Platelet reactivity and nonresponse to dual antiplatelet therapy: A review

References

• Beaglehole R, Irwin A, Prentice T. World Health Report, WHO, Geneva 2003
   Google Scholar
• Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern SM, Ho M, Howard V, Kissela B, et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
   Google Scholar
• Kung H-C, Hoyert DL, Xu J, Murphy SL. Deaths: Final data for 2005. National Vital Statistics Reports 2008; 56: 1–120
   Google Scholar
• Stettler C, Alleman S, Wandel S, Kastrati A, Morice MC, Schömig A, Pfisterer ME, Stone GW, Leon MB, de Lezo JS, et al. Drug eluting and bare metal stents in people with and without diabetes: Collaborative network meta-analysis. BMJ 2008; 337: a1331
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eikelboom JW, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Johnston M, Yi Q, Yusuf S. Aspirin-resistant thromboxane biosynthesis and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. Circulation 2002; 105: 1650–1655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gum PA, Kottke-Merchant K, Welsh PA, White J, Topol EJ. A prospective, blinded determination of the natural history of aspirin resistance among stable patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 961–965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenaweser P, Dorffler-Melly J, Imboden K, Windecker S, Togni M, Meier B, Haeberli A, Hesss OM. Stent thrombosis is associated with an impaired reponse to antiplatelet therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1748–1752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pamukcu B, Oflaz H, Oncul A, Umman B, Mercanoglu F, Ozcan M, Meric M, Nasanci Y. The role of aspirin resistance on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome and the effect of clopidogrel therapy in the prevention of major cardiovascular events. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2006; 22: 103–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, Barbou F, Morange PE, Hovasse T, Bonnet J-L, Alessi M-C. High post-treatment platelet reactivity identified low-responders to dual antiplatelet therapy at increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events after stenting for acute coronary syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 542–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen WH, Lee PY, Ng W, Tse HF, Lau CP. Aspirin resistance is associated with a high incidence of myonecrosis after non-urgent percutaneous coronary intervention despite clopidogrel pretreatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1122–1126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matetzky S, Shenkman B, Guetta V, Shechter M, Bienart R, Goldenberg I, Novikov I, Pres H, Savion N, Varon D, et al. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004; 109: 3171–3175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savi P, Heilmann E, Nurden P, Laplace MC, Bihour C, Kieffer G, Nurden AT, Herbert JM. Clopidogrel: An antithrombotic drug acting on the ADP-dependent activation pathway of human platelets. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1996; 2: 35–42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke TA, Waskell LA. Clopidogrel is metabolized by human cytochrome P450 3A and inhibited by atorvastatin. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31: 53–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Horowitz K, Hopp AS, Tait AR, Carville DG, Guyer KE, Bates ER. Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: A new drug-drug interaction. Circulation Jan 7, 2003; 107(1)32–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrono C. Aspirin as an antiplatelet drug. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1287–1294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT, Fry ETA, DeLago A, Wilmer C, Topol EJ. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention–a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 2411–2420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Clopidogrel in unstable angina to prevent recurrent events trial investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hiatt BL, O'Connor CM. Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: Response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation 2003; 107: 2908–2913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo M. Aspirin and clopidogrel: Efficacy, safety, and the issue of drug resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1980–1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau WC, Gurbel PA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Hopp AS, Carville DGM, Guyer KE, Tait AR, Bater ER. Contribution of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolic activity to the phenomenon of clopidogrel resistance. Circulation 2004; 109: 166–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Antman EM. Clopidogrel resistance: A new chapter in a fast-moving story. Circulation 2004; 109: 3064–3067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hayes KM, Yoho JA, Herzog WR, Tantry US. The relation of dosing to clopidogrel responsiveness and the incidence of high post-treatment platelet aggregation in patients undergoing coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1392–1396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TA, Diodati JG, Pharand C. Resistance to Clopidogrel: A review of the evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1157–1164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samara WM, Bliden KP, Tantry US, Gurbel PA. The difference between clopidogrel responsiveness and posttreatment platelet reactivity. Thromb Res 2005; 115: 89–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heestermans AA, van Werkum JW, Schomig E, ten Berg JM, Taubert D. Clopidogrel resistance caused by a failure to metabolize clopidogrel into its metabolites. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 1143–1145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivandic BT, Schlick P, Staritz P, Kurz K, Katus HA, Giannitsis E. Determination of clopidogrel resistance by whole blood platelet aggregometry and inhibitors of the P2Y12 receptor. Clin Chem 2006; 52: 383–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott S. Clopidogrel response variability, resistance, or both?. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98 (suppl): 18N–24N
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbel PA, Tantry US. Clopidogrel resistance?. Thromb Res 2007; 120: 311–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serebruany V. The "clopidogrel resistance" trap. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: 1044–1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbel PA, Tantry US. Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance: Consideration and management. J Interven Cardiol 2006; 19: 439–448
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michelson A. Platelets. Academic Press, Burlington, MA 2007
   Google Scholar
• Michelson A. Platelet function testing in cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 2004; 110: e489–e493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siller-Matula J, Schror K, Wojta J, Huber K. Thienopyridines in cardiovascular disease: Focus on clopidogrel resistance. Thromb Haemost 2007; 97: 385–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lev EI, Patel RT, Maresh KJ, Guthikonda S, Granada J, DeLao T, Bray PF, Kleiman NS. Aspirin and clopidogrel drug response in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: The role of dual drug resistance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 27–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhubl SR, Talley JD, Braden GA, Tcheng JE, Casterella PJ, Moliterno DJ, Navetta FI, Berger PB, Popma JJ, Dangas G, et al. Point-of-care measured platelet inhibition correlates with a reduced risk of an adverse cardiac event after percutaneous coronary intervention: Results of the GOLD (AU-Assessing Ultegra) multicenter study. Circulation 2001; 103: 2572–2578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TH, Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance: An emerging clinical entity. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 647–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Antman EM, Winters KJ, Weerakkody G, Murphy SA, Behounek BD, Carney RJ, Lazzam C, McKay RG, McCabe CH, et al. JUMBO-TIMI 26 Investigators. Randomized comparison of prasugrel (CS-747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 antagonist, with clopidogrel in percutaneous coronary intervention: Results of the Joint Utilization of Medications to Block Platelets Optimally (JUMBO)-TIMI 26 trial. Circulation 2005; 28(11)3366–3373
   Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann FJ, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy SA, et al. TRITON-TIMI 38 Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2001–2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey RF, Husted S, Harrington RA, Heptinstall S, Wilcox RG, Peters G, Wickens M, Emanuelsson H, Gurbel P, Grande P, et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by AZD6140, a reversible oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1852–1856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Husted S, Harrington RA, Scirica BM, Emanuelsson H, Peters G, Storey RF. DISPERSE-2 Investigators. Safety, tolerability, and initial efficacy of AZD6140, the first reversible oral adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel, in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50(19)1844–1851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhubl SR, Oh JJ, Oestreich JH, Ferraris S, Charnigo R, Akers WS. Transitioning patients from cangrelor to clopidogrel: Pharmacodynamic evidence of a competitive effect. Thromb Res 2008; 121: 527–534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angiolillo DJ, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Bernardo E, Alfonso F, Macaya C, Bass TA, Costa MA. Variability in individual responsiveness to clopidogrel: Clinical implications, management, and future perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1505–1516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angiolillo DJ, Bernardo E, Ramirez C, Costa MA, Sabate M, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Hernandez R, Moreno R, Escaned J, Alfonso F, et al. Insulin therapy is associated with platelet dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on dual oral antiplatet treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 298–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Beckerath N, Taubert D, Pogatsa-Murray G, Schomig E, Kastrati A, Schomig A. Absorption, metabolization, and antiplatelet effects of 300-, 600-, and 900-mg loading doses of clopidogrel: Results of the ISAR-CHOICE (intracoronary stenting and antithrombotic regimen: Choose between 3 high oral doses for immediate clopidogrel effect) trial. Circulation 2005; 112: 2946–2950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox SC, May JA, Shah A, Neubert U, Heptinstall S. Measurement of platelet P-selectin for remote testing of platelet function during treatment with clopidogrel and/or aspirin. Platelets 2009; 20: 250–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt JT, Payne CD, Wiviott SD, Weerakkody G, Farid NA, Small DS, Jakubowski JA, Naganuma H, Winters KJ. A comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel loading doses on platelet function: Magnitude of platelet inhibition is related to active metabolite formation. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 66.e9–66.e16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71–86
   Google Scholar