3,207
Views
195
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

EEG biomarkers in major depressive disorder: Discriminative power and prediction of treatment response

&
Pages 604-618 | Received 27 Apr 2013, Accepted 13 Jun 2013, Published online: 23 Oct 2013

References

  • Ancy, J., Gangadhar, B.N. & Janakiramaiah, N. (1996). ‘Normal’ P300 amplitude predicts rapid response to ECT in melancholia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 41, 211–215.
  • Anokhin, A.P., Heath, A.C. & Myers, E. (2006). Genetic and environmental influences on frontal EEG asymmetry: A twin study. Biological Psychology, 71, 289–295.
  • Argyropoulos, S.V., Hicks, J.A., Nash, J.R., Bell, C.J., Rich, A.S., Nutt, D.J. & Wilson, S. (2009). Redistribution of slow wave activity of sleep during pharmacological treatment of depression with paroxetine but not with nefazodone. Journal of Sleep Research, 18, 342–348.
  • Armitage, R., Emslie, G.J., Hoffmann, R.F., Rintelmann, J. & Rush, A.J. (2001). Delta sleep EEG in depressed adolescent females and healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 63, 139–148.
  • Arns, M., Drinkenburg, W.H., Fitzgerald, P.B. & Kenemans, J.L. (2012). Neurophysiological predictors of non-response to rTMS in depression. Brain Stimulation5, 569–576.
  • Arns, M., Spronk, D. & Fitzgerald, P.B. (2010). Potential differential effects of 9 hz rtms and 10 hz rtms in the treatment of depression. Brain Stimulation, 3, 124–126.
  • Atkinson, A.J., Colburn, W.A., DeGruttola, V.G., DeMets, D.L., Downing, G.J., Hoth, D.F., … Zeger, S.L. (2001). Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 69, 89–95.
  • Baker, N.J., Staunton, M., Adler, L.E., Gerhardt, G.A., Drebing, C., Waldo, M., … Freedman, R. (1990). Sensory gating deficits in psychiatric inpatients: Relation to catecholamine metabolites in different diagnostic groups. Biological Psychiatry, 27, 519–528.
  • Bares, M., Brunovsky, M., Kopecek, M., Novak, T., Stopkova, P., Kozeny, J., … Höschl, C. (2008). Early reduction in prefrontal theta QEEG cordance value predicts response to venlafaxine treatment in patients with resistant depressive disorder. European Psychiatry, 23, 350–355.
  • Bares, M., Brunovsky, M., Kopecek, M., Stopkova, P., Novak, T., Kozeny, J. & Höschl, C. (2007). Changes in QEEG prefrontal cordance as a predictor of response to antidepressants in patients with treatment resistant depressive disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41, 319–325.
  • Begić, D., Popović-Knapić, V., Grubišin, J., Kosanović-Rajačić, B., Filipčić, I., Telarović, I. & Jakovljević, M. (2011). Quantitative electroencephalography in schizophrenia and depression. Psychiatria Danubina, 23, 355–362.
  • Benca, R.M., Obermeyer, W.H., Thisted, R.A. & Gillin, J.C. (1992). Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 651–668; discussion 669–670.
  • Bente, D. (1964). Vigilanz, dissoziative Vigilanzverschiebung und Insuffizienz des Vigilitätstonus [Vigilance, dissociative shift of vigilance and insufficiency of tonic vigilance]. Kranz, H., Heinrich, K. (editors) In Begleitwirkungen und Mißerfolge der psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie(pp. 13–28). Stuttgart: Thieme.
  • Berger, H. (1933). Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. [On the encephalogram of man]. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 99, 555–574.
  • Blackwood, D.H., Whalley, L.J., Christie, J.E., Blackburn, I.M., St Clair, D.M & McInnes, A. (1987). Changes in auditory P3 event-related potential in schizophrenia and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 154–160.
  • Bruder, G.E., Kayser, J & Tenke, C.E. (2009). Event-related brain potentials in depression: Clinical, cognitive and neurophysiologic implications. In S.J. Luck & E.S. Kappenman (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components(pp. 563–592). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bruder, G.E., Kayser, J., Tenke, C.E., Leite, P., Schneier, F.R., Stewart, J.W. & Quitkin, F.M. (2002). Cognitive ERPs in depressive and anxiety disorders during tonal and phonetic oddball tasks. Clinical Electroencephalography, 33, 119–124.
  • Bruder, G.E., Sedoruk, J.P., Stewart, J.W., McGrath, P.J., Quitkin, F.M. & Tenke, C.E. (2008). Electroencephalographic alpha measures predict therapeutic response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant: pre- and post-treatment findings. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 1171–1177.
  • Bruder, G.E., Stewart, J.W., Tenke, C.E., McGrath, P.J., Leite, P., Bhattacharya, N. & Quitkin, F.M. (2001). Electroencephalographic and perceptual asymmetry differences between responders and nonresponders to an SSRI antidepressant. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 416–425.
  • Bruder, G.E., Tenke, C.E., Stewart, J.W., Towey, J.P., Leite, P., Voglmaier, M. & Quitkin, F.M. (1995). Brain event-related potentials to complex tones in depressed patients: Relations to perceptual asymmetry and clinical features. Psychophysiology, 32, 373–381.
  • Buysse, D.J., Hall, M., Begley, A., Cherry, C.R., Houck, P.R., Land, S., … Frank, E. (2001). Sleep and treatment response in depression: New findings using power spectral analysis. Psychiatry Research, 103, 51–67.
  • Carvalho, A., Moraes, H., Silveira, H., Ribeiro, P., Piedade, R.A.M., Deslandes, A.C., … Versiani, M. (2011). EEG frontal asymmetry in the depressed and remitted elderly: is it related to the trait or to the state of depression?Journal of Affective Disorders, 129, 143–148.
  • Chang, C.C., Yu, S.C., McQuoid, D.R., Messer, D.F., Taylor, W.D., Singh, K., … Payne, M.E. (2011). Reduction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex gray matter in late-life depression. Psychiatry Research, 193, 1–6.
  • Chang, J.S., Yoo, C.S., Yi, S.H., Her, J.Y., Choi, H.M., Ha, T.H., … Ha, K. (2012). An integrative assessment of the psychophysiologic alterations in young women with recurrent major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 495–500.
  • Chang, Y., Xu, J., Shi, N., Pang, X., Zhang, B. & Cai, Z. (2011). Dysfunction of preattentive visual information processing among patients with major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 742–747.
  • Conca, A., Swoboda, E., König, P., Koppi, S., Beraus, W., Künz, A., . Weiss, P. (2000). Clinical impacts of single transcranial magnetic stimulation (STMS) as an add-on therapy in severely depressed patients under SSRI treatment. Human Psychopharmacology, 15, 429–438.
  • Cook, I.A., Leuchter, A.F., Morgan, M.L., Stubbeman, W., Siegman, B. & Abrams, M. (2005). Changes in prefrontal activity characterize clinical response in SSRI nonresponders: A pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 461–466.
  • Cook, I.A., Leuchter, A.F., Morgan, M., Witte, E., Stubbeman, W.F., Abrams, M., … Uijtdehaage, S.H.J. (2002). Early changes in prefrontal activity characterize clinical responders to antidepressants. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, 120–131.
  • Cook, I.A., Leuchter, A.F., Witte, E., Abrams, M., Uijtdehaage, S.H., Stubbeman, W., . Dunkin, J.J. (1999). Neurophysiologic predictors of treatment response to fluoxetine in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 85, 263–273.
  • Cornwell, B.R., Salvadore, G., Furey, M., Marquardt, C.A., Brutsche, N.E., Grillon, C. & Zarate, C.A., Jr. (2012). Synaptic potentiation is critical for rapid antidepressant response to ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 555–561.
  • Danos, P., Kasper, S., Scholl, H.P., Kaiser, J., Ruhrmann, S., Höflich, G. & Möller, H.J. (1994). Clinical response to sleep deprivation and auditory-evoked potentials – Preliminary results. Pharmacopsychiatry, 27, 70–71.
  • Davidson, R.J. (1998). Anterior electrophysiological asymmetries, emotion, and depression: Conceptual and methodological conundrums. Psychophysiology, 35, 607–614.
  • Debener, S., Beauducel, A., Nessler, D., Brocke, B., Heilemann, H. & Kayser, J. (2000). Is resting anterior EEG alpha asymmetry a trait marker for depression? Findings for healthy adults and clinically depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology, 41, 31–37.
  • De Gennaro, L., Marzano, C., Fratello, F., Moroni, F., Pellicciari, M. C., Ferlazzo, F., … Rossini, P.M. (2008). The electroencephalographic fingerprint of sleep is genetically determined: A twin study. Annals of Neurology, 64, 455–460.
  • Deldin, P., Keller, J., Casas, B.R., Best, J., Gergen, J. & Miller, G.A. (2006). Normal N400 in mood disorders. Biological psychology, 71, 74–79.
  • Diner, B.C., Holcomb, P.J. & Dykman, R.A. (1985). P300 in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 15, 175–184.
  • Duncan, A.C., Barry, R.J., Connolly, J.F., Fischer, C., Michie, P.T., Näätänen, R., … Van Petten, C. (2009). Event-related potentials in clinical research: Guidelines for eliciting, recording, and quantifying mismatch negativity, P300, and N400. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120, 1883–1908.
  • Duncan, W.C. Jr, Selter, J., Brutsche, N., Sarasso, S. & Zarate, C.A. Jr. (2013). Baseline delta sleep ratio predicts acute ketamine mood response in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145, 115–119.
  • Dunkin, J.J., Leuchter, A.F., Cook, I.A., Kasl-Godley, J.E., Abrams, M. & Rosenberg-Thompson, S. (2000). Executive dysfunction predicts nonresponse to fluoxetine in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60, 13–23.
  • Emslie, G.J., Armitage, R., Weinberg, W.A., Rush, A.J., Mayes, T.L. & Hoffmann, R.F. (2001). Sleep polysomnography as a predictor of recurrence in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 4, 159–168.
  • Fingelkurts, A.A., Fingelkurts, A.A., Rytsälä, H., Suominen, K., Isometsä, E. & Kähkönen, S. (2007). Impaired functional connectivity at EEG alpha and theta frequency bands in major depression. Human Brain Mapping, 28(3), 247–261.
  • Flor-Henry, P. (1976). Lateralized temporal-limbic dysfunction and psychopathology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 280, 777–795.
  • Flor-Henry, P., Koles, Z.J., Howarth, B.C. & Burton, L. (1979). Neurophysiological studies of schizophrenia, mania and depression. In J. Gruzelier & P. Flor-Henry, (Eds), Hemisphere Asymmetries of Function in Psychopathology (pp. 189–222). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Fox, M.D., Liu, H. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2012). Identification of reproducible individualized targets for treatment of depression with TMS based on intrinsic connectivity. NeuroImage, 66C, 151–160.
  • Friess, E., Modell, S., Brunner, H., Tagaya, H., Lauer, C. J., Holsboer, F. & Ising, M. (2008). The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: Microstructure of sleep in high-risk subjects. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 258, 285–291.
  • Gallinat, J., Bottlender, R., Juckel, G., Munke-Puchner, A., Stotz, G., Kuss, H.J., … Hegerl, U. (2000). The loudness dependency of the auditory evoked N1/P2-component as a predictor of the acute SSRI response in depression. Psychopharmacology, 148, 404–411.
  • Gangadhar, B.N., Ancy, J., Janakiramaiah, N. & Umapathy, C. (1993). P300 amplitude in non-bipolar, melancholic depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 28, 57–60.
  • Gatt, J.M., Kuan, S.A., Dobson-Stone, C., Paul, R.H., Joffe, R.T., Kemp, A.H., … Williams, L.M. (2008). Association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and trait depression is mediated via resting EEG alpha band activity. Biological Psychology, 79, 275–284.
  • Goetz, R.R., Puig-Antich, J., Dahl, R.E., Ryan, N.D., Asnis, G.M., Rabinovich, H. & Nelson, B. (1991). EEG sleep of young adults with major depression: A controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 22, 91–100.
  • Gold, C., Fachner, J. & Erkkilä, J. (2013). Validity and reliability of electroencephalographic frontal alpha asymmetry and frontal midline theta as biomarkers for depression. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54, 118–126.
  • Grin-Yatsenko, V.A., Baas, I., Ponomarev, V.A. & Kropotov, J.D. (2009). EEG power spectra at early stages of depressive disorders. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 26, 401–406.
  • Grin-Yatsenko, V.A., Baas, I., Ponomarev, V.A. & Kropotov, J.D. (2010). Independent component approach to the analysis of EEG recordings at early stages of depressive disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121, 281–289.
  • Hagemann, D., Naumann, E., Becker, G., Maier, S. & Bartussek, D. (1998). Frontal brain asymmetry and affective style: A conceptual replication. Psychophysiology, 35, 372–388.
  • Hagemann, D., Naumann, E. & Thayer, J.F. (2001). The quest for the EEG reference revisited: A glance from brain asymmetry research. Psychophysiology, 38, 847–857.
  • Hamani, C., Mayberg, H., Stone, S., Laxton, A., Haber, S. & Lozano, A.M. (2011). The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 301–308.
  • Hatzinger, M., Hemmeter, U.M., Brand, S., Ising, M. & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2004). Electroencephalographic sleep profiles in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression: Association with DEX/CRH-test response. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 453–465.
  • Hegerl, U. & Hensch, T. (2012). The vigilance regulation model of affective disorders and ADHD. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.008
  • Hegerl, U. & Juckel, G. (1993). Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials as an indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission: A new hypothesis. Biological Psychiatry, 33, 173–187.
  • Hegerl, U., Wilk, K., Olbrich, S., Schoenknecht, P. & Sander, C. (2011). Hyperstable regulation of vigilance in patients with major depressive disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 13(6), 436–446.
  • Henriques, J.B. & Davidson, R.J. (1990). Regional brain electrical asymmetries discriminate between previously depressed and healthy control subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 22–31.
  • Henriques, J.B. & Davidson, R.J. (1991). Left frontal hypoactivation in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 535–545.
  • Hoffmann, R., Hendrickse, W., Rush, A.J. & Armitage, R. (2000). Slow-wave activity during non-REM sleep in men with schizophrenia and major depressive disorders. Psychiatry Research, 95, 215–225.
  • Hubain, P., Le Bon, O., Vandenhende, F., Van Wijnendaele, R. & Linkowski, P. (2006). Major depression in males: Effects of age, severity and adaptation on sleep variables. Psychiatry Research, 145, 169–177.
  • Hunter, A.M., Cook, I.A., Greenwald, S.D., Tran, M.L., Miyamoto, K.N. & Leuchter, A.F. (2011). The antidepressant treatment response index and treatment outcomes in a placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 28, 478–482.
  • Hunter, A.M., Leuchter, A.F., Cook, I.A. & Abrams, M. (2010). Brain functional changes (QEEG cordance) and worsening suicidal ideation and mood symptoms during antidepressant treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122, 461–469.
  • Iosifescu, D.V., Greenwald, S., Devlin, P., Mischoulon, D., Denninger, J.W., Alpert, J.E. & Fava, M. (2009). Frontal EEG predictors of treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, 772–777.
  • Işıntaş, M., Ak, M., Erdem, M., Oz, O. & Ozgen, F. (2012). Majör Depresif Bozuklukta Olaya İlişkin Potansiyeller: Tedaviye Yanıt ile P300 Arasındaki İlişki. [Event-related potentials in major depressive disorder: The relationship between P300 and treatment response]. Türk psikiyatri dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychiatry], 23, 33–39.
  • Itil, T. (1983). The significance of quantitative pharmaco-EEG in the discovery and classification of psychotropic drugs. In W. Herrmann, (Ed.), Electroencephalography in Drug Research (pp. 131–158). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.
  • Jaworska, N., Blier, P., Fusee, W. & Knott, V. (2012a). α Power, α asymmetry and anterior cingulate cortex activity in depressed males and females. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 1483–1491.
  • Jaworska, N., Blier, P., Fusee, W. & Knott, V. (2012b). Scalp- and sLORETA-derived loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEPs) in unmedicated depressed males and females and healthy controls. Clinical Neurophysiology, 123, 1769–1778.
  • Jeong, H.G., Ko, Y.H., Han, C., Kim, Y.K. & Joe, S.-H. (2013). Distinguishing quantitative electroencephalogram findings between adjustment disorder and major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Investigation, 10, 62–68.
  • Jindal, R.D., Friedman, E.S., Berman, S.R., Fasiczka, A.L., Howland, R.H. & Thase, M.E. (2003). Effects of sertraline on sleep architecture in patients with depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 540–548.
  • Jindal, R.D., Thase, M.E., Fasiczka, A.L., Friedman, E.S., Buysse, D.J., Frank, E. & Kupfer, D.J. (2002). Electroencephalographic sleep profiles in single-episode and recurrent unipolar forms of major depression: II. Comparison during remission. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 230–236.
  • Jobert, M., Wilson, F.J., Roth, T., Ruigt, G.S.F., Anderer, P. & Drinkenburg, W.H.I.M. (2013). Guidelines for the recording and evaluation of pharmaco-sleep studies in man: The International Pharmaco-EEG Society (IPEG). Neuropsychobiology, 67, 127–167.
  • Jobert, M., Wilson, F.J., Ruigt, G.S.F., Brunovsky, M., Prichep, L.S. & Drinkenburg, W.H.I.M. (2012). Guidelines for the recording and evaluation of pharmaco-EEG data in man: The International Pharmaco-EEG Society (IPEG). Neuropsychobiology, 66, 201–220.
  • John, E.R., Prichep, L.S., Fridman, J. & Easton, P. (1988). Neurometrics: Computer-assisted differential diagnosis of brain dysfunctions. Science (New York), 239, 162–169.
  • Juckel, G., Pogarell, O., Augustin, H., Mulert, C., Müller-Siecheneder, F., Frodl, T., … Hegerl, U. (2007). Differential prediction of first clinical response to serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants using the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1206–1212.
  • Kalayam, B. & Alexopoulos, G.S. (1999). Prefrontal dysfunction and treatment response in geriatric depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 713–718.
  • Kluge, M., Schüssler, P. & Steiger, A. (2007). Duloxetine increases stage 3 sleep and suppresses rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in patients with major depression. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 527–531. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.01.006
  • Klumpp, H., Keller, J., Miller, G.A., Casas, B.R., Best, J.L. & Deldin, P.J. (2010). Semantic processing of emotional words in depression and schizophrenia. International journal of Psychophysiology, 75, 211–215.
  • Knott V.J. & Lapierre, Y.D. (1987). Computerized EEG correlates of depression and antidepressant treatment. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 11, 213–221.
  • Knott, V.J., Mahoney, C., Kennedy, S. & Evans, K. (2000). Pre-treatment EEG and its relationship to depression severity and paroxetine treatment outcome. Pharmacopsychiatry, 33, 201–205.
  • Knott, V.J., Mahoney, C., Kennedy, S. & Evans, K. (2001). EEG power, frequency, asymmetry and coherence in male depression. Psychiatry Research, 106, 123–140.
  • Knott, V.J, Telner, J.I., Lapierre, Y.D., Browne, M. & Horn, E.R. (1996). Quantitative EEG in the prediction of antidepressant response to imipramine. Journal of Affective Disorders39, 175–184.
  • Korb, A., Cook, I., Hunter, A. & Leuchter, A. (2008). Brain electrical source differences between depressed subjects and healthy controls. Brain Topography, 21, 138–146.
  • Kuo, C.-C. & Tsai, J.-F. (2010). Cordance or antidepressant treatment response (ATR) index?Psychiatry Research, 180, 60.
  • Kwon, J.S., Youn, T. & Jung, H.Y. (1996). Right hemisphere abnormalities in major depression: Quantitative electroencephalographic findings before and after treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 40, 169–173.
  • Landsness, E.C., Goldstein, M.R., Peterson, M.J., Tononi, G. & Benca, R.M. (2011). Antidepressant effects of selective slow wave sleep deprivation in major depression: A high-density EEG investigation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1019–1026.
  • Lauer, C.J., Riemann, D., Wiegand, M. & Berger, M. (1991). From early to late adulthood. Changes in EEG sleep of depressed patients and healthy volunteers. Biological Psychiatry, 29, 979–993.
  • Lee, T.W., Yu, Y.W.Y., Chen, M.-C. & Chen, T.-J. (2011). Cortical mechanisms of the symptomatology in major depressive disorder: A resting EEG study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131, 243–250.
  • Lee, T.-W., Yu, Y.W.Y., Chen, T.J. & Tsai, S.J. (2005). Loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential and response to antidepressants in Chinese patients with major depression. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 30, 202–205.
  • Lemere, F. (1936). The significance of individual differences in the Berger rhythm. Brain, 59, 366–375.
  • Leuchter, A.F., Cook, I.A., Gilmer, W.S., Marangell, L.B., Burgoyne, K.S., Howland, R.H., … Greenwald, S. (2009). Effectiveness of a quantitative electroencephalographic biomarker for predicting differential response or remission with escitalopram and bupropion in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 169, 132–138.
  • Leuchter, A.F., Cook, I.A., Hunter, A.M., Cai, C. & Horvath, S. (2012). Resting-state quantitative electroencephalography reveals increased neurophysiologic connectivity in depression. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e32508.
  • Leuchter, A.F, Cook, I.A., Uijtdehaage, S.H., Dunkin, J., Lufkin, R.B., Anderson-Hanley, C., … Babaie, A. (1997). Brain structure and function and the outcomes of treatment for depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(S16), 22–31.
  • Leuchter, A.F., Cook, I.A., Witte, E.A., Morgan, M. & Abrams, M. (2002). Changes in brain function of depressed subjects during treatment with placebo. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 122–129.
  • Leuchter, A.F., Uijtdehaage, S.H., Cook, I.A., O’Hara, R. & Mandelkern, M. (1999). Relationship between brain electrical activity and cortical perfusion in normal subjects. Psychiatry Research, 90, 125–140.
  • Lieber, A.L. (1988). Diagnosis and subtyping of depressive disorders by quantitative electroencephalography: II. Interhemispheric measures are abnormal in major depressives and frequency analysis may discriminate certain subtypes. Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 10, 84–97.
  • Lieber, A.L. & Prichep, L.S. (1988). Diagnosis and subtyping of depressive disorders by quantitative electroencephalography: I. Discriminant analysis of selected variables in untreated depressives. Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 10, 71–83.
  • Linka, T., Sartory, G., Bender, S., Gastpar, M. & Müller, B.W. (2007). The intensity dependence of auditory ERP components in unmedicated patients with major depression and healthy controls. An analysis of group differences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 103, 139–145. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.018
  • Lopes, M.C., Quera-Salva, M.-A. & Guilleminault, C. (2007). Non-REM sleep instability in patients with major depressive disorder: Subjective improvement and improvement of non-REM sleep instability with treatment (agomelatine). Sleep Medicine, 9, 33–41.
  • Luthringer, R., Minot, R., Toussaint, M., Calvi-Gries, F., Schaltenbrand, N. & Macher, J.P. (1995). All-night EEG spectral analysis as a tool for the prediction of clinical response to antidepressant treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 98–104.
  • Mayberg, H.S., Brannan, S.K., Mahurin, R.K., Jerabek, P.A., Brickman, J.S., Tekell, J.L.,.. Fox, P.T. (1997). Cingulate function in depression: A potential predictor of treatment response. Neuroreport, 8, 1057–1061.
  • Mientus, S., Gallinat, J., Wuebben, Y., Pascual-Marqui, R.D., Mulert, C., Frick, K., … Winterer, G. (2002). Cortical hypoactivation during resting EEG in schizophrenics but not in depressives and schizotypal subjects as revealed by low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 116, 95–111.
  • Modell, S., Ising, M., Holsboer, F. & Lauer, C.J. (2005). The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: Premorbid polysomnographic profile of affected high-risk probands. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 694–699.
  • Morehouse, R.L., Kusumakar, V., Kutcher, S.P., LeBlanc, J. & Armitage, R. (2002). Temporal coherence in ultradian sleep EEG rhythms in a never-depressed, high-risk cohort of female adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 446–456.
  • Mulert, C, Juckel, G., Augustin, H. & Hegerl, U. (2002). Comparison between the analysis of the loudness dependency of the auditory N1/P2 component with LORETA and dipole source analysis in the prediction of treatment response to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in major depression. Clinical Neurophysiology, 113, 1566–1572.
  • Mulert, C., Juckel, G., Brunnmeier, M., Karch, S., Leicht, G., Mergl, R., … Pogarell, O. (2007). Prediction of treatment response in major depression: Integration of concepts. Journal of Affective Disorders, 98, 215–225.
  • Myslobodsky, M.S., Coppola, R., Bar-Ziv, J., Karson, C., Daniel, D., van Praag, H. & Weinberger, D.R. (1989). EEG asymmetries may be affected by cranial and brain parenchymal asymmetries. Brain Topography, 1, 221–228.
  • Naismith, S.L., Mowszowski, L., Ward, P.B., Diamond, K., Paradise, M., Kaur, M., … Hermens, D.F. (2012). Reduced temporal mismatch negativity in late-life depression: An event-related potential index of cognitive deficit and functional disability?Journal of Affective Disorders, 138, 71–78.
  • Nissen, C., Feige, B., König, A., Voderholzer, U., Berger, M. & Riemann, D. (2001). Delta sleep ratio as a predictor of sleep deprivation response in major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 35, 155–163.
  • Nyström, C., Matousek, M. & Hällström, T. (1986). Relationships between EEG and clinical characteristics in major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 390–394.
  • O’Connor, K.P., Shaw, J.C. & Ongley, C.O. (1979). The EEG and differential diagnosis in psychogeriatrics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 156–162.
  • Olbrich, S., Sander, C., Minkwitz, J., Chittka, T., Mergl, R., Hegerl, U. & Himmerich, H. (2012). EEG vigilance regulation patterns and their discriminative power to separate patients with major depression from healthy controls. Neuropsychobiology, 65, 188–194.
  • Park, C.A., Kwon, R.J., Kim, S., Jang, H., Chae, J.H., Kim, T. & Jeong, J. (2007). Decreased phase synchronization of the EEG in patients with major depressive disorder. In R. Magjarevic & J.H. Nagel (Eds), World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2006 (pp. 1095–1098). Berlin: Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-36841-0_262
  • Park, Y.M., Lee, S.H., Kim, S. & Bae, S.M. (2010). The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and healthy controls. Progress in Neuro- Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 34, 313–316.
  • Pizzagalli, D.A. (2011). Frontocingulate dysfunction in depression: Toward biomarkers of treatment response. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 183–206.
  • Pizzagalli, D.A., Oakes, T.R. & Davidson, R.J. (2003). Coupling of theta activity and glucose metabolism in the human rostral anterior cingulate cortex: An EEG/PET study of normal and depressed subjects. Psychophysiology, 40, 939–949.
  • Pogarell, O., Padberg, F., Karch, S., Segmiller, F., Juckel, G., Mulert, C., … Koch, W. (2011). Dopaminergic mechanisms of target detection – P300 event related potential and striatal dopamine. Psychiatry Research, 194, 212–218.
  • Pozzi, D., Golimstock, A., Petracchi, M., García, H. & Starkstein, S. (1995). Quantified electroencephalographic changes in depressed patients with and without dementia. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 677–683.
  • Price, G.W., Lee, J.W., Garvey, C. & Gibson, N. (2008). Appraisal of sessional EEG features as a correlate of clinical changes in an rTMS treatment of depression. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 39, 131–138.
  • Prichep, L.S. & John, E.R. (1992). QEEG profiles of psychiatric disorders. Brain Topography, 4, 249–257.
  • Quera Salva, M.-A., Vanier, B., Laredo, J., Hartley, S., Chapotot, F., Moulin, C., … Guilleminault, C. (2007). Major depressive disorder, sleep EEG and agomelatine: An open-label study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 691–696.
  • Quinn, C.R., Harris, A. & Kemp, A.H. (2012). The impact of depression heterogeneity on inhibitory control. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 374–383.
  • Rabinoff, M., Kitchen, C.M., Cook, I. & Leuchter, A. (2011). Evaluation of quantitative EEG by classification and regression trees to characterize responders to antidepressant and placebo treatment. Open Medical Informatics Journal, 5, 1–8.
  • Rao, U., Hammen, C.L. & Poland, R.E. (2009). Risk markers for depression in adolescents: Sleep and HPA measures. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 1936–1945.
  • Reid, S.A., Duke, L.M. & Allen, J.J. (1998). Resting frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in depression: Inconsistencies suggest the need to identify mediating factors. Psychophysiology, 35, 389–404.
  • Reynolds, C.F., III, Kupfer, D.J., Taska, L.S., Hoch, C.C., Spiker, D.G., Sewitch, D.E., … Martin, D. (1985). EEG sleep in elderly depressed, demented, and healthy subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 20, 431–442.
  • Roemer, R.A., Shagass, C., Dubin, W., Jaffe, R. & Siegal, L. (1992). Quantitative EEG in elderly depressives. Brain Topography, 4, 285–290.
  • Rotenberg, V.S., Shami, E., Barak, Y., Indursky, P., Kayumov, L. & Mark, M. (2002). REM sleep latency and wakefulness in the first sleep cycle as markers of major depression: A controlled study vs. schizophrenia and normal controls. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 26, 1211–1215.
  • Roth, W.T., Pfefferbaum, A., Kelly, A.F., Berger, P.A. & Kopell, B.S. (1981). Auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and depression. Psychiatry Research, 4, 199–212.
  • Ryu, V., An, S.K., Ha, R.Y., Kim, J.A., Ha, K. & Cho, H.-S. (2012). Differential alteration of automatic semantic processing in treated patients affected by bipolar mania and schizophrenia: An N400 study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 38, 194–200.
  • Sánchez-Morla, E.M., García-Jiménez, M.A., Barabash, A., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Mena, J., Cabranes-Díaz, J.A., … Santos, J.L. (2008). P50 sensory gating deficit is a common marker of vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117, 313–318.
  • Saletu, B., Anderer, P., Saletu-Zyhlarz, G.M., Gruber, D., Metka, M. & Huber, J. (2005). Identifying target regions for vigilance improvement under hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal syndrome patients by means of electroencephalographic tomography (LORETA). Psychopharmacology, 178, 389–399.
  • Schaffer, C.E., Davidson, R.J. & Saron, C. (1983). Frontal and parietal electroencephalogram asymmetry in depressed and nondepressed subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 753–762.
  • Schmidt, H.D., Shelton, R.C. & Duman, R.S. (2011). Functional biomarkers of depression: Diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 2375–2394.
  • Segrave, R.A., Cooper, N.R., Thomson, R.H., Croft, R.J., Sheppard, D.M. & Fitzgerald, P.B. (2011). Individualized alpha activity and frontal asymmetry in major depression. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 42, 45–52.
  • Smit, D.J., Posthuma, D., Boomsma, D.I. & De Geus, E.J. (2007). The relation between frontal EEG asymmetry and the risk for anxiety and depression. Biological Psychology, 74, 26–33.
  • Spronk, D., Arns, M., Barnett, K., Cooper, N. & Gordon, E. (2011). An investigation of EEG, genetic and cognitive markers of treatment response to antidepressant medication in patients with major depressive disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 128, 41–48.
  • Spronk, D.B., Veth, C.P., Arns, M., Schofield, P.R., Dobson-Stone, C., Ramaekers, J.G., … Verkes, R.J. (2013). DBH-1021C> T and COMT Val108/158Met genotype are not associated with the P300 ERP in an auditory oddball task. Clinical Neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 124, 909–915.
  • Suffin, S.C. & Emory, W.H. (1995). Neurometric subgroups in attentional and affective disorders and their association with pharmacotherapeutic outcome. Journal of Clinical Electroencephalography, 26, 76–83.
  • Sun, Y., Li, Y., Zhu, Y., Chen, X. & Tong, S. (2008). Electroencephalographic differences between depressed and control subjects: An aspect of interdependence analysis. Brain Research Bulletin, 76, 559–564.
  • Taylor, B.P., Bruder, G.E., Stewart, J.W., McGrath, P.J., Halperin, J., Ehrlichman, H. & Quitkin, F.M. (2006). Psychomotor slowing as a predictor of fluoxetine nonresponse in depressed outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 73–78.
  • Tenke, C.E., Kayser, J., Manna, C.G., Fekri, S., Kroppmann, C.J., Schaller, J.D., . Bruder, G.E. (2011). Current source density measures of electroencephalographic alpha predict antidepressant treatment response. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 388–394.
  • Tomarken, A.J., Davidson, R.J., Wheeler, R.E. & Kinney, L. (1992). Psychometric properties of resting anterior EEG asymmetry: Temporal stability and internal consistency. Psychophysiology, 29, 576–592.
  • Tremblay, S., Beaulé, V., Proulx, S., de Beaumont, L., Marjanska, M., Doyon, J.,.. Théoret, H. (2013). Relationship between transcranial magnetic stimulation measures of intracortical inhibition and spectroscopy measures of GABA and glutamate+ glutamine. Journal of Neurophysiology, 109, 1343–1349.
  • Ulrich, G. & Fürstenberg, U. (1999). Quantitative assessment of dynamic electroencephalogram (EEG) organization as a tool for subtyping depressive syndromes. European Psychiatry, 14, 217–229.
  • Ulrich, G., Renfordt, E., Zeller, G. & Frick, K. (1984). Interrelation between changes in the EEG and psychopathology under pharmacotherapy for endogenous depression. A contribution to the predictor question. Pharmacopsychiatry, 17, 178–183.
  • Van Beijsterveldt, C.E. & van Baal, G.C. (2002). Twin and family studies of the human electroencephalogram: A review and a meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 111–138.
  • Vandoolaeghe, E., van Hunsel, F., Nuyten, D. & Maes, M. (1998). Auditory event related potentials in major depression: Prolonged P300 latency and increased P200 amplitude. Journal of Affective Disorders, 48, 105–113.
  • Volkert, J., Schulz, H., Härter, M., Wlodarczyk, O. & Andreas, S. (2013). The prevalence of mental disorders in older people in western countries – A meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 12, 339–353.
  • Von Knorring, L., Perris, C., Goldstein, L., Kemali, D., Monakhov, K., Vacca, L. (1983). Intercorrelations between different computer-based measures of the EEG alpha amplitude and its variability over time and their validity in differentiating healthy volunteers from depressed patients. Advances in Biological Psychiatry, 13, 172–181.
  • Wang, Y., Fang, Y.-R., Chen, X.-S., Chen, J., Wu, Z.-G., Yuan, C.-M., … Cao, L. (2009). A follow-up study on features of sensory gating P50 in treatment-resistant depression patients. Chinese Medical Journal, 122, 2956–2960.
  • Williams, L.M., Rush, A.J., Koslow, S.H., Wisniewski, S.R., Cooper, N.J., Nemeroff, C.B., … Gordon, E. (2011). International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment for Depression (iSPOT-D), a randomized clinical trial: rationale and protocol. Trials, 12, 4.
  • Zoon, H.F.A., Veth, C.P.M., Arns, M., Drinkenburg, W.H.I.M., Talloen, W., Peeters, P.J. & Kenemans, J.L. (2013). EEG alpha power as an intermediate measure between brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met and depression severity in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 30, 261–267.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.