384
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Gene expression: Biomarker of antidepressant therapy?

Pages 579-591 | Received 08 May 2013, Accepted 10 Jul 2013, Published online: 23 Oct 2013

References

  • Allan, L.L., Hoefl, K., Zheng, D.J., Chung, B.K., Kozak, F.K., Tan, R. & van den Elzen, P. (2009). Apolipoprotein-mediated lipid antigen presentation in B cells provides a pathway for innate help by NKT cells. Blood, 114, 2411–2416.
  • Andres, J.I., Alcazar, J., Alonso, J.M., Alvarez, R.M., Bakker, M.H., Biesmans, I., … Steckler, T. (2005). Discovery of a new series of centrally active tricyclic isoxazoles combining serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibition with alpha2-adrenoceptor blocking activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48, 2054–2071.
  • Angelucci, F., Croce, N., Spalletta, G., Dinallo, V., Gravina, P., Bossu, P., … Bernardini, S. (2011). Paroxetine rapidly modulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein in a human glioblastoma-astrocytoma cell line. Pharmacology, 87, 5–10.
  • Angst, J. (1961). A clinical analysis of the effects of tofranil in depression. Longitudinal and follow-up studies. Treatment of blood-relations. Psychopharmacologia, 2, 381–407.
  • Audinot, V., Mailliet, F., Lahaye-Brasseur, C., Bonnaud, A., Le Gall, A., Amosse, C., … Boutin, J.A. (2003). New selective ligands of human cloned melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 367, 553–561.
  • Baird, A.E. (2006). The blood option: Transcriptional profiling in clinical trials. Pharmacogenomics, 7, 141–144.
  • Barbon, A., Orlandi, C., La Via, L., Caracciolo, L., Tardito, D., Musazzi, L., … Barlati, S. (2011). Antidepressant treatments change 5-HT2C receptor mRNA expression in rat prefrontal/frontal cortex and hippocampus. Neuropsychobiology, 63, 160–168.
  • Barreto, R.A., Walker, F.R., Dunkley, P.R., Day, T.A. & Smith, D.W. (2012). Fluoxetine prevents development of an early stress-related molecular signature in the rat infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex. Implications for depression? BMC Neuroscience, 13, 125.
  • Beech, R.D., Lowthert, L., Leffert, J.J., Mason, P.N., Taylor, M.M., Umlauf, S., … Bhagwagar, Z. (2010). Increased peripheral blood expression of electron transport chain genes in bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 813–824.
  • Belzeaux, R., Bergon, A., Jeanjean, V., Loriod, B., Formisano-Treziny, C., Verrier, L., … Ibrahim, E.C. (2012). Responder and nonresponder patients exhibit different peripheral transcriptional signatures during major depressive episode. Translational Psychiatry, 2, e185.
  • Belzeaux, R., Formisano-Treziny, C., Loundou, A., Boyer, L., Gabert, J., Samuelian, J. C., … Ibrahim, E.C. (2010). Clinical variations modulate patterns of gene expression and define blood biomarkers in major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 1205–1213.
  • Binder, E.B. (2009). The role of FKBP5, a co-chaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis and therapy of affective and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, S186–195.
  • Binder, E.B. & Holsboer, F. (2006). Pharmacogenomics and antidepressant drugs. Annals of Medicine, 38, 82–94.
  • Blendy, J.A. (2006). The role of CREB in depression and antidepressant treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 1144–1150.
  • Borovecki, F., Lovrecic, L., Zhou, J., Jeong, H., Then, F., Rosas, H.D., … Krainc, D. (2005). Genome-wide expression profiling of human blood reveals biomarkers for Huntington’s disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 11023–11028.
  • Calabrese, F., Molteni, R., Gabriel, C., Mocaer, E., Racagni, G. & Riva, M.A. (2011). Modulation of neuroplastic molecules in selected brain regions after chronic administration of the novel antidepressant agomelatine. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 215, 267–275.
  • Calabrese, F., Molteni, R., Racagni, G. & Riva, M.A. (2009). Neuronal plasticity: A link between stress and mood disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, S208–216.
  • Carlezon, W.A., Jr, Duman, R.S. & Nestler, E.J. (2005). The many faces of CREB. Trends in Neurosciences, 28, 436–445.
  • Castren, E. & Rantamaki, T. (2010). The role of BDNF and its receptors in depression and antidepressant drug action: Reactivation of developmental plasticity. Developmental Neurobiology, 70, 289–297.
  • Cattaneo, A., Bocchio-Chiavetto, L., Zanardini, R., Milanesi, E., Placentino, A. & Gennarelli, M. (2010). Reduced peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels are normalized by antidepressant treatment. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 103–108.
  • Cattaneo, A., Gennarelli, M., Uher, R., Breen, G., Farmer, A., Aitchison, K.J., … Pariante, C.M. (2013). Candidate genes expression profile associated with antidepressants response in the GENDEP study: Differentiating between baseline ‘predictors’ and longitudinal ‘targets’. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 377–385.
  • Cattaneo, A., Sesta, A., Calabrese, F., Nielsen, G., Riva, M.A. & Gennarelli, M. (2013). The expression of VGF is reduced in leucocytes of depressed patients and it is restored by effective antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 1423–1428.
  • Dantzer, R., O’Connor, J.C., Freund, G.G., Johnson, R.W. & Kelley, K.W. (2008). From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 46–56.
  • de Kloet, E. R., Joels, M. & Holsboer, F. (2005). Stress and the brain: From adaptation to disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 463–475.
  • Dermitzakis, E.T. & Stranger, B.E. (2006). Genetic variation in human gene expression. Mammalian Genome, 17, 503–508.
  • Dome, P., Teleki, Z., Rihmer, Z., Peter, L., Dobos, J., Kenessey, I., … Dome, B. (2009). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and depression: A possible novel link between heart and soul. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 523–531.
  • Dumeaux, V., Lund, E. & Borresen-Dale, A.-L. (2008). Comparison of globin RNA processing methods for genome- wide transcriptome analysis from whole blood. Biomarkers in Medicine, 2, 11–21.
  • Dunn, A.J., Swiergiel, A.H. & de Beaurepaire, R. (2005). Cytokines as mediators of depression: What can we learn from animal studies? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 891–909.
  • Engel, D., Zomkowski, A.D., Lieberknecht, V., Rodrigues, A.L. & Gabilan, N.H. (2013). Chronic administration of duloxetine and mirtazapine downregulates proapoptotic proteins and upregulates neurotrophin gene expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of mice. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 802–808.
  • Fava, M. & Kendler, K.S. (2000). Major depressive disorder. Neuron, 28, 335–341.
  • Franchini, L., Serretti, A., Gasperini, M. & Smeraldi, E. (1998). Familial concordance of fluvoxamine response as a tool for differentiating mood disorder pedigrees. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 32, 255–259.
  • Ganea, K., Menke, A., Schmidt, M.V., Lucae, S., Rammes, G., Liebl, C., … Muller, M.B. (2012). Convergent animal and human evidence suggests the activin/inhibin pathway to be involved in antidepressant response. Translational Psychiatry, 2, e177.
  • Garriock, H.A., Kraft, J.B., Shyn, S.I., Peters, E.J., Yokoyama, J.S., Jenkins, G.D., … Hamilton, S.P. (2010). A genomewide association study of citalopram response in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 133–138.
  • GENDEP, MARS & STAR*D Investigators. (2013). Common genetic variation and antidepressant efficacy in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of three genome-wide pharmacogenetic studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 207–217.
  • Gerhold, D.L., Jensen, R.V., Gullans, S.R. (2002). Better therapeutics through microarrays. Nat Genet, 32, 547–551.
  • Hennings, J.M., Owashi, T., Binder, E.B., Horstmann, S., Menke, A., Kloiber, S., … Lucae, S. (2009). Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in a representative sample of depressed inpatients – Findings from the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 215–229.
  • Holsboer, F. (2000). The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 477–501.
  • Holsboer, F. (2008). How can we realize the promise of personalized antidepressant medicines? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 638–646.
  • Huang, E.J. & Reichardt, L.F. (2001). Neurotrophins: Roles in neuronal development and function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 677–736.
  • Iga, J., Ueno, S., Yamauchi, K., Motoki, I., Tayoshi, S., Ohta, K., … Ohmori, T. (2005). Serotonin transporter mRNA expression in peripheral leucocytes of patients with major depression before and after treatment with paroxetine. Neuroscience Letters, 389, 12–16.
  • Iga, J., Ueno, S., Yamauchi, K., Numata, S., Kinouchi, S., Tayoshi-Shibuya, S., … Ohmori, T. (2007). Altered HDAC5 and CREB mRNA expressions in the peripheral leucocytes of major depression. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31, 628–632.
  • Iga, J., Ueno, S., Yamauchi, K., Numata, S., Tayoshi-Shibuya, S., Kinouchi, S., … Ohmori, T. (2007). Gene expression and association analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor in major depressive disorder. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31, 658–663.
  • Illumina. (2010). Technical Note. Retrieved from http://www.illumina.com/Documents/products/technotes/technote_gene_expression_data_quality_control.pdf
  • Ising, M., Lucae, S., Binder, E.B., Bettecken, T., Uhr, M., Ripke, S., … Muller-Myhsok, B. (2009). A genomewide association study points to multiple loci that predict antidepressant drug treatment outcome in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 966–975.
  • Kalman, J., Palotas, A., Juhasz, A., Rimanoczy, A., Hugyecz, M., Kovacs, Z., … Puskas, L.G. (2005). Impact of venlafaxine on gene expression profile in lymphocytes of the elderly with major depression – Evolution of antidepressants and the role of the ‘neuro-immune’ system. Neurochemical Research, 30, 1429–1438.
  • Kato, M. & Serretti, A. (2010). Review and meta-analysis of antidepressant pharmacogenetic findings in major depressive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 473–500.
  • Katz, E.R., Stowe, Z.N., Newport, D.J., Kelley, M.E., Pace, T.W., Cubells, J.F. & Binder, E.B. (2012). Regulation of mRNA expression encoding chaperone and co-chaperone proteins of the glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral blood: Association with depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Psychological Medicine, 42, 943–956.
  • Keller, M.C. & Miller, G. (2006). Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: Which evolutionary genetic models work best? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 385–404; discussion 405–352.
  • Kockx, M., Jessup, W. & Kritharides, L. (2008). Regulation of endogenous apolipoprotein E secretion by macrophages. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 28, 1060–1067.
  • Kurian, S.M., Le-Niculescu, H., Patel, S.D., Bertram, D., Davis, J., Dike, C., … Niculescu, A.B. (2011). Identification of blood biomarkers for psychosis using convergent functional genomics. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 37–58.
  • Le-Niculescu, H., Case, N.J., Hulvershorn, L., Patel, S.D., Bowker, D., Gupta, J., … Niculescu, A.B. (2011). Convergent functional genomic studies of omega-3 fatty acids in stress reactivity, bipolar disorder and alcoholism. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e4.
  • Le-Niculescu, H., Kurian, S.M., Yehyawi, N., Dike, C., Patel, S.D., Edenberg, H.J., … Niculescu, A.B. (2009). Identifying blood biomarkers for mood disorders using convergent functional genomics. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 156–174.
  • Lee, J.H., Ko, E., Kim, Y.E., Min, J.Y., Liu, J., Kim, Y., … Bae, H. (2010). Gene expression profile analysis of genes in rat hippocampus from antidepressant treated rats using DNA microarray. BMC Neuroscience, 11, 152.
  • Leek, J.T., Scharpf, R.B., Bravo, H.C., Simcha, D., Langmead, B., Johnson, W.E., … Irizarry, R.A. (2010). Tackling the widespread and critical impact of batch effects in high-throughput data. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11, 733–739.
  • Li, X., Frye, M.A. & Shelton, R.C. (2012). Review of pharmacological treatment in mood disorders and future directions for drug development. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 77–101.
  • Liew, C.C., Ma, J., Tang, H.C., Zheng, R. & Dempsey, A.A. (2006). The peripheral blood transcriptome dynamically reflects system wide biology: A potential diagnostic tool. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 147, 126–132.
  • Liu, J., Walter, E., Stenger, D. & Thach, D. (2006). Effects of globin mRNA reduction methods on gene expression profiles from whole blood. Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 8, 551–558.
  • Malki, K., Uher, R., Paya-Cano, J., Binder, E., Rietschel, M., Zobel, A., … Schalkwyk, L.C. (2011). Convergent animal and human evidence suggests a role of PPM1A gene in response to antidepressants. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 360–365.
  • Mamdani, F., Berlim, M.T., Beaulieu, M.M., Labbe, A., Merette, C. & Turecki, G. (2011). Gene expression biomarkers of response to citalopram treatment in major depressive disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e13.
  • Mamdani, F., Berlim, M.T., Beaulieu, M.M. & Turecki, G. (2013). Pharmacogenomic predictors of citalopram treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, [Epub ahead of print].
  • Matsubara, T., Funato, H., Kobayashi, A., Nobumoto, M. & Watanabe, Y. (2006). Reduced glucocorticoid receptor alpha expression in mood disorder patients and first-degree relatives. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 689–695.
  • McGuffin, P., Cohen, S. & Knight, J. (2007). Homing in on depression genes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 195–197.
  • Mehta, D., Gonik, M., Klengel, T., Rex-Haffner, M., Menke, A., Rubel, J., … Binder, E.B. (2011). Using polymorphisms in FKBP5 to define biologically distinct subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from endocrine and gene expression studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 901–910.
  • Mehta, D., Menke, A. & Binder, E.B. (2010). Gene expression studies in major depression. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 135–144.
  • Menke, A., Arloth, J., Putz, B., Weber, P., Klengel, T., Mehta, D., … Binder, E.B. (2012). Dexamethasone stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood is a sensitive marker for glucocorticoid receptor resistance in depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 1455–1464.
  • Menke, A. & Binder, E.B. (2011). Genetics of major depression. Psychotherapie, 16, 247–264.
  • Menke, A., Klengel, T. & Binder, E.B. (2012). Epigenetics, depression and antidepressant treatment. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18, 5879–5889.
  • Menke, A., Klengel, T., Rubel, J., Bruckl, T., Pfister, H., Lucae, S., … Binder, E.B. (2013). Genetic variation in FKBP5 associated with the extent of stress hormone dysregulation in major depression. Genes Brain and Behavior, 12, 289–296.
  • Menke, A., Rex-Haffner, M., Klengel, T., Binder, E.B. & Mehta, D. (2012). Peripheral blood gene expression: It all boils down to the RNA collection tubes. BMC Research Notes, 5, 1.
  • Morilak, D.A. & Frazer, A. (2004). Antidepressants and brain monoaminergic systems: A dimensional approach to understanding their behavioural effects in depression and anxiety disorders. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, 193–218.
  • Murphy, G.M., Jr, Sarginson, J.E., Ryan, H.S., O’Hara, R., Schatzberg, A.F. & Lazzeroni, L.C. (2013). BDNF and CREB1 genetic variants interact to affect antidepressant treatment outcomes in geriatric depression. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 23, 301–313.
  • Nakataki, M., Iga, J., Numata, S., Yoshimoto, E., Kodera, K., Watanabe, S.Y., … Ohmori, T. (2011). Gene expression and association analysis of the epithelial membrane protein 1 gene in major depressive disorder in the Japanese population. Neuroscience Letters, 489, 126–130.
  • Nikula, T., Mykkanen, J., Simell, O. & Lahesmaa, R. (2013). Genome-wide comparison of two RNA-stabilizing reagents for transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood. Translational Research, 161, 181–188.
  • O’Reilly, R.L., Bogue, L. & Singh, S.M. (1994). Pharmacogenetic response to antidepressants in a multicase family with affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 467–471.
  • Otsuki, K., Uchida, S., Wakabayashi, Y., Matsubara, T., Hobara, T., Funato, H. & Watanabe, Y. (2010). Aberrant REST-mediated transcriptional regulation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 378–384.
  • Otsuki, K., Uchida, S., Watanuki, T., Wakabayashi, Y., Fujimoto, M., Matsubara, T., … Watanabe, Y. (2008). Altered expression of neurotrophic factors in patients with major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 1145–1153.
  • Padmos, R.C., Hillegers, M.H., Knijff, E.M., Vonk, R., Bouvy, A., Staal, F.J., … Drexhage, H.A. (2008). A discriminating messenger RNA signature for bipolar disorder formed by an aberrant expression of inflammatory genes in monocytes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 395–407.
  • Pajer, K., Andrus, B.M., Gardner, W., Lourie, A., Strange, B., Campo, J., … Redei, E.E. (2012). Discovery of blood transcriptomic markers for depression in animal models and pilot validation in subjects with early-onset major depression. Translational Psychiatry, 2, e101.
  • Palmer, T.D., Willhoite, A.R. & Gage, F.H. (2000). Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 425, 479–494.
  • Pandey, G.N., Dwivedi, Y., Rizavi, H.S., Ren, X., Zhang, H. & Pavuluri, M.N. (2010). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and protein expression in pediatric and adult depressed subjects. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 34, 645–651.
  • Pare, C.M., Rees, L. & Sainsbury, M.J. (1962). Differentiation of two genetically specific types of depression by the response to anti-depressants. Lancet, 2, 1340–1343.
  • Pariante, C.M. & Miller, A.H. (2001). Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: Relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 391–404.
  • Pilar-Cuellar, F., Vidal, R. & Pazos, A. (2012). Subchronic treatment with fluoxetine and ketanserin increases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, beta-catenin and antidepressant-like effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 165, 1046–1057.
  • Pitychoutis, P.M., Dalla, C., Sideris, A.C., Tsonis, P.A. & Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z. (2012). 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNA modulation by antidepressant treatment in the chronic mild stress model of depression: Sex differences exposed. Neuroscience, 210, 152–167.
  • Rocc, P., De Leo, C., Eva, C., Marchiaro, L., Milani, A.M., Musso, R., … Bogetto, F. (2002). Decrease of the D4 dopamine receptor messenger RNA expression in lymphocytes from patients with major depression. Progress in Neuro- psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 26, 1155–1160.
  • Rogoz, Z., Skuza, G. & Legutko, B. (2005). Repeated treatment with mirtazepine induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in rats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 56, 661–671.
  • Rogoz, Z., Skuza, G. & Legutko, B. (2007). Repeated co-treatment with imipramine and amantadine induces hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in rats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 58, 219–234.
  • Rollins, B., Martin, M.V., Morgan, L. & Vawter, M.P. (2010). Analysis of whole genome biomarker expression in blood and brain. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B – Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 153B, 919–936.
  • Roses, A.D. (2000). Pharmacogenetics and the practice of medicine. Nature, 405, 857–865.
  • Rugulies, R. (2002). Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. A review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 51–61.
  • Rush, A.J., Bernstein, I.H., Trivedi, M.H., Carmody, T.J., Wisniewski, S., Mundt, J.C., … Fava, M. (2006). An evaluation of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology and the Hamilton rating scale for depression: A sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression trial report. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 493–501.
  • Sani, G., Napoletano, F., Forte, A.M., Kotzalidis, G.D., Panaccione, I., Porfiri, G.M., … Girardi, P. (2012). The Wnt pathway in mood disorders. Current Neuropharmacology, 10, 239–253.
  • Scherzer, C.R., Eklund, A.C., Morse, L.J., Liao, Z., Locascio, J.J., Fefer, D., … Gullans, S.R. (2007). Molecular markers of early Parkinson’s disease based on gene expression in blood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 955–960.
  • Schurmann, C., Heim, K., Schillert, A., Blankenberg, S., Carstensen, M., Dorr, M., … Ziegler, A. (2012). Analyzing illumina gene expression microarray data from different tissues: Methodological aspects of data analysis in the metaxpress consortium. Public Library of Science One, 7, e50938.
  • Segman, R.H., Goltser-Dubner, T., Weiner, I., Canetti, L., Galili-Weisstub, E., Milwidsky, A., … Hochner-Celnikier, D. (2010). Blood mononuclear cell gene expression signature of postpartum depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 93–100, 102.
  • Segman, R.H., Shefi, N., Goltser-Dubner, T., Friedman, N., Kaminski, N. & Shalev, A.Y. (2005). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles identify emergent post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors. Molecular Psychiatry, 10, 500–513, 425.
  • Serres, F., Millan, M.J. & Sharp, T. (2011). Molecular adaptation to chronic antidepressant treatment: Evidence for a more rapid response to the novel alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist/5- HT-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), S35966, compared to the SNRI, venlafaxine. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 617–629.
  • Shishkina, G.T., Kalinina, T.S. & Dygalo, N.N. (2012). Effects of swim stress and fluoxetine on 5-HT1A receptor gene expression and monoamine metabolism in the rat brain regions. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 32, 787–794.
  • Spijker, S., Zanten, J.S., De Jong, S., Penninx, B.W., van Dyck, R., Zitman, F.G., … Hoogendijk, W.J. (2010). Stimulated gene expression profiles as a blood marker of major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 179–186.
  • Sullivan, P.F., Fan, C. & Perou, C.M. (2006). Evaluating the comparability of gene expression in blood and brain. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B – Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 141, 261–268.
  • Sullivan, P.F., Neale, M.C. & Kendler, K.S. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1552–1562.
  • Suzuki, K., Iwata, Y., Matsuzaki, H., Anitha, A., Suda, S., Iwata, K., … Mori, N. (2010). Reduced expression of apolipoprotein E receptor type 2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with major depressive disorder. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 34, 1007–1010.
  • Takano, K., Yamasaki, H., Kawabe, K., Moriyama, M. & Nakamura, Y. (2012). Imipramine induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in cultured astrocytes. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 120, 176–186.
  • Tian, Z., Palmer, N., Schmid, P., Yao, H., Galdzicki, M., Berger, B., … Kohane, I.S. (2009). A practical platform for blood biomarker study by using global gene expression profiling of peripheral whole blood. Public Library of Science One, 4, e5157.
  • Tomita, H., Vawter, M.P., Walsh, D.M., Evans, S.J., Choudary, P.V., Li, J., … Bunney, W.E., Jr. (2004). Effect of agonal and postmortem factors on gene expression profile: Quality control in microarray analyses of postmortem human brain. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 346–352.
  • Tsao, C.W., Lin, Y.S., Chen, C.C., Bai, C.H. & Wu, S.R. (2006). Cytokines and serotonin transporter in patients with major depression. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 30, 899–905.
  • Uher, R. (2009). The role of genetic variation in the causation of mental illness: An evolution-informed framework. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 1072–1082.
  • Uher, R., Huezo–Diaz, P., Perroud, N., Smith, R., Rietschel, M., Mors, O., … Craig, I. (2009). Genetic predictors of response to antidepressants in the GENDEP project. Pharmacogenomics Journal, 9, 225–233.
  • Uher, R., Perroud, N., Ng, M.Y., Hauser, J., Henigsberg, N., Maier, W., … McGuffin, P. (2010). Genome-wide pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response in the GENDEP project. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 555–564.
  • Ustun, T.B., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C. & Murray, C.J. (2004). Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 386–392.
  • Vartanian, K., Slottke, R., Johnstone, T., Casale, A., Planck, S.R., Choi, D., … Harrington, C.A. (2009). Gene expression profiling of whole blood: Comparison of target preparation methods for accurate and reproducible microarray analysis. BMC Genomics, 10, 2.
  • Weeber, E.J., Levenson, J.M. & Sweatt, J.D. (2002). Molecular genetics of human cognition. Molecular Interventions, 2, 376–391, 339.
  • Weigelt, K., Carvalho, L.A., Drexhage, R.C., Wijkhuijs, A., de Wit, H., van Beveren, N.J., … Drexhage, H.A. (2011). TREM-1 and DAP12 expression in monocytes of patients with severe psychiatric disorders. EGR3, ATF3 and PU.1 as important transcription factors. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 25, 1162–1169.
  • Whitney, A.R., Diehn, M., Popper, S.J., Alizadeh, A.A., Boldrick, J.C., Relman, D.A. & Brown, P.O. (2003). Individuality and variation in gene expression patterns in human blood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 1896–1901.
  • Wulf, P. & Suter, U. (1999). Embryonic expression of epithelial membrane protein 1 in early neurons. Developmental Brain Research, 116(2), 169–180.
  • Yehuda, R., Cai, G., Golier, J.A., Sarapas, C., Galea, S., Ising, M., … Buxbaum, J.D. (2009). Gene Expression patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder following exposure to the World Trade Center attacks. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 708–711.
  • Yi, Z., Li, Z., Yu, S., Yuan, C., Hong, W., Wang, Z., … Fang, Y. (2012). Blood-based gene expression profiles models for classification of subsyndromal symptomatic depression and major depressive disorder. Public Library of Science One, 7, e31283.
  • Zubenko, G.S., Hughes, H.B., III, Maher, B.S., Stiffler, J.S., Zubenko, W.N. & Marazita, M.L. (2002). Genetic linkage of region containing the CREB1 gene to depressive disorders in women from families with recurrent, early-onset, major depression. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 980–987.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.