Platelets display potent antimicrobial activity and release human beta-defensin 2

References

• Lippross S, Alini M, Autologous platelet concentrates – to use or not to use? AO Dialogue 2007;02/07
   Google Scholar
• Singh PK, Jia HP, Wiles K, Hesselberth J, Liu L, Conway BA, Greenberg EP, Valore EV, Welsh MJ, Ganz T, et al. Production of beta-defensins by human airway epithelia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1998; 95: 14961–14966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielecki TM, Gazdzik TS, Arendt J, Szczepanski T, Król W, Wielkoszynski T. Antibacterial effect of autologous platelet gel enriched with growth factors and other active substances: An in vitro study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2007; 89: 417–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsen F, Pufe T, Conradi L, Varoga D, Tsokos M, Papendieck J, Petersen W. Antimicrobial peptides are expressed and produced in healthy and inflamed human synovial membranes. Journal of Pathology 2002; 198: 369–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsen F, Pufe T, Petersen W, Tillmann B. Expression of natural peptide antibiotics in human articular cartilage and synovial membrane. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 2001; 8: 1021–1023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varoga D, Klostermeier E, Paulsen F, Wruck C, Lippross S, Brandenburg LO, Tohidnezhad M, Seekamp A, Tillmann B, Pufe T. The antimicrobial peptide HBD-2 and the Toll-like receptors-2 and -4 are induced in synovial membranes in case of septic arthritis. Virchows Archive 2009; 454: 685–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varoga D, Paulsen F, Kohrs S, Grohmann S, Lippross S, Mentlein R, Tillmann BN, Goldring MB, Besch L, Pufe T. Expression and regulation of human beta-defensin-2 in osteoarthritic cartilage. Journal of Pathology 2006; 209: 166–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varoga D, Paulsen F, Mentlein R, Fay J, Kurz B, Schütz R, Wruck C, Goldring MB, Pufe T. TLR-2-mediated induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cartilage in septic joint disease. Journal of Pathology 2006; 210: 315–324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varoga D, Pufe T, Mentlein R, Kohrs S, Grohmann S, Tillmann B, Hassenpflug J, Paulsen F. Expression and regulation of antimicrobial peptides in articular joints. Annals of Anatomy 2005; 187: 499–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varoga D, Tohidnezhad M, Paulsen F, Wruck CJ, Brandenburg L, Mentlein R, Lippross S, Hassenpflug J, Besch L, Müller M, et al. The role of human beta-defensin-2 in bone. Journal of Anatomy 2008; 213: 749–757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varoga D, Wruck CJ, Tohidnezhad M, Brandenburg L, Paulsen F, Mentlein R, Seekamp A, Besch L, Pufe T. Osteoblasts participate in the innate immunity of the bone by producing human beta defensin-3. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 2009; 131: 207–218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schröder JM. A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature 1997; 387: 861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schröder JM. Isolation and characterization of human beta -defensin-3, a novel human inducible peptide antibiotic. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001; 276: 5707–5713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright KM, Friedland JS. Differential regulation of chemokine secretion in tuberculous and staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2002; 17: 1680–1690
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zasloff M. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 2002; 415: 389–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang YQ, Yeaman MR, Selsted ME. Antimicrobial peptides from humanplatelets. Infection and Immunity 2002; 70: 6524–6533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. JSBS classics. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones. Retrospective and prospective analyses. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2002; 84-A: 682
   Google Scholar
• Kelly PJ, Fitzgerald RH, Jr, Cabanela ME, Wood MB, Cooney WP, Arnold PG, Irons GB. Results of treatment of tibial and femoral osteomyelitis in adults. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1990; 295–303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: A new classification of type III open fractures. Journal of Trauma 1984; 24: 742–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan KL, Shukur MH, Ghani MA. Locked intramedullary nailing for complex non-union of the tibia. Injury 1994; 25: 655–657
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 336: 999–1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen AG, Espersen F, Skinhoj P, Rosdahl VT, Frimodt-Møller N. Increasing frequency of vertebral osteomyelitis following Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Denmark 1980–1997. Journal of Infection 1997; 34: 113–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandari M, Guyatt GH, Tornetta P, III, Swiontkowski MF, Hanson B, Sprague S, Syed A, Schemitsch EH. Current practice in the intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures: An international survey. Journal of Trauma 2002; 53: 725–732
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pape HC, Hildebrand F, Pertschy S, Zelle B, Garapati R, Grimme K, Krettek C, Reed RL, 2nd. Changes in the management of femoral shaft fractures in polytrauma patients: From early total care to damage control orthopedic surgery. Journal of Trauma 2002; 53: 452–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellinger EP. Antibiotic prophylaxis in trauma: Penetrating abdominal injuries and open fractures. Review of Infectious Diseases 1991; 13(Suppl 10)S847–S857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Driver VR, Hanft J, Fylling CP, Beriou JM. Autologel Diabetic Foot Ulcer Study Group. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of autologous platelet-rich plasma gel for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. OstomyWoundManagement 2006; 52: 68–70, 72, 74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielecki T, Gazdzik TS, Szczepanski T. Benefit of percutaneous injection of autologous platelet-leukocyte-rich gel in patients with delayed union and nonunion. European Surgical Research 2008; 40: 289–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar