References
- Rittmaster RS. Clinical relevance of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone metabolism in women. Am J Med 1995; 98: 17–21S
- Derman RJ. Androgen excess in women. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1996; 41: 172–6
- Hammerstein J, Meckies J, Leo-Rossberg T, et al. Use of cyproterone acetate in the treatment of acne, hirsutism and virilism. J Steroid Biochem 1975; 6: 827–36
- Vermorken AJ, Goos JM, Roelofs HM. A method for the evaluation of the local antiandrogenic action of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors on human skin. Br J Dermatol 1980; 102: 695–701
- Wilson JD, Walker JD. The conversion of testosterone to 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one by skin slices of man. J Clin Invest 1969; 48: 371–9
- Andersson S, Russell DW. Structural and biochemical properties of cloned and expressed human and rat steroid 5 alpha-reductases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 3640–4
- Aumuller G, Eicheler W, Renneberg H, et al. Immunocytochemical evidence for differential subcellular localization of 5alpha-reductase isoenzymes in human tissues. Acta Anatomica 1996; 156: 241–52
- Carmina E, Stanczyk FZ, Matteri FZ, et al. Serum androsterone conjugates differentiate between acne and hirsutism in hyperandrogenic women. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 872–6
- Brooks JR. Treatment of hirsutism with 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 15: 391–405
- Fruzzetti F, De Lorenzo D, Parrini P, et al. Effects of finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, on circulating androgens and gonadotropin secretion in hirsute women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 831–5
- Gupta C, Bullock LP, Bardin CW. Further studies on the androgenic, anti-androgenic, and synandrogenic actions of progestins. Endocrinology 1978; 102: 736–44
- Adeyemo O, Kallio PJ, Palvimo JJ, et al. A single-base substitution in exon 6 of the androgen receptor gene causing complete androgen insensitivity: the mutated receptor fails to transactivate but binds to DNA in vitro. Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2: 1809–12
- Palvimo JJ, Reinikainen P, Ikonen T, et al. Mutual transcriptional interference between RelA and androgen receptor. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 24151–6
- Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantition of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248–54
- Schneikert J, Peterziel H, Defossez PA, et al. Androgen receptor-Ets protein interaction is a novel mechanism for steroid hormone-mediated down-modulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 23907–13
- Neubauer BL, Gray HM, Hanke HW, et al. LY191704 inhibits type 1 steroid 5a-reductase in human scalp. J Clin Endo Metab 1996; 81: 2055–60
- Burkman RT, Jr. The role of oral contraceptives in the treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders. Am J Med 1995; 98: 130–6
- Phillips A, Hahn DW, Klimek S, et al. A comparison of the potencies and activities of progestogens used in contraceptives. Contraception 1993; 36: 181–92
- Darney PD. The androgenicity of progestins. Am J Med 1995; 98: 104–10
- Bingham KDS. The metabolism of testosteron by human male scalp skin. J Endocrinol 1973; 57: 111–21
- Legro RS, Carmina E, Stanczyk FZ, et al. Alterations in androgen conjugate levels in women and men with alopecia. Fertil Steril 1994; 62: 744–50
- Mellin TN, Busch RD, Rasmusson GH. Aza-steroids as inhibitors of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase in mammalian skin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 44: 121–31
- Wong IL, Morris RS, Chang L, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing finasteride to spironolactone in the treatment of hirsute women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 233–8
- Giacomini M, Wright F. The effects of progesterone and pregnanedione on the reductive metabolism of DHT in human skin. J Steroid Biochem 1980; 13: 645–51
- Cassidenti DL, Paulson RJ, et al. Effects of sex steroids on skin 5 alpha-reductase activity in vitro. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 103–7
- Dean HJ, Winter JSD. The effect of five synthetic progestational compounds on 5α-reductsae activity in genital skin fibroblast monolayers. Steroids 1984; 43: 13–24
- Rittmaster RS. Drug therapy: finasteride. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 120–5
- Diani AR, Mulholland MJ, Shull KL, et al. Hair growth effects of oral administration of finasteride, a steroid 5α-reductase inhibitor alone and in combination with minoxidil in the balding stump tail macaque. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 345–50
- Rittmaster RS. Clinical review 73: Medical treatment of androgen-dependent hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2559–63
- Ciotta L, Cianci A, Calogero AE, et al. Clinical and endocrine effects of finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Stertil Steril 1995; 64: 299–306
- Kuttenn F, Rigaud C, Wright F, et al. Treatment of hirsutism by oral cyproterone acetate and percutaneous estradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 5: 1107–11
- Voigt W, Hsia SL. Further studies on testosterone 5α-reductase of human skin. Structural features of steroid inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1973; 248: 4280–5
- Janne OA, Bardin CW. Steroid receptors and hormone action: physiological and synthetic androgens and progestins can mediate inappropriate biological effects. Pharmacol Rev 1984; 36: 35S–42S
- Brotherton J. Sex Hormone Pharmacology, J Brotherton. Academic Press, London 1976; 43–78
- Bardin CW, Brown TR, Mills TC, et al. The regulation of the beta-glucuronidase gene by androgens and progestins. Biol Reprod 1978; 18: 74–83
- Mowszowicz I, Bieber DE, Chung KW, et al. Synandrogenic and antiandrogenic effect of progestins: comparison with nonprogestational antiandrogens. Endocrinology 1974; 95: 1589–99
- Pajunen AE, Isomaa VV, Jänne OA, et al. Androgenic regulation of ODC activity in mouse kidney and its relationship to changes in cytosol and nuclear androgen receptor concentrations. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 8190–8
- Kuhnz W, Beier S. Comparative progestational and androgenic activity of norgestimate and levonorgestrel in the rat. Contraception 1994; 49: 275–89
- Hopkins S. Gestodene/ethinylestradiol. Drug Res 1985; 35: 349–71
- Fuhrmann U, Slater EP, Fritzemeier KH. Characterization of the novel progestin gestodene by receptor binding studies and transactivation assays. Contraception 1995; 51: 45–52
- Poyer P, Labrie F. Comparison of the antiandrogenic/androgenic activities of flutamide, cyproterone acetate and megestrol acetate. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1985; 42: 283–8
- Juchem M, Pollow W, Elger W, et al. Receptor binding of norgestimate – a new orally active synthetic progestational compound. Contraception 1993; 47: 283–94