormone receptors in breast cancer: racial differences in distribution and survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002;73:45–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Web site. SEER stat fact sheets: breast. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html /breast.html. Accessed January 19, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Basson R, Berman J, Burnett A, Derogatis L, Ferguson D, Fourcroy J, Goldstein I, et al. Report of the international consensus development conference on female sexual dysfunction: definitions and classifications. J Urol 2000;163:888–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganz PA, Rowland JH, Meyerowitz BE, Desmond KA. Impact of different adjuvant therapy strategies on quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Recent Results Cancer Res 1998;152:396–411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cella D, Fallowfield L, Barker P, Cuzick J, Locker G, Howell A; ATAC Trialistsa9 Group. Quality of life of postmenopausal women in the ATAC (“Arimidex”, tamoxifen, alone or in combination) trial after completion of 5 years’ adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006;100:273–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallowfield L, Cella D, Cuzick J, Francis S, Locker G, Howell A. Quality of life of postmenopausal women in the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4261–4271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershman DL, Shao T, Kushi LH, Buono D, Tsai WY, Fehrenbacher L, Kwan M, et al. Early discontinuation and non-adherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy are associated with increased mortality in women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;126:529–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellowes D, Fallowfield LJ, Saunders CM, Houghton J. Tolerability of hormone therapies for breast cancer: how informative are documented symptom profiles in medical notes for ‘well-tolerated’ treatments? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001;66:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burwell SR, Case LD, Kaelin C, Avis NE. Sexual problems in younger women after breast cancer surgery. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2815–2821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt OM. From cancer patient to cancer survivor: lost in transition. In: Hewitt M, Greenfield S, Stovall E, editors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• James A. Simon identifying and treating sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women: the role of estrogen. J Womens Health 2011;20:1453–1465.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, Fu R, Nedrow A, Miller J, Nicolaidis C, et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006;295:2057–2071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandya KJ, Morrow GR, Roscoe JA, Zhao H, Hickok JT, Pajon E, Sweeney TJ, et al. Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:818–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachtigall LE. Comparative study: replens versus local estrogen in menopausal women. Fertil Steril 1994;6:1178–1180.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta P, Sturdee DW, Palin SL, Majumder K, Fear R, Marshall T, Paterson I. Menopausal symptoms in women treated for breast cancer: the prevalence and severity of symptoms and their perceived effects on quality of life. Climacteric 2006;9:49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson H, Haney E, Humphrey L, Miller J, Nedrow A, Nocolaidis C, Vesco K, et al. Management of menopause-related symptoms. Evidence report/technology assessment 120. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann GA, Leiblum SR. The impact of hormones on menopausal sexuality: a literature review. Menopause 2004;11:120–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro N, Komi J. Prevalence and impact of vaginal symptoms among postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 2009;6:2133–2142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottesen B, Pedersen B, Nielsen J, Dalgaard D, Wagner G, Fahrenkrug J. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women. Peptides 1987;8:797–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw HB, Berkley KJ. Estrogen replacement reverses ovariectomy-induced vaginal hyperalgesia in the rat. Maturitas 2002;41:157–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris PF, Remington PL, Trentham-Dietz A, Allen CI, Newcomb PA. Prevalence and treatment of menopausal symptoms among breast cancer survivors. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;23:501–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brueggemeier RW, Hackett JC, Diaz-Cruz ES. Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer. Endocr Rev 2005;26:331–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardozo L, Bachmann G, McClish D, Fonda D, Birgerson L. Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: second report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:722–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;4:CD001500.
   Google Scholar
• Dorr MB, Nelson AL, Mayer PR, Ranganath RP, Norris PM, Helzner EC, Preston RA. Plasma estrogen concentrations after oral and vaginal estrogen administration in women with atrophic vaginitis. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2365–2368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long CY, Liu CM, Hsu SC, Wu CH, Wang CL, Tsai EM. A randomized comparative study of the effects of oral and topical estrogen therapy on the vaginal vascularization and sexual function in hysterectomized postmenopausal women. Menopause 2006;13:737–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturdee DW and Pines A on behalf of the International Menopause Society Writing Group. IMS recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climateric 2011;14:302–320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisberg E, Ayton R, Darling G, Farrell E, Murkies A, O’Neill S, Kirkegard Y, Fraser IS. Endometrial and vaginal effects of low-dose estradiol delivered by vaginal ring or vaginal tablet. Climacteric 2005;8:83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon J, Nachtigall L, Gut R, Lang E, Archer DF, Utian W. Effective treatment of vaginal atrophy with an ultra-low-dose estradiol vaginal tablet. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:1053–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg LU, Magnusson C, Lindström E, Wedrén S, Hall P, Dickman PW. Menopausal hormone therapy and other breast cancer risk factors in relation to the risk of different histological subtypes of breast cancer: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 2006;8:R11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, Robert NJ, Muss HB, Piccart MJ, Castiglione M, et al. A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1793–1802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moegele M, Buchholz S, Seitz S, Ortmann O. Vaginal estrogen therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012;285:1397–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruthi S, Simon JA, Early AP. Current overview of the management of urogenital atrophy in women with breast cancer. Breast J 2011;17:403–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson K, Heimer G. Low-dose oestradiol in the treatment of urogenital oestrogen deficiency–a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Maturitas 1992;15:121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, Archer DF, Boyd N, Braunstein GD, Burger HG, et al.; Endocrine Society. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:s1–s66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Baghdadi O, Ewies AA. Topical estrogen therapy in the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy: an up-to-date overview. Climacteric 2009;12:91–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugal R, Hesla K, Sørdal T, Aase KH, Lilleeidet O, Wickstrøm E. Comparison of usefulness of estradiol vaginal tablets and estriol vagitories for treatment of vaginal atrophy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:293–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of: The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2012;19:257–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Côté I, Bérubé R, Bélanger P, Martel C, Labrie C. Effect of one-week treatment with vaginal estrogen preparations on serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2009;16:30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dew JE, Wren BG, Eden JA. A cohort study of topical vaginal estrogen therapy in women previously treated for breast cancer. Climacteric 2003;6:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Theriault R, Klein MJ. Estrogen replacement therapy in women with prior diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 65:89–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponzone R2, Biglia N, Jacomuzzi ME, Maggiorotto F, Mariani L, Sismondi P. Vaginal oestrogen therapy after breast cancer: is it safe? Eur J Cancer 2005;41:2673–2681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey M, Saunders C, Partridge A, Santoro N, Joffe H, Stearns V. Practical clinical guidelines for assessing and managing menopausal symptoms after breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2008;19:1669–1680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall A, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Smith I. Caution: Vaginal estradiol appears to be contraindicated in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. Ann Oncol 2006;17:584–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biglia N, Peano E, Sgandurra P, Moggio G, Panuccio E, Migliardi M, Ravarino N, et al. Low-dose vaginal estrogens or vaginal moisturizer in breast cancer survivors with urogenital atrophy: a preliminary study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010;26:404–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturdee DW, Panay N; International Menopause Society Writing Group. Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric 2010;13:509–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden J, Sturdee D. Cancer issues. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009;23:87–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King J, Wynne CH, Assersohn L, Jones A. Hormone replacement therapy and women with premature menopause – a cancer survivorship issue. Eur J Cancer 2011;47:1623–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjari M, Davis SR. Vaginal DHEA to treat menopause related atrophy: a review of the evidence. Maturitas 2011;70:22–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Côté I, Bérubé R, Bélanger P, Martel C, Labrie C. Effect of intravaginal DHEA on serum DHEA and eleven of its metabolites in postmenopausal women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008;111:178–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F. DHEA, important source of sex steroids in men and even more in women. Prog Brain Res 2010;182:97–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Archer D, Bouchard C, Fortier M, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Girard G, et al. Effect of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (Prasterone) on libido and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2009;16:923–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key T, Appleby P, Barnes I, Reeves G; Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:606–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melisko M, Rugo H, DeLuca A, Park J, Moasser M, Munster P, Goldman M, et al. A Phase II study of vaginal testosterone cream vs. estring for vaginal dryness or decreased libido in women with early stage breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors. Cancer Res 2009;69:[Abstract nr 5038].
   Google Scholar
• Witherby S, Johnson J, Demers L, Mount S, Littenberg B, Maclean CD, Wood M, Muss H. Topical testosterone for breast cancer patients with vaginal atrophy related to aromatase inhibitors: a phase I/II study. Oncologist 2011;16:424–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Position Statement. Menopause 2010;17:242–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar