Activation of NF-κB and COX-2 expression is associated with breakthrough bleeding in patients using oral contraceptives in extended regimens

References

• Rothon_Vlasak A, Cheqini N, Hardt N, William RS. Histological characteristics and altered expression of interleukin (IL) IL-13 and IL-15 in endometria of levonorgestrel users with different uterine bleeding patterns. Fertil Steril 2005;83:659–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood CJ, Kumar PN, Krikum G, Kadner S, Dubon P, Critchley H, Schatz F. Effects of thrombin, hypoxia and steroids on interleukin-8 expression in decidualized human endometrial stroma cells: implications for long term progestin-only contraceptive induced bleeding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1467–1475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau TM, Witjaksono J, Affandi B, Roqers PA. Expression of progesterone receptor mRNA in the endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle and in Norplant users. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2629–2634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley HO, Kelly RW, Brenner RM, Baird DT. Antiprogestins as a model for progesterone withdrawal. Steroids 2003;68:1061–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horie S, Harada T, Mitsunari M, Taniguchi F, Iwabe T, Terakawa N. Progesterone and progestational compounds attenuate tumor necrosis factor α-induced interleukin-8 production via nuclear factor κB inactivation in endometriotic stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2005;83:1530–1535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo SW. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB): an unsuspected major culprit in the pathogenesis of endometriosis that is still at large? Gynecol Obstet Invest 2007;63:71–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieser F, Vigne JL, Ryan I, Hornung D, Djalali S, Taylor RN. Sulindac suppresses nuclear factor-κB activation and RANTES gene and protein expression in endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6441–6447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Burg V, van der Saag PT. Nuclear factor κB/steroid hormone receptor interaction as functional basis of an anti-inflammatory action of steroids in reproductive organs. Mol Hum Reprod 1996;2:433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maia H Jr., Maltez A, Athayde C, Coelho G, Coutinho EM. Insertion of Mirena after endometrial resection in patients with adenomyosis. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10:512–516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sugino N, Karube-Harada A, Taketani T, Sakata A, Nakamura Y. Withdrawal of ovarian steroids stimulates prostaglandin F2 α production through nuclear factor-κB activation via oxygen radicals in human endometrial stromal cells: potential relevance to menstruation. J Reprod Dev 2004;50:215–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain JK, Li A, Yang W, Minoo P, Felix JC. Mifepristone alters expression of endometrial steroid receptors and their cofactors in new users of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2007;87:8–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi N, Harada T, Taniguchi F, Yoshida S, Iwabe T, Terakawa N. Tumor necrosis factor-α induced the release of interleukin-6 from endometriotic stromal cells by the nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Fertil Steril 2004;82(Suppl 3):1023–1028.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith OP, Jabbour HN, Critchley HO. Cyclooxygenase enzyme expression and E series prostaglandin receptor signalling are enhanced in heavy menstruation. Hum Reprod 2007;22:1450–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Adam BF, Catella, Lawson F, Mardini IA, Kapoor S, Lawson JA, Fitzgerald GA. Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxgenase-2; the human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of Cox-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:272–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lethaby A, Augood C, Duckitt K, Farquhar C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4): CD000400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathirojanakun P, Taneepanichskul S, Sappakitkumjorn N. Efficacy of a selective COX-2 inhibitor for controlling irregular uterine bleeding in DMPA users. Contraception 2006;73:584–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maia H, Correia T, Freitas LA, Athayde C, Coutinho E. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the endometrium and its relationship to bleeding in users of continuous oral contraceptives. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006;22:96–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Ramos R, Donnez J, Defrère S, Leclercq I, Squifflet J, Lousse JC, Van Langendonckt A. Nuclear factor-κB is constitutively activated in peritoneal endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 2007;13:503–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz F, Krikun G, Caze R, Rahman M, Lockwood CJ. Progestin-regulated expression of tissue factor in decidual cells: implications in endometrial hemostasis, menstruation and angiogenesis. Steroids 2003;68:849–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charnock-Jones DS, Macpherson AM, Archer DF, Leslie S, Makkink WK, Sharkey AM, Smith SK. The effect of progestins on vascular endothelial growth factor, oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity and endothelial cell density in human endometrium. Hum Reprod 2000;15(Suppl 3):85–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar