Relationship between hyperandrogenism, obesity, inflammation and polycystic ovary syndrome

References

• Ehrmann DA. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1223–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acién P, Quereda F, Matallín P, et al. Insulin, androgens, and obesity in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: a heterogeneous group of disorders. Fertil Steril 1999;72:32–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A, Mandeli J, Fluhr H, Dobrjansky A. The impact of obesity and chronic hyperinsulinemia on gonadotropin release and gonadal steroid secretion in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:131–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, Lithell H. Serum lipoprotein lipid profile in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to anthropometric, endocrine and metabolic variables. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;41:463–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran C, Renteria JL, Moran S, et al. Obesity differentially affects serum levels of androstenedione and testosterone in polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008;90:2310–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:481–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004;81:19–25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu W, Qiao J, Yang Y, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;157:53–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza Dos Santos AC, Soares NP, Costa EC, et al. The impact of body mass on inflammatory markers and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015;31:225–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda-Ojeda M, Murri M, Insenser M, Escobar-Morreale HF. Mediators of low-grade chronic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Curr Pharm Des 2013;19:5775–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nold MF, Nold-Petry CA, Zepp JA, et al. IL-37 is a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity. Nat Immunol 2010;11:1014–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell JD, Brown JC, Nicholson JK, Sadler PJ. Assignment of resonances for ‘acute-phase’ glycoproteins in high resolution proton NMR spectra of human blood plasma. FEBS Lett 1987;215:311–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Hu W, Liu Q, et al. Metabonomics reveals plasma metabolic changes and inflammatory marker in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. J Proteome Res 2012;11:2937–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tena G, Moran C, Romero R, Moran S. Ovarian morphology and endocrine function in polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284:1443–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeUgarte CM, Bartolucci AA, Azziz R. Prevalence of insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome using the homeostasis model assessment. Fertil Steril 2005;83:1454–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000
   Google Scholar
• Fulghesu AM, Cucinelli F, Pavone V, et al. Changes in luteinizing hormone and insulin secretion in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod 1999;14:611–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiddy DS, Sharp PS, White DM, et al. Differences in clinical and endocrine features between obese and non-obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of 263 consecutive cases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990;32:213–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello RJ, Bourassa PA, Lindsey S, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:1518–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocr Rev 2012;33:981–1030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González F, Sia CL, Stanczyk FZ, et al. Hyperandrogenism exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2012;42:726–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, et al. The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function. Nature 2007;450:566–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh N, Sakaue S, Nakagawa H, et al. Analysis of N-glycan in serum glycoproteins from db/db mice and humans with type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007;293:E1069–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YS, Choi JW, Hwang I, et al. Adipocytokine orosomucoid integrates inflammatory and metabolic signals to preserve energy homeostasis by resolving immoderate inflammation. J Biol Chem 2010;285:22174–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samy N, Hashim M, Sayed M, Said M. Clinical significance of inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: their relationship to insulin resistance and body mass index. Dis Markers 2009;26:163–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale PO, Tanbo T, Vaaler S, Abyholm T. Body weight, hyperinsulinemia, and gonadotropin levels in the polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence of two distinct populations. Fertil Steril 1992;58:487–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh KB, Mahajan DK, Wortsman J. Effect of obesity on the clinical and hormonal characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Reprod Med 1994;39:805–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A. Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS): a unique disorder of insulin action associated with an increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1995;98:33S–9S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez F, Rote NS, Minium J, Kirwan JP. Evidence of proatherogenic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 2009;58:954–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, de Vargas AF, et al. Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2001–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar-Morreale HF, San Millán JL. Abdominal adiposity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007;18:266–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plymate SR, Matej LA, Jones RE, Friedl KE. Inhibition of sex hormone-binding globulin production in the human hepatoma (Hep G2) cell line by insulin and prolactin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:460–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repaci A, Gambineri A, Pasquali R. The role of low-grade inflammation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011;335:30–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber TM, McCarthy MI, Wass JA, Franks S. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65:137–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Woods KS, Bartolucci AA, Azziz R. Prevalence of adrenal androgen excess in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62:644–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijeyaratne CN, Balen AH, Barth JH, Belchetz PE. Clinical manifestations and insulin resistance (IR) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among South Asians and Caucasians: is there a difference? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002;57:343–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar