A systematic review of pathways to and processes associated with radicalization and extremism amongst Muslims in Western societies

References

• Abbas, T., & Siddique, A. (2012). Perceptions of the processes of radicalisation and de-radicalisation among British South Asian Muslims in a post-industrial city. Social Identities, 18, 119–134.
   Google Scholar
• Bhui, K., Hicks, M., Lashley, M., & Jones, E. (2012). A public health approach to understanding and preventing violent radicalization. BMC Medicine, 10, 16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christmann, K. (2012). Preventing Religious Radicalisation and Violent Extremism: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence. University of Huddersfield: Youth Justice Board.
   Google Scholar
• Crone, M., & Harrow, M. (2011). Homegrown terrorism in the West. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(4), 521–536.
   Google Scholar
• Goehring, R.R., Whitehead, J.F.W., Brown, K., Islam, K., Wen, X., Zhou, X., .. Kyle, D.J. (2004). 1,3-Dihydro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-2,2-diones and 3,4-dihydro-1H-2,1,3- benzothidiazin-2,2-diones as ligands for the NOP receptor. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14(20), 5045–5050.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamm, M. S. (2009). Prison Islam in the age of sacred terror. British Journal of Criminology, 49(5), 667–685.
   Google Scholar
• Heinkel, W., & Mace, A. (2011). Homegrown Islamist terrorism: Assessing the threat. Journal of Public and International Affairs, 22, 109–136.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinmann, S.M. (2012). Radicalization of homegrown Sunni militants in the United States: Comparing converts and non-converts. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 35(4), 278–297.
   Google Scholar
• Lakhani, S. (2012). Preventing violent extremism: Perceptions of policy from grassroots and communities. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 51(2), 190–206.
   Google Scholar
• Lindekilde, L. (2012). Neo-liberal governing of ‘radicals’: Danish radicalization prevention policies and potential iatrogenic effects. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 109–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loza, W. (2011). The prevalence of the Middle-Eastern extreme ideologies among some Canadians. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(7), 1388–1400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loza, W., Abd-El-Fatah, Y., Prinsloo, J., Hesselink-Louw, A., & Seidler, K. (2011). The prevalence of extreme Middle Eastern ideologies around the world. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(3), 522–538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCauley, C., Leuprecht, C., Hataley, T., Winn, C., & Biswas, B. (2011). Tracking the war of ideas: A poll of Ottawa Muslims. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(5), 804–819.
   Google Scholar
• McCauley, C., & Scheckter, S. (2008). What's special about U.S. Muslims? The war on terrorism as seen by Muslims in the United States, Morocco, Egypt, Pakistan, and Indonesia. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 31(11), 973–980.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, B., & Mir, Y. (2011). Al-Qaida-influenced violent extremism, UK government prevention policy and community engagement. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3, 32–44.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, W.L. (2011). Religion, risk and legal culture: Balancing human rights against a ‘war on terror’. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 13(4), 514–533.
   Google Scholar
• Moghaddam, F.M. (2005). Psychological processes and ‘the staircase to terrorism’. American Psychologist, 60(9), 1039–1041.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mythen, G., Walklate, S., & Khan, F. (2009). ‘I'm a Muslim, but I'm not a terrorist’: Victimization, risky identities and the performance of safety. British Journal of Criminology, 49(6), 736–754.
   Google Scholar
• O’Duffy, B. (2008). Radical atmospheres: Explaining Jihadist radicalization in the UK. Ps-Political Science and Politics, 41, 37–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar, A. (2011). Stop and search in London: Counter-terrorist or counter-productive? Policing and Society, 21(4), 369–382.
   Google Scholar
• Pluye, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., & Johnson-Lafleur, J. (2009). A scoring system for appraising mixed methods research, and concomitantly appraising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods primary studies in mixed studies reviews. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(4), 529–546.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shepherd, J. (2007). The rise and rise of terrorism studies. The Guardian, 3 July. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jul/03/highereducation.research
   Google Scholar
• Silber, M.D., Bhatt, A., & Analysts, S.I. (2007). Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. New York: Police Department.
   Google Scholar
• Silke, A. (2008). Holy warriors exploring the psychological processes of jihadi radicalization. European Journal of Criminology, 5, 99–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausch, N., Spears, R., & Christ, O. (2009). Religious and national identity as predictors of attitudes towards the 7/7 bombings among British Muslims: An analysis of UK opinion poll data. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 22, 103–126.
   Google Scholar
• Wiktorowicz, Q. (2004). Joining the cause: Al-Muhajiroun and radical Islam. Paper presented at the Roots of Islamic Radicalism conference, Yale University, Cambridge, MA, 8–9 May 2004.
   Google Scholar