Metformin, oral contraceptives or both to manage oligo-amenorrhea in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome? A clinical review

References

• Goodarzi MO, Dumesic DA, Chazenbalk G, Azziz R. Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011;7:219–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fothergill DJ. Common menstrual problems in adolescence. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2010;95:199–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zawadzki JK, Dunaif A, Givens JR, et al. eds. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach. In: Polycystic ovary syndrome. Cambridge (MA): Blackwell Scientific; 1992:377–84
   Google Scholar
• Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004;19:41–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, eds. The androgen excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril 2009;81:456–88
   Google Scholar
• Fauser BCJM, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, editors. Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012;97:28–38
   Google Scholar
• Sultan C, Paris F. Clinical expression of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescent girls. Fertil Steril 2006;86:S6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmina E, Oberfield SE, Lobo RA. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:201.e1--5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4565--92
   Google Scholar
• Hsu MI. Changes in the PCOS phenotype with age. Steroids 2013;78:761–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elting MW, Korsen TJ, Rekers-Mombarg LT, Shoemaker J. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing. Hum Reprod 2000;15:24–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cussons AJ, Stuckey BG, Walsh JP, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome: marked differences between endocrinologists and gynaecologists in diagnosis and management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62:289–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auble B, Elder D, Gross A, Hillman JB. Differences in the management of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome across pediatric specialties. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2013;26:234–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild RA, Carmina E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, et al. Assessment of cardiovascular risk and prevention of cardiovascular disease in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: a consensus statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (AE-PCOS) Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2038–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. US medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59:1–86
   Google Scholar
• Orio F, Palomba S. New guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013 (Epub ahead of print)
   Google Scholar
• Moghetti P, Castello R, Negri C, et al. Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled 6 month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:139–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond MP, Kruger M, Santoro N, et al. Endometrial shedding effect on conception and live birth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:902–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legro RS, Barnhart HX, Schlaff WD, et al. Cooperative Multicenter Reproductive Medicine Network. Clomiphene, metformin, or both for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2007;356:551–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang T, Lord JM, Norman RJ, et al. Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhea and subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD003053
   Google Scholar
• Palomba S, Falbo A, Zullo F, Orio F Jr. Evidence-based and potential benefits of metformin in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review. Endocr Rev 2009;30:1–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire K, Westhoff C. The state of hormonal contraception today: established and emerging noncontraceptive health benefits. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:S4–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatini R, Cagiano R. Comparison profiles of cycle control, side effects and sexual satisfaction of three hormonal contraceptives. Contraception 2006;74:220–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello MF, Shrestha B, Eden J, et al. Metformin versus oral contraceptive pill in polycystic ovary syndrome: a Cochrane review. Hum Reprod 2007;22:1200–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon CM, Pitts SA. Approach to the adolescent requesting contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:9–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro FM, Deardorff J. Identifying opportunities for cancer prevention during preadolescence and adolescence: puberty as a window of susceptibility. J Adolesc Health 2013;52:S15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin DM. Cancers attributable to exposure to hormones in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer 2011;105:S42–8
   Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996;347:1713–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholes D, Hubbard RA, Ichikawa LE, et al. Oral contraceptive use and bone density change in adolescent and young adult women: a prospective study of age, hormone dose, and discontinuation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E1380–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauci S, Di Santolo M, Culhane JF, et al. Effects of third-generation oral contraceptives on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and homocysteine in young women. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:857–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Mullan RJ, et al. Adverse effects of the common treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4646--54
   Google Scholar
• Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Løkkegaard E. Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: follow-up study, Denmark 2001–10. Br Med J 2012;344:e2990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okoroh EM, Hooper WC, Atrash HK, et al. Is polycystic ovary syndrome another risk factor for venous thromboembolism? United States, 2003–2008. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207:377.e1--e8
   Google Scholar
• Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Mullan RJ, et al. Lifestyle modification programs in polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4655--63
   Google Scholar
• Halperin IJ, Kumar SS, Stroup DF, Laredo SE. The association between the combined oral contraceptive pill and insulin resistance, dysglycemia and dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Hum Reprod 2011;26:191–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya SM, Jha A. Comparative study of the therapeutic effects of oral contraceptive pills containing desogestrel, cyproterone acetate, and drospirenone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2012;98:1053–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeyabalan J, Viollet B, Smitham P, et al. The anti-diabetic drug metformin does not affect bone mass in vivo or fracture healing. Osteoporos Int 2013;24:2659–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini C, Salani B, Massollo M, et al. Direct inhibition of hexokinase activity by metformin at least partially impairs glucose metabolism and tumor growth in experimental breast cancer. Cell Cycle 2013;12:3490–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronich N, Rennert G. Beyond aspirin-cancer prevention with statins, metformin and bisphosphonates. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2013;10:625–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouza C, López-Cuadrado T, Gutierrez-Torres LF, Amate J. Efficacy and safety of metformin for treatment of overweight and obesity in adolescents: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts 2012;5:753–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park MH, Kinra S, Ward KJ, et al. Metformin for obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1743–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall D, Vail A, Amin R, et al. Metformin in obese children and adolescents: the MOCA trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:322–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Use of insulin-sensitizing agents in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008;90:S69–73
   Google Scholar
• Jekauc D, Reimers AK, Wagner MO, Woll A. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of the compliance with the physical activity guidelines in children and adolescents in Germany. BMC Public Health 2012;12:714
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luque-Ramírez M, Alvarez-Blasco F, Botella-Carretero JI, et al. Comparison of ethinyl-estradiol plus cyproterone acetate versus metformin effects on classic metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2453–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teede HJ, Meyer C, Hutchison SK, et al. Endothelial function and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: the effects of medical therapy. Fertil Steril 2010;93:184–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essah PA, Arrowood JA, Cheang KI, et al. Effect of combined metformin and oral contraceptive therapy on metabolic factors and endothelial function in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2011;96:501–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya MG, Calapkorur B, Karaca Z, et al. The effects of treatment with drospirenone/ethinyl oestradiol alone or in combination with metformin on elastic properties of aorta in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;77:885–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredella MA, McManus S, Misra M. Impact of metformin monotherapy versus metformin with oestrogen-progesterone on lipids in adolescent girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;79:199–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliam ML, Neustadt A, Kozloski M, et al. Adherence and acceptability of the contraceptive ring compared with the pill among students: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:503–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar