Childbirth and mental disorders

References

• Abou-Saleh MT, Ghubash R, Karim L, Krymski M, Bhai I. Hormonal aspects of postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23: 465–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams LS, Dornig K, Curran L. Barriers to service use for postpartum depression symptoms among low-income ethnic minority mothers in the United States. Qualitative Health Research 2009; 19: 535–551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOG (2009). Postpartum depression is top priority for new American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology president. Available from http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr05-06-09-1.cfm (accessed 30 November 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Affonso D, Lovett S, Paul S, Arizmendi T, Nussbaum R, Newman L, Johnson B. Predictors of depression symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1991; 12: 255–271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akdeniz F, Vahip S, Pirildar S, Vahip I, Dogner I, Bulut I. Risk factors associated with childbearing-related episodes in women with bipolar disorder. Psychopathology 2003; 36: 234–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen NB, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Prenatal and perinatal influences on risk for psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychopathology 1998; 10: 513–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altemus M, Redwine LS, Leong YM, Frye CA, Porges SW, Carter CS. Responses to laboratory psychosocial stress in postpartum women. Psychosomatic Medicine 2001; 63: 814–821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altfed S, Handler A, Burton D, Berman L. Wantedness of pregnancy and prenatal health behaviors. Women & Health 1997; 26: 29–43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Cohen L, Szuba MP, Burt VK, Gitlin M, Mintz J. Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: Dilemmas and guidelines. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 592–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Wulff M, Bondestam K, Åström M. Point prevalence of psychiatric disorders during the second trimester of pregnancy: A population-based study. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003; 189: 148–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonow-Schlorke I, Schwab M, Li C, Nathanielsz PW. Glucocorticoid exposure at the dose used clinically alters cytoskeletal proteins and presynaptic terminals in the fetal baboon brain. Journal of Physiology 2003; 547: 117–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L. Suicide during pregnancy and in the first postnatal year. British Medical Journal 1991; 302: 137–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L, Turnbull G. Parasuicide in the first postnatal year. Psychological Medicine 1995; 25: 1087–1090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L. Suicidal behavior in childbearing women. International Review of Psychiatry 1996; 8: 107–115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L, Mortensen PB, Faraghar EB. Suicide and other causes of mortality after postpartum psychiatric admission. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 173: 209–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areskog B, Uddenberg N, Kiessler B. Fear of childbirth in late pregnancy. Gynecological & Obstetric Investigation 1981; 12: 262–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astbury J, Brown S, Lumley J, Small R. Birth events, birth experiences and social differences in postnatal depression. Australian Journal Public Health 1994; 18: 176–184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atiba EO, Adeghe AJ, Murphy PJ, Felmingham JE, Scott GI. Patients’ expectation and caesarean section rate. Lancet 1993; 341: 246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin M-P, Tully L, Parker G. Examining the relationship between antenatal anxiety and postnatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 2007; 101: 169–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnet B, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Wilson MD, Repke JT. Depressive symptoms, stress, and social support in pregnant and postpartum adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1996; 150: 64–69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck CT. Predictors of postnatal depression: An update. Nursing Research 2001; 50: 275–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck CT. Post-traumatic stress disorder due to childbirth: The aftermath. Nursing Research 2004; 53: 216–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck CT, Gable RK. Comparative analysis of the performance of the postpartum depression screening scale with two other depression instruments. Nursing Research 2001; 50: 242–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennedsen BE. Adverse pregnancy outcome in schizophrenic women: Occurrence and risk factors. Schizophrenia Research 1998; 33: 1–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.A. Bennett, Einarson, A., Taddio, A., Koren, G., & Einarson, T.R. (2004). Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 103, 698–709.
   Google Scholar
• Bick D, Howard L. When should women be screened for postnatal depression?. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2010; 10: 151–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bixo M, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Bjorn I, Astrom M. Patients with psychiatric disorders in gynecologic practice. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2001; 185: 396–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon AR, (2009). Partner-assisted therapy for the treatment of depression during pregnancy. Grant 1K23MH085007-01A1 from the National Institutes of Mental Health. Available from http://www.researchgrantdatabase.com/g/1K23MH085007/ (accessed 16 May 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Bulik CM, Von Holle A, Hamer R, Knoph Berg C, Torgersen L, Magnus P, , Reichborn-Kjennerud T, et al. Patterns of remission, continuation, and incidence of broadly defined eating disorders during early pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Psychological Medicine 2007; 37: 1109–1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulik CM, Von Holle A, Gendall K, Kyeim Lie K, Hoffman E, Mo X, , Reichborn-Kjennerud T, et al. Maternal eating disorders influence sex ratio at birth. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2008; 87: 979–981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadet R, Pradier P, Dalle M, Delost P. Effects of prenatal maternal stress on the pituitary adrenocortical reactivity in guinea-pig pups. Journal of Developmental Physiology 1986; 8: 467–475
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantwell R, Smith S. Preventing and detecting perinatal mental illness. Women's Health Medicine 2006; 3: 68–73
   Google Scholar
• Carmichael SL, Shaw GM. Maternal life event stress and congenital anomalies. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 30–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.L. Carmichael, Shaw, G.M., Schaffer, D.M., Laurent, C., & Selvin, S. (2003). Dieting behaviors and risk of neural tube defects. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158, 1127–1131.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Mendels J. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma free cortisol concentrations in depression. Psychology of Medicine 1976a; 6: 235–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Mendels J. Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. I. Limbic system-adrenocortical dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976b; 33: 1039–1044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Mendels J. Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. II. Discrimination of depressed from nondepressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976c; 33: 1051–1058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter FA, Carter JD, Luty SE, Wilson DA, Frampton CM, Joyce PR. Screening and treatment for depression during pregnancy: A cautionary note. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 39: 255–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerqueira JJ, Pêgo JM, Taipa R, Bessa JM, Almeida OF, Sousa N. Morphological correlates of corticosteroid-induced changes in prefrontal cortex-dependent behaviors. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25: 7792–7800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra PS, Bhargavaraman RP, Raghunandan VNGP, Shaligram D. Delusions related to infant and their association with mother-infant interactions in postpartum psychotic disorders. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2006; 9: 285–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasnoff IJ, Landress GH, Barnett ME. The prevalence of illicit drug or alcohol use during pregnancy and discrepancies in mandatory reporting in Pinellas County, Florida. New England Journal of Medicine 1990; 322: 1202–1206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudron LH, Szilagyi PG, Campbell AT, Mounts KO, McInerny TK. Legal and ethical considerations: Risks and benefits of postpartum depression screening at well-child visits. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 123–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudron LH, Caine ED. Suicide among women: A critical review. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 2004; 59: 125–134
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chessick CA, Dimidjian, S. (2010). Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 13, 233–248
   Google Scholar
• Coates AO, Schaefer CA, Alexander JL. Detection of postpartum depression and anxiety in a large health plan. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 2004; 31: 117–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coble PA, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Houck PR, Day NL, Giles DE. Childbearing in women with and without a history of affective disorder. I. Psychiatric symptomatology. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1994; 35: 205–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Sichel DA, Dimmock JA, Rosenbaum JF. Impact of pregnancy on panic disorder: A case series. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994; 55: 284–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Sichel DA, Dimmock JA, Rosenbaum JF. Postpartum course in women with preexisting panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994; 55: 289–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Sichel DA, Faraone SV, Robertson LM, Dimmock JA, Rosenbaum JF. Course of panic disorder during pregnancy and the puerperium: A preliminary study. Biological Psychiatry 1996; 39: 950–954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, Nonacs R, Newport DJ, Viguera AC, , Stowe ZN, et al. Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006; 295: 499–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Rue V, Cougle J. Prior history of induced abortion and substance use during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002; 187: 1673–1678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Cougle JR. Substance use among pregnant women in the context of previous reproductive loss and desire for current pregnancy. British Journal of Health Psychology 2005; 10: 255–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper PJ, Campbell EA, Day A, Kennerley H, Bond AK. Non‐psychotic disorder after childbirth. A prospective study of prevalence, incidence, course and nature. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 152: 799–806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corodimas KP, LeDoux JE, Gold PW, Schulkin J. Corticosterone potentiation of conditioned fear in rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1994; 746: 392–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E.V. Cosmi, Luzi, G., Gori, F., & Chiodi, A. (1990). Response of utero-placental fetal blood flow to stress situation and drugs. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 36, 239.
   Google Scholar
• Cowley DS, Roy-Byrne PP. Panic disorder during pregnancy. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 1989; 10: 193–210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox J, Holden J, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 782–786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromptom J. Post-traumatic stress disorder and childbirth. British Journal of Midwifery 1996; 4: 7–14
   Google Scholar
• S.J. Crow, Keel, P.K., Thuras, P., & Mitchell, J.E. (2004). Bulimia symptoms and other risk behaviors during pregnancy in women with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36, 220–223.
   Google Scholar
• A. Davies, McIvor, R.J., & Kumar, R.C. (1995). Impact of childbirth on a series of schizophrenic mothers: A comment on the possible influence of oestrogen on schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 16, 25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Dean F, Matthews SG. Maternal dexamethasone treatment in late gestation alters glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in the fetal guinea pig brain. Brain Research 1999; 846: 253–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delarue C, Contesse V, Lenglet S, Sicard F, Perraudin V, Lefebvre H, , Vaudry H, et al. Role of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the regulation of the adrenal cortex. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 2001; 2: 253–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dennis CL, Chung-Lee L. Postpartum depression help-seeking barriers and maternal treatment preferences: A qualitative systemic review. Birth 2006; 33: 323–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis CL, Hodnett E, Kenton L, Weston J, Zupancic J, Stewart DE, Kiss A. Effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high risk women: multisite randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 2009; 338: a3064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DoH(2010). A Framework for Developing Well Being. London: Department of Health, Mental Health Division Confident Communities, Brighter Futures. Available from www.dh.gov.uk/newhorizons (accessed 30 April 2010)
   Google Scholar
• DHHS (2009). Women's Mental Health in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period (R01). PA (program announcement)-09-174. Department of Health and Human Services. Available from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-09-174.html (Accessed 9 May 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Dinan TG. Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness. A psychobiological model. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 164: 365–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahim SH, Gfroerer J. Pregnancy-related substance use in the United States during 1996–1998. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003; 101: 374–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emack J, Kostaki A, Walker CD, Matthews SG. Chronic maternal stress affects growth, behaviour and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in juvenile offspring. Hormone Behaviour 2008; 54: 514–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etchegoyen A. Psychiatric disorders in pregnancy. Women's Health & Medicine 2005; 2: 44–46
   Google Scholar
• Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, Oke S, Golding J. Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. British Medical Journal 2001; 323: 257–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Vera Y, Gil K, Schanberg S, , Gonzalez-Garcia A, et al. Prenatal maternal biochemistry predicts neonatal biochemistry. International Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 114: 933–945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank MA, Tuber SB, Slade A, Garrod E. Mothers’ fantasy representations and infant security of attachment: A Rorschach study of first pregnancy. Psychoanalytical Psychology 1994; 11: 475–490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franko DL, Blais MA, Becker AE, Delinsky SS, Greenwood DN, Flores AT, , Herzog DB, et al. Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1461–1466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.L. Franko, Blais, M.A., Becker, A.E., Delinsky, S.S., Greenwood, D.N., Flores, A.T., … , Herzog, D.B. (2001). Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1461–1466.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman M, Smith K, Freeman S, McElroy S, Kmetz G, Wright R, Keck P. The impact of reproductive events on the course of bipolar disorder in women. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63: 284–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs E, Gould E. Mini-review: In vivo neurogenesis in the adult brain: Regulation and functional implications. European Journal of Neuroscience 2000; 12: 2211–2214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T, Miller WC. Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2005; 106: 1071–1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaynes BN, Gavin, N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Lohr, K.N., Swinson, T., Gartlehner, G., … , Miller, W.C. (2005). Perinatal depression: Prevalence, screening, accuracy and screening outcomes. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 119. AAHRQ Publication No. 05-E006-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
   Google Scholar
• George DT, Ladenheim JA. Effect of pregnancy on panic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1078–1079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson J, McKenzie-McHarg K, Shakespeare J, Price J, Gray R. A systematic review of studies validating the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in antepartum and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2009; 119: 350–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbody S, Richards D, Brealey S, Hewitt C. Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): A diagnostic meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007; 22: 1596–1602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbody S, Trevor S, House A. Screening and case-finding instruments for depression: A meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2008; 178: 997–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitau R, Cameron A, Fisk NM, Glover V. Fetal exposure to maternal cortisol. Lancet 1998; 352: 707–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitau R, Fisk NM, Teixeira JM, Cameron A, Glover V. Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress responses to invasive procedures are independent of maternal responses. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2001; 86: 104–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjerdingen DK, Yawn BP. Postpartum depression screening: Importance, methods, barriers, and recommendations for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 2007; 20: 280–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover V, Liddle P, Taylor A, Adams D, Sandler M. Mild hypomania (the highs) can be a feature of the first postpartum week. Association with later depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 164: 517–521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover V, Bergman K, Sarkar P, O'Connor TG. Association between maternal and amniotic fluid cortisol is moderated by maternal anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 430–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez HM, Vega WA, Williams DR, Tarraf W, West BT, Neighbors HW. Depression care in the United States: Too little for too few. Archives of General Psychiatry 2010; 67: 37–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould E, McEwen BS, Tanapat P, Galea LA, Fuchs E. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation. Journal of Neuroscience 1997; 17: 2492–2498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourley SL, Wu FJ, Kiraly DD, Ploski JE, Kedves AT, Duman RS, Taylor JR. Regionally specific regulation of ERK MAP kinase in a model of antidepressant-sensitive chronic depression. Biological Psychiatry 2008; 63: 353–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grof P, Robbins W, Alda M, Berghoefer A, Vojtechovsky M, Nilson A, Robertson C. Protective effect of pregnancy in women with lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 2000; 61: 31–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnar MR, Donzella B. Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002; 27: 199–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbreich U, Karkun S. Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders 2006; 91: 97–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton M. Diagnosis and rating of anxiety. British Journal of Psychiatry 1969; 3: S76–79
   Google Scholar
• Hannah P, Adams D, Lee A, Glover V, Sandler M. Links between early post-partum mood and postnatal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 160: 777–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans SL. Demographic and psychosocial characteristics of substance-abusing pregnant women. Clinics in Perinatology 1999; 25: 55–74
   Google Scholar
• Hanusa BH, Scholle SH, Haskett RF, Spadaro K, Wisner KL. Screening for depression in the postpartum period: A comparison of three instruments. Journal of Women's Health (Larchmt) 2008; 17: 585–596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck H, de Castro JM. The caloric demand of lactation does not alter spontaneous meal patterns, nutrient intakes, or moods of women. Physiology & Behavior 1993; 54: 641–648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs M, Meinlschmidt G, Neumann I, Wagner S, Kirschbaum C, Ehlert U, Hellhammer DH. Effects of suckling on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to psychosocial stress in postpartum lactating women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2001; 86: 4798–4804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heron J, O’Connor TG, Evans J, Golding J, Glover V. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders 2004; 80: 65–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, Calabrese JR, Flynn L, Keck PE, Jr, , Zajecka J, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1873–1875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard LM, Leese M, Goss C, Appleby L, Thornicroft G. The psychosocial outcome of pregnancy in women with psychotic disorders and for their infants in the first year post partum. Schizophrenia Research 2004; 71: 49–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang WL, Beazley LD, Quinlivan JA, Evans SF, Newnham JP, Dunlop SA. Effect of corticosteroids on brain growth in fetal sheep. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1999; 94: 213–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.V. Jablensky, Morgan, V., Zubrick, S.R., Bower, C., & Yellachich, L. (2005). Pregnancy, delivery and neonatal complications in a population cohort of women with schizophrenia and major affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 79–91.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings KD, Ross S, Popper S, Elmore M. Thoughts of harming infants in depressed and non-depressed mothers. Journal of Affective Disorders 1999; 54: 21–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson SA, Fournier NM, Kalynchuk LE. Effect of different doses of corticosterone on depression-like behavior and HPA axis responses to a novel stressor. Behavioural Brain Research 2006; 168: 280–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson K., Posner S.F., Biermann, J., Cordero, J.F., Atrash, H.K., Parker, C.S., … , Curtis, M.G. (2006). Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care – United States: A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, (No. RR- 6), 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Jomeen J. The importance of assessing psychological status during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period as a multidimensional construct: A literature review. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing 2004; 8: 143–155
   Google Scholar
• I. Jones, & Craddock, N. (2001). Familiality of the puerperal trigger in bipolar disorder: Results of a family study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 913–917.
   Google Scholar
• Jones I, Craddock N. Bipolar disorder and childbirth: The importance of recognizing risk. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 186: 453–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell RE, Wainwright S, Hailey A, Shannon B. The influence of childbirth on psychiatric morbidity. Psychological Medicine 1976; 6: 297–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell RE, Rennie D, Clarke JA, Dean C. The social and obstetric correlates of psychiatric admission in the puerperium. Psychological Medicine 1981; 11: 341–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell RE, Chalmers JC, Platz C. Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 662–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JJ, Gordon TEJ, La Porte LM, Adams M, Kuendig JM, Silver RK. The utility of maternal depression screening in the third trimester. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008; 199: 509.e1–509.e5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.J. Kim, La Porte, L.M., Corcoran, M., Magasi, S., Batza, J., & Silver, R.K. (2010). Barriers to mental health treatment among obstetric patients at risk for depression. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 202, 312.e1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura T, Shima S, Sugawara M, Toda MA. Psychological and social correlates of the onset of affective disorders among pregnant women. Psychological Medicine 1993; 23: 967–975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura T, Toda MA, Shima S, Sugawara M. Early loss of parents and early rearing experience among women with antenatal depression. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology 1994; 15: 133–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura T, Sugawara M, Sugawara K, Toda M, Shima S. Psychosocial study of depression in early pregnancy. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 168: 732–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein DF, Skrobola AM, Garfinkel RS. Preliminary look at the effects of pregnancy on the course of panic disorder. Anxiety 1994–1995; 1: 227–232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korte SM. Corticosteroids in relation to fear, anxiety and psychopathology. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews 2001; 25: 117–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Kost, Landry, D.J., & Darroch, J.E. (1998). The effects of pregnancy planning status on birth outcomes and infant care. Family Planning Perspectives, 30, 223–230.
   Google Scholar
• Krener P, Simmons MK, Hansen RL, Treat JN. Effect of pregnancy on psychosis: Life circumstances and psychiatric symptoms. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 1989; 19: 65–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer R, Williams J. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of Internal Medicine 2001; 16(9)606–613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Robson KM. A prospective study of emotional disorders in childbearing women. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 144: 35–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labad J, Menchón JM, Alonso P, Segalàs C, Jiménez S, Vallejo J. Female reproductive cycle and obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2005; 66: 428–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.H. Lacey, & Smith, G. (1987). Bulimia nervosa. The impact of pregnancy on mother and baby. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 771–781.
   Google Scholar
• Lane A, Keville R, Morris M, Kinsella A, Turner M, Barry S. Postnatal depression and elation among mothers and their partners: Prevalence and predictors. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 171: 550–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Lemberg, & Phillips, J. (1989). The impact of pregnancy on anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 285–295.
   Google Scholar
• Levine S. Primary social relationships influence the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary‐adrenal axis in the rat. Physiology & Behavior 2001; 73: 255–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewellyn AM, Stowe ZN, Nemeroff CB. Depression during pregnancy and the puerperium. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1997; 58: S26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoma I, Tamminen T, Kaukonen P, Laippala P, Puura K, Salmelin R, Almqvist F. Longitudinal study of maternal depressive symptoms and child well-being. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2001; 40: 1367–1374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magarinos AM, Orchinik M, McEwen BS. Morphological changes in the hippocampal CA3 region induced by non-invasive glucocorticoid administration: A paradox. Brain Research 1998; 809: 314–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini J, Wittchen HU, Soares CN, Rieder A, Steiner M. New women-specific diagnostic modules: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Women (CIDI-VENUS). Archives of Women's Mental Health 2009; 12: 281–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews SG. Antenatal glucocorticoids and programming of the developing CNS. Pediatric Research 2000; 47: 291–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthey S, Barnett B, Howie P, Kavanagh DJ. Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: Whatever happened to anxiety?. Journal of Affective Disorders 2003; 74: 139–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthey S, Henshaw C, Elliott S, Barnett B. Variability in use of cut-off scores and formats on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale - Implications for clinical and research practice. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2006; 9: 309–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzeo SE, Slof-Op’t Landt MC, Jones I, Mitchell K, Kendler KS, Neale MC, , Bulik CM, et al. Associations among postpartum depression, eating disorders and perfectionism in a population-based sample of adult women. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2006; 39: 202–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF. A prospective study of postpartum psychoses in a high-risk group: 1. Clinical characteristics of the current postpartum episodes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1986; 74: 205–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF. A prospective study of postpartum psychoses in a high-risk group: 2. Relationships to demographic and psychiatric history characteristics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1987; 75: 35–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Kaij L, Malmquist-Larsson A. Pregnant women with nonorganic psychosis: Life situation and experience of pregnancy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1983; 68: 445–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Kaij L, Malmquist-Larsson A. Women with nonorganic psychosis: Factors associated with pregnancy's effect on mental health. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1984a; 70: 209–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Kaij L, Malmquist-Larsson A. Women with nonorganic psychosis: Mental disturbance during pregnancy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1984b; 70: 140–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaney MJ, Diorio J, Francis D, Widdowson J, LaPlante P, Caldji C, , Plotsky PM, et al. Early environmental regulation of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: implications for adrenocortical responses to stress. Developmental Neuroscience 1996; 18: 49–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melender HL. Experiences of fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth: A study of 329 pregnant women. Birth 2002; 29: 101–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer JS. Early adrenalectomy stimulates subsequent growth and development of the rat brain. Experimental Neurology 1983; 82: 432–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezzacappa ES, Guethlein W, Vaz N, Bagiella E. A preliminary study of breast-feeding and maternal symptomatology. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2000; 22: 71–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezzacappa ES, Katlin ES. Breast-feeding is associated with reduced perceived stress and negative mood in mothers. Health Psychology 2002; 21: 187–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micali N, Siminoff E, Treasure J. Risk of major adverse perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 190: 255–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milgrom J, Gemmill AW, Bilszta JL, Hayes B, Barnett B, Brooks J, , Buist A, et al. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: A large prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders 2008; 108: 147–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LJ. Psychotic denial of pregnancy: Phenomenology and clinical management. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1990; 41: 1233–1237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller LJ. Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. Psychological Aspects of Women's Health Care: The Interface Between Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology, DE Stewart, NL Stotland. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1993; 55–70
   Google Scholar
• Miller LJ, Shah A. Major mental illness during pregnancy. Primary Care Update 1999; 6: 163–168
   Google Scholar
• Miller LJ. Sexuality, reproduction and family planning in women with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997; 23: 623–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LJ, Finnerty M. Sexuality, pregnancy, and childrearing among women with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Psychiatric Services 1996; 47: 502–505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller L, Shade M, Vasireddy V. Beyond screening: Assessment of perinatal depression in a perinatal care setting. Archives Women's Mental Health 2009; 12: 329–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra DP, Guyer B, Allston A. Integrated perinatal health framework: a multiple determinants model with a life span approach. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003; 25: 65–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misri S, Reebye P, Corral M, Milis L. The use of paroxetine and cognitive-behavioral therapy in postpartum depression and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2004; 65: 1236–1241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell AJ, Coyne JC. Do ultra-short screening instruments accurately detect depression in primary care? A pooled analysis and meta-analysis of 22 studies. British Journal of General Practice 2007; 57: 144–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell-Gieleghem A, Mittelstaedt ME, Bulik CM. Eating disorders and childbearing: Concealment and consequences. Birth 2002; 29: 182–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Medina JC. Sanchez, F., Flores, G., Dumont, Y., & Quirion, R. 2009, Morphological reorganization after repeated corticosterone administration in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and amygdala in the rat. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 38, 266–272
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, J.F. (1999). Eating disorders and reproduction. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 39, 167–173.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell CJ, Slade P, Warner R, Paley G, Dixon S, Walters SJ, , Nicholl J, et al. Clinical effectiveness of health visitor training in psychologically informed approaches for depression in postnatal women: Pragmatic cluster randomised trial in primary care. British Medical Journal 2009; 15: 338:a3045
   Google Scholar
• Moss KM, Skouteris H, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J. Depressive and anxiety symptoms through late pregnancy and the first year post birth: An examination of prospective relationships. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2009; 12: 345–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller BR, Bale TL. Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy. Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28: 9055–9065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB. New parents and mental disorders: A population-based register study. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006; 296: 2582–2589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munk-Olsen T, Munk Laursen T, Mendelson T, Pederson C, Mors O, Mortenson PB. Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder during the postpartum period. Archives of General Psychiatry 2009; 66: 189–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muqtadir S, Hamann MW, Molnar G. Management of psychotic pregnant patients in a medical-psychiatric unit. Psychosomatics 1986; 27: 31–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray F, Smith DW, Hutson PH. Chronic low dose corticosterone exposure decreased hippocampal cell proliferation, volume and induced anxiety and depression like behaviours in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 583: 115–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namir S. Melman, K.N., & Yager, J. 1986, Pregnancy in restricter-type anorexia nervosa: A study of six women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 837–845
   Google Scholar
• National Pregnancy and Health Survey (1996). Drug Abuse Among Women Delivering Live Births: 1992. NIH publication 96–3819. DHHS, NIDA, Rockville MD.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro P, Garcia-Esteve L, Acaso C, Aguado J, Gelabert E, Martin-Santos R. Non-psychotic psychiatric disorders after childbirth: Prevalence and comorbidity in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders 2008; 109: 171–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE (2007). Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Clinical Management and Service Guidance. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen TF, Olausson PO, Ingemarsson I. The cesarean section rate in Sweden: The end of the rise. Birth 1994; 21: 34–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson E, Lichtenstein P, Cnattingius S, Murray RM, Hultman CM. Women with schizophrenia: Pregnancy outcome and infant death among their offspring. Schizophrenia Research 2002; 58: 221–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northcott CJ, Stein MB. Panic disorder in pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994; 55: 539–542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. O'Donnell, O'Connor, T.G., & Glover, V. (2009). Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: Focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta. Developmental Neuroscience, 31, 285–292.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor TG, Heron J, Glover V. Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2002; 41: 1470–1477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor TG, Heron J, Golding J, Glover V, ALSPAC Study Team. Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: A test of a programming hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines 2003; 44: 1025–1036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hara MW. Social support, life events and depression during pregnancy and the puerperium. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996; 43: 569–573
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara M, Swain A. Rates and risk of postpartum depression: A meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry 1996; 8: 37–54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Act PPAC. Support, education, and research for postpartum depression, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (pp. 226–228). H.R. 3590. Sec. 2952. 111th Congress of the United States of America., Washington, DC 2010, Available from: http://democrats.senate.gov/reform/patient-protection-affordable-care-act-as-passed.pdf (accessed 9 May 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Pawlby S, Hay DF, Sharp D, Waters CS, O'Keane V. Antenatal depression predicts depression in adolescent offspring: Prospective longitudinal community-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders 2009; 113: 236–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock JL, Bland JM, Anderson HR. Preterm delivery: Effects of socioeconomic factors, psychological stress, smoking, alcohol, and caffeine. British Medical Journal 1995; 311: 531–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perinatal Mental Health Consortium (2008). Beyondblue Perinatal Mental Health National Action Plan (NAP) – Full Report. Available from http://www.beyondblue.org.au/ (accessed 20 April 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffenbarger RS, McCabe LJ. The effect of obstetric and perinatal events on risk of mental illness in women of childbearing age. American Journal of Public Health 1966; 56: 400–407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham K, Nacher J, Hof PR, McEwen BS. Repeated restraint stress suppresses neurogenesis and induces biphasic PSA-NCAM expression in the adult rat dentate gyrus. European Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 17: 879–886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole VL, Klerman LV, Flowers JS, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP. Pregnancy intendedness and maternal behavior in a low income, high risk population. Journal of Nursing Science 1997; 2: 133–141
   Google Scholar
• Pugh TF, Jerath BK, Schmidt WM, Reed RB. Rates of mental disease related to childbearing. New England Journal of Medicine 1960; 268: 1224–1228
   Google Scholar
• Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Steward MD. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature. General Hospital Psychiatry 2004; 26: 289–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross LE, McLean LM. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006; 67: 1285–1298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross LE, Dennis CL. The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: A systematic review. Journal of Women's Health 2009; 18: 475–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Rudolph, Larson, G.L., Sweeny, S., Hough, E.E., & Arorian, K. (1990). Hospitalized pregnant psychotic women: Characteristics and treatment issues. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41, 159–163.
   Google Scholar
• Ryding EL. Psychosocial indications for cesarean section. A retrospective study of 43 cases. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1991; 70: 47–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryding EL, Wijma B, Wijma K, Rydhstrom H. Fear of childbirth during pregnancy may increase the risk of emergency cesarean section. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1998; 77: 542–547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacker A, Done DJ, Crow TJ. Obstetric complications in children born to parents with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Psychological Medicine 1996; 26: 279–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salaria S, Chana G, Caldara F, Feltrin E, Altieri M, Faggioni F, , Everall IP, et al. Microarray analysis of cultured human brain aggregates following cortisol exposure: Implications for cellular functions relevant to mood disorders. Neurobiology of Disease 2006; 23: 630–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar P, Bergman K, O'Connor TG, Glover V. Maternal antenatal anxiety and amniotic fluid cortisol and testosterone: Possible implications for foetal programming. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2008; 20: 489–496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt MV, Enthoven L, van der Mark M, Levine S, de Kloet ER, Oitzl MS. The postnatal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the mouse. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 2003; 21: 125–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider ML, Roughton EC, Koehler AJ, Lubach GR. Growth and development following prenatal stress exposure in primates: An examination of ontogenetic vulnerability. Child Development 1999; 70: 263–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman, M.V. (2004). Relational ethics: When mothers suffer from psychosis. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 7, 201–210.
   Google Scholar
• Seib LM, Wellman CL. Daily injections alter spine density in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience Letters 2003; 337: 29–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma V, Burt VK, Ritchie HL. Bipolar II postpartum depression: Detection, diagnosis, and treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 166: 1217–1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sholomskas DE, Wiskamaratne PJ, Dogolo L, O’Brien DW, Leaf PJ, Woods SW. Postpartum onset of panic disorder: A coincidental event?. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1993; 54: 476–480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sichel DA, Cohen LS, Rosenbaum JF, Driscoll J. Postpartum onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychosomatics 1993; 34: 277–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sit DKY, Wisner KL. Identification of postpartum depression. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 2009; 52: 456–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjogren B. Reasons for anxiety about childbirth in 100 pregnant women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1997; 18: 266–272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjostrom K, Valentin L, Thelin L, Marsål K. Maternal anxiety in late pregnancy and fetal hemodynamics. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology & Reproductive Biology 1997; 74: 149–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skouteris H, Wertheim EH, Rallis S, Milgrom J, Paxton SJ. Depression and anxiety through pregnancy and the early postpartum: An examination of prospective relationships. Journal of Affective Disorders 2009; 113: 303–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.P. Sollid, Wisborg, K., Hjort, J., & Secher, N.J. (2004). Eating disorder that was diagnosed before pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 190, 206–210.
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Test Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA 1970
   Google Scholar
• Spielvogel AM, Wile J. Treatment of the psychotic pregnant patient. Psychosomatics 1986; 27: 487–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli MG. Postpartum psychosis: Detection of risk and management. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009; 166: 405–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada (2002). Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), Cycle 1.1. Available from: www.statcan.ca/english/concepts/health/index.htm (accessed 30 January 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Steer RA, Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Fischer RL. Self-reported depression and negative pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1992; 45: 1093–1099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart DE. Pregnancy and schizophrenia. Canadian Family Physician 1984; 30: 1537–1541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart DE, Raskin J, Garfinkel PE, MacDonald OL, Robinson GE. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1987; 157: 1194–1198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart D, Klompenhouwer J, Kendell R, Van Hulst A. Prophylactic lithium in puerperal psychosis: The experience of three centres. British Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 158: 393–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowe ZN, Hostetter AL, Newport DJ. The onset of postpartum depression: Implications for clinical screening in obstetrical and primary care. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2005; 192: 522–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2009). The NSDUH Report: Substance Use among Women During Pregnancy and Following Childbirth. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies
   Google Scholar
• Sugawara M, Toda MA, Shima S, Mukai T, Sakakura K, Kitamura T. Premenstrual mood changes and maternal mental health in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997; 53: 225–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundström IM, Bixo M, Björn I, Aström M. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in gynecologic outpatients. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2001; 184: 8–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talge NM, Neal C, Glover V. Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why?. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 2007; 48: 245–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terp IM, Mortensen PB. Post-partum psychoses. Clinical diagnoses and relative risk of admission after parturition. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 172: 521–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trixler M, Gati A, Tenyi T. Risks associated with childbearing in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica 1995; 95: 159–162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uno H, Lohmiller L, Thieme C, Kemnitz JW, Engle MJ, Roecker EB, Farrell PM. Brain damage induced by prenatal exposure to dexamethasone in fetal rhesus macaques. I. Hippocampus. Brain Research, Developmental Brain Research 1990; 53: 157–167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van den Bergh BR, Mulder EJ, Mennes M, Glover V. Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: Links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2005; 29: 237–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Kolk BA, Pelcovitz D, Roth S, Mandel FS, McFarlane A, Herman JL. Dissociation, somatization and affect dysregulation: The complexity of adaptation of trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 83–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesga-Lopez O, Blanco C, Keyes K, Olfson M, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008; 65: 805–815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.C. Viguera, Cohen, L.S., Baldessarini, R.J., & Nonacs, R. (2002). Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 426–436.
   Google Scholar
• A.D. Viguera, Nonacs, R., Cohen, L.S., Tondo, L., Murray, A., & Baldessarini, R.J. (2000). Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 179–184.
   Google Scholar
• Viguera AC, Whitfield T, Baldessarini RJ, Newport DJ, Stowe Z, Reminick A, , Cohen LS, et al. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: Prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1817–1824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeponteaux VA, Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Stuart GW, Ballenger JC. The effects of pregnancy on preexisting panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1992; 53: 201–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virden SF. The relationship between infant feeding method and maternal role adjustment. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 1988; 33: 31–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Garite TJ. The neurobiology of stress in human pregnancy: Implications for prematurity and development of the fetal central nervous system. Progress in Brain Research 2001; 133: 131–142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker E, Emory E. Infants at risk for psychopathology: Offspring of schizophrenic parents. Child Development 1983; 54: 1269–1285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman MM, Olfson M. Depression in women: Implications for health care research. Science 1995; 269: 799–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Robinson K. Prevalence of generalized anxiety at eight weeks postpartum. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2003; 6: 43–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whalley LJ, Roberts DF, Wentzel J, Wright AF. Genetic factors in puerperal affective psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1982; 65: 180–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whooley MA, Avins AL, Miranda J, Browner WS. Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questionnaires are as good as many. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1997; 12: 439–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams KE, Koran LM. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy, the puerperium and the premenstruum. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1997; 58: 335–336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.L. Wisner, Hanusa, B.H., Peindl, K.S., & Perel, J.M. (2004). Prevention of postpartum episodes in women with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 592–596.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Peindl K, Hanusa BH. Relationship of psychiatric illness to childbearing status: A hospital-based epidemiologic study. Journal of Affective Disorders 1993; 28: 39–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.L. Wisner, Peindl, K., & Hanusa, B.H. (1994). Symptomatology of affective and psychotic illnesses related to childbearing. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 77–87.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Peindl KS, Hanusa BH. Psychiatric episodes in women with young children. Journal of Affective Disorders 1995; 34: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Peindl KS, Hanusa BH. Effects of childbearing on the natural history of panic disorder with comorbid mood disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 1996; 41: 173–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Peindl KS, Gigliotti T, Hanusa BH. Obsessions and compulsions in women with postpartum depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999; 60: 176–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner KL. Perinatal disorders: Advancing public health opportunities. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008; 69: 1602–1605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.L. Wisner, Zarin, D.A., Holmboe, E.S., Appelbaum, P.S., Gelenberg, A.J., Leonard, H.L., & Frank, E. (2000). Risk-benefit decision making for treatment of depression during pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1933–1940.
   Google Scholar
• Yawn BP, Pace W, Wollan PC, Bertram S, Kurland M, Graham D, Dietrich A. Concordance of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess increased risk of depression among postpartum women. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 2009; 22: 483–491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar M, Wijma K, Wijma B. Relations between anxiety disorders and fear of childbirth during late pregnancy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2002; 9: 122–130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar