Testosterone addition to estrogen therapy – Effects on inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease

References

• Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, Wu L, Barad D, Barnabei VM, Ko M, LaCroix AZ, Margolis KL, Stefanick ML. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465–1477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease in perspective. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008;51:564–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P, Ridker PM. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: role of C-reactive protein in risk assessment. Am J Med 2004;116 (Suppl 6A):9S–16S.
   Google Scholar
• Albert CM, Ma J, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM. Prospective study of C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and plasma lipid levels as predictors of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 2002;105:2595–2599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schram MT, Stehouwer CD. Endothelial dysfunction, cellular adhesion molecules and the metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res 2005;37 (Suppl 1):49–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ridker PM, Silvertown JD. Inflammation, C-reactive protein, and atherothrombosis. J Periodontol 2008;79(8 Suppl):1544–1551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gol M, Akan P, Dogan E, Karas C, Saygili U, Posaci C. Effects of estrogen, raloxifene, and hormone replacement therapy on serum C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels. Maturitas 2006;53:252–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friso S, Lamon-Fava S, Jang H, Schaefer EJ, Coorocher R, Choi SW. Oestrogen replacement therapy reduces total plasma homocysteine and enhances genomic DNA methylation in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 2007;97:617–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlt W. Androgen therapy in women. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell RJ, Davison SL, Papalia MA, McKenzie DP, Davis BA, Susan R. Endogenous androgen levels and cardiovascular risk profile in women across the adult life span. Menopause 2007;14:630–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu FC, von Eckardstein A. Androgens and coronary artery disease. Endocr Rev 2003;24:183–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somboonporn W, Davis S, Seif MW, Bell R. Testosterone for peri- and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4): CD004509.
   Google Scholar
• Wierman ME, Basson R, Davis SR, Khosla S, Miller KK, Rosner W, Santoro N. Androgen therapy in women: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3697–3710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maturana MA, Breda V, Lhullier F, Spritzer PM. Relationship between endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular risk in early postmenopausal women. Metabolism 2008;57:961–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatibi A, Agardh CD, Shakir YA, Nerbrand C, Nyberg P, Lidfeldt J, Samsioe G. Could androgens protect middle-aged women from cardiovascular events? A population-based study of Swedish women: the Women's Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) Study. Climacteric 2007;10:386–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhl H. Effects of progestogens on haemostasis. Maturitas 1996;24:1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler UH. Effects of androgens on haemostasis. Maturitas 1996;24:147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floter A, Nathorst-Boos J, Carlström K, von Schoultz B. Addition of testosterone to estrogen replacement therapy in oophorectomized women: effects on sexuality and well-being. Climacteric 2002;5:357–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floter A, Nathorst-Boos J, Carlström K, von Schoultz B. Serum lipids in oophorectomized women during estrogen and testosterone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2004;47:123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floter A, Nathorst-Boos J, Carlström K, Ohlsson C, Ringertz H, Schoultz B. Effects of combined estrogen/testosterone therapy on bone and body composition in oophorectomized women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;20:155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody S, Carlstrom K, Lagrelius A, Lunell NO, Rosenborg L. Serum levels of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in menstruating and postmenopausal women. Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay and correlation with bone mineral content and endometrial pathology. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1983;62:531–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodergard R, Backstrom T, Shanbhag V, Carstensen H. Calculation of free and bound fractions of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta to human plasma proteins at body temperature. J Steroid Biochem 1982;16:801–810.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Napoli M, Schwaninger M, Cappelli R, Ceccarelli E, Di Gianfilippo G, Donati C, Emsley HC, Forconi S, Hopkins SJ, Masotti L, et al Evaluation of C-reactive protein measurement for assessing the risk and prognosis in ischemic stroke: a statement for health care professionals from the CRP Pooling Project members. Stroke 2005;36:1316–1329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM. The time for cardiovascular inflammation reduction trials has arrived: how low to go for?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1222–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilertsen AL, Hoibraaten E, Os I, Andersen TO, Sandvik L, Sandset PM. The effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on C-reactive protein levels and other inflammatory markers in women with high risk of thrombosis. Maturitas 2005;52:111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shifren JL, Rifai N, Desindes S, McIlwain M, Doros G, Mazer NA. A comparison of the short-term effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens versus transdermal estradiol on C-reactive protein, other serum markers of inflammation, and other hepatic proteins in naturally menopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1702–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley K, Huo Y. VCAM-1 is critical in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2001;107:1209–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueck A, Genazzani AR, Samsioe G, Vukovic-Wysocki I, Seeger H. Low-dose continuous combinations of hormone therapy and biochemical surrogate markers for vascular tone and inflammation: transdermal versus oral application. Menopause 2007;14:978–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen JA, Stolk RP, Pols HA, Grobbee DE, Lamberts SW. Serum total IGF-I, free IGF-I, and IGFB-1 levels in an elderly population: relation to cardiovascular risk factors and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:277–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozzanega B, Babbo GL, Salmaso L, De Toni R, Schiavo A, Mioni R, de Kreutzenberg SV. Oral 17 beta-estradiol and sequential progesterone in menopause: effects on insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:50–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heald A, Kaushal K, Anderson S, Redpath M, Durrington PN, Selby PL, Gibson MJ. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)- 1 to IGFBP-4: implications for cardiovascular risk. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;20:176–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar