1,616
Views
47
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Review of psychotherapeutic interventions on depression in cancer patients and their impact on disease progression

&
Pages 31-43 | Received 26 Sep 2013, Accepted 05 Nov 2013, Published online: 25 Feb 2014

References

  • Aizer, A.A., Chen, M.H., McCarthy, E.P., Mendu, M.L. Koo, S., Wilhite, T.J., Graham, P.L., Choueiri, T.K., Hoffman, K.E., Martin, N.E., Hu, J.C. & Nguyen, P.L. (2013). Cancer survival and matrimony: A marriage made in heaven. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31, 3869–3876.
  • Akechi, T., Nakano, T., Okamura, H., Ueda, S., Akizuki, N., Nakanishi, T., … Uchitomi, Y. (2001). Psychiatric disorders in cancer patients: Descriptive analysis of 1721 psychiatric referrals at two Japanese cancer center hospitals. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31, 188–194.
  • Akechi, T., Okuyama, T., Onishi, J., Morita, T. & Furukawa, T.A. (2008). Psychotherapy for depression among incurable cancer patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD005537.
  • Andersen, B.L., Thornton, L.M., Shapiro, C.L., Farrar, W.B., Mundy, B.L., Yang, H.C. & Carson, W.E. III. (2010). Biobehavioral, immune, and health benefits following recurrence for psychological intervention participants. Clinical Cancer Research, 16, 3270–3278.
  • Andersen, B.L., Yang, H.C., Farrar, W.B., Golden-Kreutz, D.M., Emery, C.F., Thornton, L.M., … Carson, W.E. III. (2008). Psychologic intervention improves survival for breast cancer patients: A randomized clinical trial. Cancer, 113, 3450–3458.
  • Antonova, L. & Mueller, C.R. (2008). Hydrocortisone down-regulates the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 in mammary cells: A possible molecular link between stress and breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 47, 341–352.
  • Barron, T.I., Connolly, R.M., Sharp, L., Bennett, K. & Visvanathan, K. (2011). Beta blockers and breast cancer mortality: A population-based study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29, 2635–2644.
  • Beaudreau, S.A., Kaci Fairchild, J., Spira, A.P., Lazzeroni, L.C. & O’Hara, R. (2012). Neuropsychiatric symptoms, apolipoprotein E gene, and risk of progression to cognitive impairment, no dementia and dementia: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28, 672–680.
  • Ben-Eliyahu, S., Page, G.G., Yirmiya, R. & Shakhar, G. (1999). Evidence that stress and surgical interventions promote tumor development by suppressing natural killer cell activity. International Journal of Cancer, 80, 880–888.
  • Ben-Eliyahu, S., Yirmiya, R., Liebeskind, J.C., Taylor, A.N. & Gale, R.P. (1991). Stress increases metastatic spread of a mammary tumor in rats: Evidence for mediation by the immune system. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 5, 193–205.
  • Berntson, G.G., Bigger, J.T. Jr, Eckberg, D.L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P.G., Malik, M., … van der Molen, M.W. (1997). Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34, 623–648.
  • Blackburn, E.H. & Collins, K. (2011). Telomerase: An RNP enzyme synthesizes DNA. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 3, 1–9. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003558.
  • Bower, J.E., Ganz, P.A., Dickerson, S.S., Petersen, L., Aziz, N. & Fahey, J.L. (2005). Diurnal cortisol rhythm and fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 92–100.
  • Bukberg, J., Penman, D. & Holland, J.C. (1984). Depression in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 46, 199–212.
  • Capuron, L., Ravaud, A., Gualde, N., Bosmans, E., Dantzer, R., Maes, M. & Neveu, P.J. (2001). Association between immune activation and early depressive symptoms in cancer patients treated with interleukin-2-based therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 797–808.
  • Carlson, L.E., Doll, R., Stephen, J., Faris, P., Tamagawa, R., Drysdale, E. & Speca, M. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cancer recovery versus supportive expressive group therapy for distressed survivors of breast cancer (MINDSET). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31, 3119–3126.
  • Carlson, L.E. & Garland, S.N. (2005). Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 278–285.
  • Carlson, L.E., Speca, M., Patel, K.D. & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 571–581.
  • Carlson, L.E., Speca, M., Patel, K.D. & Goodey, E. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 448–474.
  • Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T.E., Taylor, A., Craig, I.W., Harrington, H., … Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386–389.
  • Ciaramella, A. & Poli, P. (2001). Assessment of depression among cancer patients: The role of pain, cancer type and treatment. Psycho-Oncology, 10, 156–165.
  • Classen, C.C. & Spiegel, D. (2011). Supportive Expressive Group Psychotherapy. Handbook of Psychotherapy in Cancer Care. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Cleeland, C.S., Bennett, G.J., Dantzer, R., Dougherty, P.M., Dunn, A.J., Meyers, C.A., … Lee, B.N. (2003). Are the symptoms of cancer and cancer treatment due to a shared biologic mechanism? A cytokine-immunologic model of cancer symptoms. Cancer, 97, 2919–2925.
  • Cohen, L., Cole, S.W., Sood, A.K., Prinsloo, S., Kirschbaum, C., Arevalo, J.M., … Pisters, L. (2012). Depressive symptoms and cortisol rhythmicity predict survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma: Role of inflammatory signaling. PLOS ONE, 7, e42324.
  • Colleoni, M., Mandala, M., Peruzzotti, G., Robertson, C., Bredart, A. & Goldhirsch, A. (2000). Depression and degree of acceptance of adjuvant cytotoxic drugs. Lancet, 356, 1326–1327.
  • Coussens, L.M. & Werb, Z. (2002). Inflammation and cancer. Nature, 420, 860–867.
  • Currier, M.B. & Nemeroff, C.B. (2013). Depression as a risk factor for cancer: From pathophysiological advances to treatment implications. Annual Review of Medicine, 65, 9.1–9.19.
  • Dantzer, R., O’Connor, J.C., Freund, G.G., Johnson, R.W. & Kelley, K.W. (2008). From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 46–56.
  • Davies, C., Godwin, J., Gray, R., Clarke, M., Cutter, D., Darby, S., … Peto, R. (2011). Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: Patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet, 378, 771–784.
  • De Couck, M., Mravec, B. & Gidron, Y. (2012). You may need the vagus nerve to understand pathophysiology and to treat diseases. Clinical Science, 122, 323–328.
  • Dhabhar, F.S., Burke, H.M., Epel, E.S., Mellon, S.H., Rosser, R., Reus, V.I. & Wolkowitz, O.M. (2009). Low serum IL-10 concentrations and loss of regulatory association between IL-6 and IL-10 in adults with major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 962–969.
  • Diaz-Montero, C.M., Salem, M.L., Nishimura, M.I., Garrett-Mayer, E., Cole, D.J. & Montero, A.J. (2009). Increased circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with clinical cancer stage, metastatic tumor burden, and doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy, 58, 49–59.
  • Epel, E.S., Blackburn, E.H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F.S., Adler, N.E., Morrow, J.D. & Cawthon, R.M. (2004). Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 101, 17312–17315.
  • Evans, D.L., Staab, J.P., Petitto, J.M., Morrison, M.F., Szuba, M.P., Ward, H.E., … O’Reardon, J.P. (1999). Depression in the medical setting: Biopsychological interactions and treatment considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 40–55.
  • Faller, H., Bülzebruck, H., Drings, P. & Lang, H. (1999). Coping, distress, and survival among patients with lung cancer. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 756–762.
  • Fawzy, F.I., Cousins, N., Fawzy, N.W., Kemeny, M.E. Elashoff, R. & Morton, D. (1990). A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients: I. Changes over time in methods of coping and affective disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 720–725.
  • Fawzy, F.I., Fawzy, N.W., Hyun, C.S., Elashoff, R., Guthrie, D., Fahey, J.L. & Morton, D.L. (1993). Malignant melanoma: Effects of an early structural psychiatric intervention, coping and affective state on recurrence and survival 6 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 681–689.
  • Feng, Z., Liu, L., Zhang, C., Zheng, T., Wang, J., Lin, M., … Hu, W. (2012). Chronic restraint stress attenuates p53 function and promotes tumorigenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 109, 7013–7018.
  • Fidler, I.J. (2003). The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: The ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nature Reviews Cancer, 3, 453–458.
  • Fredericks, C.A., Drabant, E.M., Edge, M.D., Tillie, J.M., Hallmayer, J., Ramel, W., … Dhabhar, F.S. (2009). Healthy young women with serotonin transporter SS polymorphism show a pro-inflammatory bias under resting and stress conditions. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 24, 350–357.
  • Gabrilovich, D.I. & Nagaraj, S. (2009). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nature Reviews: Immunology, 9, 162–174.
  • Gidron, Y., Perry, H. & Glennie, M. (2005). Does the vagus nerve inform the brain about preclinical tumours and modulate them?Lancet Oncology, 6, 245–248.
  • Gidron, Y. & Ronson, A. (2008). Psychosocial factors, biological mediators, and cancer prognosis: A new look at an old story. Current Opinion in Oncology, 20, 386–392.
  • Giese-Davis, J., Collie, K., Rancourt, K.M., Neri, E., Kraemer, H.C. & Spiegel, D. (2011). Decrease in depression symptoms is associated with longer survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer: A secondary analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29, 413–420.
  • Giese-Davis, J., Wilhelm, F.H., Conrad, A., Abercrombie, H.C., Sephton, S., Yutsis, M., … Spiegel, D. (2006). Depression and stress reactivity in metastatic breast cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 675–683.
  • Golan, H., Kennedy, J.A., Frenkel, A., Parmet, Y., Feintuch, A., Levi, O. & Gidron, Y. (2009). Brain mapping of patients with lung cancer and controls: Inquiry into tumor-to-brain communication. Journal of nuclear medicine, 50, 1072–1075.
  • Goodwin, P.J., Leszcz, M., Ennis, M., Koopmans, J., Vincent, L., Guther, H., Drysdale, E., … Hunter, J. (2001). The effect of group psychosocial support on survival in metastatic breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1719–1726.
  • Grassi, L., Indelli, M., Marzola, M., Maestri, A., Santini, A., Piva, E. & Boccalon, M. (1996). Depressive symptoms and quality of life in home-care-assisted cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 12, 300–307.
  • Gu, J., Chen, M., Shete, S., Amos, C.I., Kamat, A., Ye, Y., … Wu, X. (2011). A genome-wide association study identifies a locus on chromosome 14q21 as a predictor of leukocyte telomere length and as a marker of susceptibility for bladder cancer. Cancer Prevention Research, 4, 514–521.
  • Guo, Y., Musselman, D.L., Manatunga, A., Gilles, N., Porter, M.R., McDaniel, S. & Nemeroff, C.B. (2006). The diagnosis of major depression in patients with cancer: A comparative approach. Psychosomatics, 47, 376–384.
  • Heaphy, C.M., Subhawong, A.P., Gross, A.L., Konishi, Y., Kouprina, N., Argani, P., … Meeker, A.K. (2011). Shorter telomeres in luminal B, HER-2 and triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. Modern Pathology, 24, 194–200.
  • Henriksson, M.M., Isometsä, E.T., Hietanen, P.S., Aro, H.M. & Lönnqvist, J.K. (1995). Mental disorders in cancer suicides. Journal of Affective Disorders, 36, 11–20.
  • Horne, D. & Watson, M. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapies in cancer care. In D.W. Kissane & M. Watson (Eds), Handbook of Psychotherapy in Cancer Care (15–26). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Jacobs, T.L., Epel, E.S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E.H., Wolkowitz, O.M., Bridwell, D.A., … Saron, C.D. (2011). Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 664–681.
  • Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Swartz, M. & Blazer, D.G. (1994). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey II: Cohort effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 15–26.
  • Kissane, D.W., Bloch, S., Miach, P., Smith, G.C., Seddon, A. & Keks, N. (1997). Cognitive-existential group therapy for patients with primary breast cancer – Techniques and themes. Psycho-Oncology, 6, 25–33.
  • Kissane, D.W., Grabsch, B., Clarke, D.M., Smith, G.C., Love, A.W., Bloch, S., … Li, Y. (2007). Supportive-expressive group therapy for women with metastatic breast cancer: Survival and psychosocial outcome from a randomized controlled trial. Psycho-Oncology, 16, 277–286.
  • Kissane, D.W., Love, A., Hatton, A., Bloch, S., Smith, G., Clarke, D.M., … Snyder, R.D. (2004). Effect of cognitive- existential group therapy on survival in early-stage breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 4255–4260.
  • Koenig, H.G., Meador, K.G., Cohen, H.J. & Blazer, D.G. (1992). Screening for depression in hospitalized elderly medical patients: Taking a closer look. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1013–1017.
  • Kuchler, T., Bestmann, B., Rappat, S., Henne-Bruns, D. & Wood-Dauphinee, S. (2007). Impact of psychotherapeutic support for patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing surgery: 10-year survival results of a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25, 2702–2708.
  • Kuchler, T., Henne-Bruns, D., Rappat, S., Graul, J., Holst, K., Williams, J.I. & Wood-Dauphinee, S. (1999). Impact of psychotherapeutic support on gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing surgery: Survival results of a trial. Hepato-Gastroenterology, 46, 322–335.
  • Kugaya, A., Akechi, T., Okuyama, T., Nakano, T., Mikami, I., Okamura, H. & Uchitomi, Y. (2000). Prevalence, predictive factors, and screening for psychologic distress in patients with newly diagnosed head and neck cancer. Cancer, 88, 2817–2823.
  • Landen, C.N. Jr, Lin, Y.G., Armaiz Pena, G.N., Das, P.D., Arevalo, J.M., Kamat, A.A., … Sood, A.K. (2007). Neuroendocrine modulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 in ovarian cancer. Cancer Research, 67, 10389–10396.
  • Ledenberg, S. & Holland, J. (2011). Supportive psychotherapy in cancer care: An essential ingredient of all therapy. In D.W. Kissane & M. Watson (Eds), Handbook of Psychotherapy in Cancer Care (1–14). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Levy, S., Herberman, R., Lippman, M. & D’Angelo, T. (1987). Correlation of stress factors with sustained depression of natural killer cell activity and predicted prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 5, 348–353.
  • Levy, S.M., Herberman, R.B., Lippman, M., D’Angelo, T. & Lee, J. (1991). Immunological and psychosocial predictors of disease recurrence in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Behavioral Medicine, 17, 67–75.
  • Levy, S.M., Herberman, R.B., Maluish, A.M., Schlien, B. & Lippman, M. (1985). Prognostic risk assessment in primary breast cancer by behavioral and immunological parameters. Health Psychology, 4, 99–113.
  • Li, M., Boquiren, V., Lo, C. & Rodin, G. (2011). Depression and anxiety in supportive oncology. In M.P. Davis, P.C. Feyer, P. Ortner & C. Zimmerman (Eds), Supportive Oncology (pp. 528–540). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
  • Lillberg, K., Verkasalo, P.K., Kaprio, J., Teppo, L., Helenius, H. & Koskenvuo, M., (2003). Stressful life events and risk of breast cancer in 10,808 women: A cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157, 415–423.
  • Loprinzi, C.L., Kugler, J.W., Sloan, J.A., Mailliard, J.A., LaVasseur, B.I., Barton, D.L., … Christensen, B.J. (2000). Venlafaxine in management of hot flashes in survivors of breast cancer: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 356, 2059–2063.
  • Loprinzi, C.L., Sloan, J.A., Perez, E.A., Quella, S.K., Stella, P.J., Mailliard, J.A., … Rummans, T.A. (2002). Phase III: Evaluation of fluoxetine for treatment of hot flashes. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 1578–1583.
  • Lutgendorf, S.K., DeGeest, K., Dahmoush, L., Farley, D., Penedo, F., Bender, D., … Cole, S.W. (2011). Social isolation is associated with elevated tumor norepinephrine in ovarian carcinoma patients. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 25, 250–255.
  • Lutgendorf, S.K., Sood, A.K. & Antoni, M.H. (2010). Host factors and cancer progression: biobehavioral signaling pathways and interventions. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28, 4094–4099.
  • Max, M.B., Lynch, S.A., Muir, J., Shoaf, S.E., Smoller, B. & Dubner, R. (1992). Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 1250–1256.
  • Massie, M.J. (2004). Prevalence of depression in patients with cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 32, 57–71.
  • McDaniel, J.S., Musselman, D.L., Porter, M.R., Reed, D.A. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1995). Depression in patients with cancer. Diagnosis, biology, and treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 89–99.
  • McDaniel, J.S., Musselman, D.L. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1997). Cancer and depression: Theory and treatment. Psychiatric Annals, 27, 360–364.
  • McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171–179.
  • Miller, A.H., Ancoli-Israel, S., Bower, J.E., Capuron, L. & Irwin, M.R. (2008). Neuroendocrine-immune mechanisms of behavioral comorbidities in patients with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 971–982.
  • Miller, S., Lo, C., Gagliese, L., Hales, S., Rydall, A., Zimmermann, C., … Rodin, G. (2011). Patterns of depression in cancer patients: An indirect test of gender-specific vulnerabilities to depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 767–774.
  • Misono, S., Weiss, N.S., Fann, J.R., Redman, M. & Yueh, B. (2008). Incidence of suicide in persons with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 4731–4738.
  • Mitchell, A.J., Chan, M., Bhatti, H., Halton, M., Grassi, L., Johansen, C. & Meader, N. (2011). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: A meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. Lancet Oncology, 12, 160–174.
  • Mravec, B., Gidron, Y. & Hulin, I. (2008). Neurobiology of cancer: Interactions between nervous, endocrine and immune systems as a base for monitoring and modulating the tumorigenesis by the brain. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 18, 150–163.
  • Mravec, B., Gidron, Y., Kukanova, B., Bizik, J., Kiss, A. & Hulin, I. (2006). Neural-endocrine-immune complex in the central modulation of tumorigenesis: Facts, assumptions, and hypotheses. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 180, 104–116.
  • Mravec, B. & Hulin, I. (2006). Does vagus nerve constitute a self-organization complexity or a hidden network?Bratislavske Lekarske Listy, 107, 3–8.
  • Mravec, B., Lackovicova, L., Pirnik, Z., Bizik, J., Bundzikova, J., Hulin, I. & Kiss, A. (2009). Brain response to induced peripheral cancer development in rats: Dual fos-tyrosine hydroxylase and fos-oxytocin immunohistochemistry. Endocrine regulations, 43, 3–11.
  • Musselman, D.L., McDaniel, J.S., Anderson, G., Porter, M.F. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1996). Depression in patients with cancer. Directions in Psychiatry, 16, 1–11.
  • Musselman, D.L., McDaniel, J.S., Porter, M.R. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1998). Psychoneuroendocrinology and Cancer. In J. Holland (Ed.), Psycho-oncology (pp. 135–143). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Musselman, D.L., Lawson, D.H., Gumnick, J.F., Manatunga, A.K., Penna, S., Goodkin, R.S., … Miller, A.H. (2001a). Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 961–966.
  • Musselman, D.L., Miller, A.H., Porter, M.R., Manatunga, A., Gao, F., Penna, S., … Nemeroff, C.B. (2001b). Higher than normal plasma interleukin-6 concentrations in cancer patients with depression: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1252–1257.
  • Newport, D.J. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1998). Assessment and treatment of depression in the cancer patient. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45, 215–237.
  • Newport, D.J. & Nemeroff, C.B. (1999). Treatment of depression in the cancer patient. Clinical Geriatrics, 7, 40–55.
  • O’Hara, R., Luzon, A., Hubbard, J. & Zeitzer, J.M. (2009). Sleep apnea, apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele, and TBI: mechanism for cognitive dysfunction and development of dementia. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 46, 837–850.
  • O’Hara, R., Schröder, C.M., Mahadevan, R., Schatzberg, A.F., Lindley, S., Fox, S., … Hallmayer, J.F. (2007). Serotonin transporter polymorphism, memory and hippocampal volume in the elderly: Association and interaction with cortisol. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 544–555.
  • O’Hara, R., Sommer, B., Way, N., Kraemer, H.C., Taylor, J. & Murphy, G. (2008). Slower speed-of-processing of cognitive tasks is associated with presence of the apolipoprotein epsilon4 allele. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 199–204.
  • Okamura, H., Watanabe, T., Narabayashi, M., Katsumata, N., Ando, M., Adachi, I., … Uchitomi, Y. (2000). Psychological distress following first recurrence of disease in patients with breast cancer: Prevalence and risk factors. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 61, 131–137.
  • Olofsson, P.S., Katz, D.A., Rosas-Ballina, M., Levine, Y.A., Ochani, M., Valdés-Ferrer, S.I., … Chavan, S.S. (2012). Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR) expression in bone marrow-derived non-T cells is required for the inflammatory reflex. Molecular Medicine, 18, 539–543.
  • Ostrand-Rosenberg & Sinha, P. (2009). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Linking inflammation and cancer. Journal of Immunology, 182, 4499–4506.
  • Peto, R., Boreham, J., Clarke, M., Davies, C. & Beral, V. (2000). UK and USA breast cancer deaths down 25% in year 2000 at ages 20–69 years. Lancet, 355, 1822.
  • Pires, M.M., Hopkins, B.D., Saal, L.H. & Parsons, R.E. (2013). Alterations of EGFR, p53 and PTEN that mimic changes found in basal-like breast cancer promote transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Biology Therapy, 14, 246–253.
  • Pooley, K.A., Sandhu, M.S., Tyrer, J., Shah, M., Driver, K.E., Luben, R.N., … Dunning, A.M. (2010). Telomere length in prospective and retrospective cancer case-control studies. Cancer Research, 70, 3170–3176.
  • Powell, N.D., Tarr, A.J. & Sheridan, J.F. (2013). Psychosocial stress and inflammation in cancer. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 30, S41–47.
  • Prieto, J.M., Blanch, J., Atala, J., Carreras, E., Rovira, M., Cirera, E. & Gastó, C. (2002). Psychiatric morbidity and impact on hospital length of stay among hematologic cancer patients receiving stem-cell transplantation. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 1907–1917.
  • Raison, C.L. & Miller, A.H. (2003). Depression in cancer: New developments regarding diagnosis and treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 283–294.
  • Raison, C.L. & Nemeroff, C.B. (2000). Cancer and depression: Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment. Home Healthcare Consultant, 7, 34–41.
  • Roscoe, J.A., Morrow, G.R., Hickok, J.T., Mustian, K.M., Griggs, J.J., Matteson, S.E., … Smith, B. (2005). Effect of paroxetine hydrochloride (Paxil) on fatigue and depression in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 89, 243–249.
  • Ross, L., Boesen, E.H., Dalton, S.O. & Johansen, C. (2002). Mind and cancer: Does psychosocial intervention improve survival and psychological well-being?European Journal of Cancer, 38, 1447–1457.
  • Rutter, P.A., Freedenthal, S. & Osman, A. (2008). Assessing protection from suicidal risk: Psychometric properties of the suicide resilience inventory. Death Studies, 32, 142–153.
  • Satin, J.R., Linden, W. & Phillips, M.J. (2009). Depression as a predictor of disease progression and mortality in cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Cancer, 115, 5349–5361.
  • Schiepers, O.J., Wichers, M.C. & Maes, M. (2005). Cytokines and major depression. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 29, 201–217.
  • Seeman, T.E. & McEwen, B.S. (1996). Impact of social environment characteristics on neuroendocrine regulation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 459–471.
  • Semenchuk, M.R., Sherman, S. & Davis, B. (2001). Double-blind, randomized trial of bupropion SR for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Neurology, 57, 1583–1588.
  • Sephton, S. & Spiegel, D. (2003). Circadian disruption in cancer: A neuroendocrine-immune pathway from stress to disease?Brain Behavior and Immunity, 17, 321–328.
  • Sephton, S.E., Dhabhar, F.S., Keuroghlian, A.S., Giese-Davis, J., McEwen, B.S., Ionan, A.C. & Spiegel, D. (2009). Depression, cortisol, and suppressed cell-mediated immunity in metastatic breast cancer. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 23, 1148–1155.
  • Sephton, S.E., Lush, E., Dedert, E.A., Floyd, A.R., Rebholz, W.N., Dhabhar, F.S., … Salmon, P. (2013). Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of lung cancer survival. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 30, S163–170.
  • Sephton, S.E., Sapolsky, R.M., Kraemer, H.C. & Spiegel, D. (2000). Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of breast cancer survival. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92, 994–1000.
  • Seruga, B., Zhang, H., Bernstein, L.J. & Tannock, I.F. (2008). Cytokines and their relationship to the symptoms and outcome of cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8, 887–899.
  • Shen, J., Gammon, M.D., Terry, M.B., Wang, Q., Bradshaw, P., Teitelbaum, S.L., … Santella, R.M. (2009). Telomere length, oxidative damage, antioxidants and breast cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer, 124, 1637–1643.
  • Shen, J., Terry, M.B., Gurvich, I., Liao, Y., Senie, R.T. & Santella, R.M. (2007). Short telomere length and breast cancer risk: A study in sister sets. Cancer Research, 67, 5538–5544.
  • Solito, S., Falisi, E., Diaz-Montero, C.M., Doni, A., Pinton, L. & Rosato, A. (2011). A human promyelocytic-like population is responsible for the immune suppression mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Blood, 118, 2254–2265.
  • Sood, A.K., Armaiz-Pena, G.N., Halder, J., Nick, A.M., Stone, R.L., Hu,W., … Lutgendorf, S.K. (2010). Adrenergic modulation of focal adhesion kinase protects human ovarian cancer cells from anoikis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120, 1515–1523.
  • Spannuth, W.A., Sood, A.K. & Coleman, R.L. (2008). Angiogenesis as a strategic target for ovarian cancer therapy. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology, 5, 194–204.
  • Spiegel, D. (2002). Effects of psychotherapy on cancer survival. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2, 383–389.
  • Spiegel, D. (2011). Mind matters in cancer survival. Journal of the American Medical Association, 305, 502–503.
  • Spiegel, D. (2013). Minding the body: Psychotherapy and cancer survival. British Journal of Health Psychology. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12061
  • Spiegel, D., Bloom, J.R., Kraemer, H.C. & Gottheil, E. (1989). Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet, 2, 888–891.
  • Spiegel, D., Bloom, J.R. & Yalom, I. (1981). Group support for patients with metastatic cancer. A randomized outcome study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 527–533.
  • Spiegel, D., Butler, L.D., Giese-Davis, J., Koopman, C., Miller, E., DiMiceli, S., … Kraemer, H.C. (2007). Effects of supportive-expressive group therapy on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer: A randomized prospective trial. Cancer, 110, 1130–1138.
  • Spiegel, D. & Classen, C. (2000). Group Therapy for Cancer Patients: A Research-Based Handbook of Psychosocial Care. New York, Basic Books.
  • Spiegel, D. & Giese-Davis, J. (2003). Depression and cancer: Mechanisms and disease progression. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 269–282.
  • Stearns, V., Isaacs, C., Rowland, J., Crawford, J., Ellis, M.J., Kramer, R., … Hayes, D.F. (2000). A pilot trial assessing the efficacy of paroxetine hydrochloride (Paxil®) in controlling hot flashes in breast cancer survivors. Annals of Oncology, 11, 17–22.
  • Stommel, M., Given, B.A. & Given, C.W. (2002). Depression and functional status as predictors of death among cancer patients. Cancer, 94, 2719–2727.
  • Sumpton, J.E. & Moulin, D.E. (2001). Treatment of neuropathic pain with venlafaxine. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 35, 557–559.
  • Svenson, U., Ljungberg, B. & Roos, G. (2009). Telomere length in peripheral blood predicts survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Research, 69, 2896–2901.
  • Temel, J.S., Greer, J.A., Muzikansky, A., Gallagher, E.R., Admane, S., Jackson, V.A., … Lynch, T.J. (2010). Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 733–742.
  • Thaker, P.H., Han, L.Y., Kamat, A.A., Arevalo, J.M., Takahashi, R., Lu, C., … Sood, A.K. (2006). Chronic stress promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mouse model of ovarian carcinoma. Nature Medicine, 12, 939–944.
  • Waraich, P., Goldner, E., Somers, J. & Hsu, L. (2004). Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: A systematic review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 124–138.
  • Watson, R.J.D. & Richardson, P.H. (1999). Identifying randomized controlled trials of cognitive therapy for depression: Comparing the efficiency of Embase, Medline, and PsycINFO bibliographic databases. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 72, 535–542.
  • Weinrib, A.Z., Sephton, S.E., Degeest, K., Penedo, F., Bender, D., Zimmerman, B., … Lutgendorf, S.K. (2010). Diurnal cortisol dysregulation, functional disability, and depression in women with ovarian cancer. Cancer, 116, 4410–4419.
  • Wells, K.B., Stewart, A., Hays, R.D., Burnam, M.A., Rogers, W., Daniels, M., … Ware, J. (1989). The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 914–919.
  • Willeit, P., Willeit, J., Mayr, A., Weger, S., Oberhollenzer, F., Brandstätter, A., … Kiechl, S. (2010). Telomere length and risk of incident cancer and cancer mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 304, 69–75.
  • Williams, S. & Dale, J. (2006). The effectiveness of treatment for depression/depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: A systematic review. British Journal of Cancer, 94, 372–390.
  • Wu, X., Amos, C.I., Zhu, Y., Zhao, H., Grossman, B.H., Shay, J.W., … Spitz, M.R. (2003). Telomere dysfunction: A potential cancer predisposition factor. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 95, 1211–1218.
  • Yu, J.L. & Rak, J.W. (2003). Host microenvironment in breast cancer development: Inflammatory and immune cells in tumour angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Breast Cancer Research, 5, 83–88.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.