Enhancing sunscreen efficacy in the ‘real’ world?

References

• Autoniou C, Kosmadaki MG, Stratigos AJ, Katsambas AD. Sunscreens – what's important to know. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008; 22:(9)1:110–118.
   Google Scholar
• Weston R. Do sunscreens reduce the incidence of skin cancers? Williams editors. Evidence-based dermatology. London, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. p. 285–300.
   Google Scholar
• Wulf HC, Stender IM, Lock-Andersen J. Sunscreens used at the beach do not protect against erythema: A new definition of SPF is proposed. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1997; 13:(4):129–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faurschou A, Wulf HC. 2007; The relation between sun protection factor and amount of sunscreen applied in vivo. Br J Dermatol. 156:(4):716–719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2007 [cited 2009 April 29]. Federal Register. Available from:http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/ 07-4131.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Autier P, Boniol M, Severi G, Doré JF. Quantity of sunscreen used by European students. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:(2)288–291.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenberg C, Larkö O. Sunscreen application and its importance for the sun protection factor. Arch Dermatol 1985; 121:(11):1400–1402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azurdia RM, Pagliaro JA, Diffey BL, Rhodes LE. Sunscreen application by photosensitive patients is inadequate for protection. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140:(2):255–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loesch H, Kaplan DL. Pitfalls in sunscreen application. Arch Dermatol 1994; 130:5665–666.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelterer D, Fluhr JW, Elsner P. Application of protective creams: Use of a fluorescence-based training system decreases unprotected areas on the hands. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 49:(3)158–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lynfield YM, Schechter S. Choosing and using a vehicle. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 10:(1)56–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diffey BL, Grice J. The influence of sunscreen type on photoprotection. Br J Dermatol. 1997; 137:(1):103–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivens U, Steinker B, Serup J, Tetens V. Ointment is evenly spread on the skin, in contrast to creams and solution. Br J Dermatol. 2001; 145:(2):264–267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barr J. Spray-on sunscreens need a good rub. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 52:(1):180–181.
   Google Scholar
• Draelos Z. Compliance and sunscreens. Dermatol Clin. 2006; 24:(1)101–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diffey BL. Need for topical sunscreens. In: Shaath editor. Sunscreens. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005. p. 45–53.
   Google Scholar
• Draelos Z. Degradation and migration of facial foundations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45:(4)542–543.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haywood R. Relevance of sunscreen application method, visible light and sunlight intensity to free-radical protection: A study of ex vivo human skin. Photochem Photobiol. 2006; 82:(4)1123–1131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sayre RM, Powell J, Rheins LA. Product application technique alters the sun protection factor. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1991; 8:(5)222–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• COLIPA. Guideline for evaluating sun product water resistance. Brussels: The European Cosmetic Toiletry and Perfumery Association; Decemeber 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes RP, Diffey BL. The water resistance of sunscreen and day-care products. Br J Dermatol. 1999; 140:(2)259–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warthan Wright M, Wright ST, Wagner RF. Mechanisms of sunscreen failure. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 44:(5)781–784.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agin PP. Water resistance and extended wear sunscreens. Dermatol Clin. 2006; 24:(1):75–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Claris P, Gabard B, Lambrecht R, Barel A, Bieli E, Lüdi S. There is no influence of a temperature rise on in vivo adsorption of UV filters into the stratum corneum. J Dermatol Sci 2001; 27:(2):77–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stokes RP, Diffey BL. A novel ex vivo technique to assess the sand/rub resistance of sunscreen products. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000; 22:(5):329–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambros-Rudolph CM, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Richtig E, Müller-Fürstner M, Soyer HP, Kerl H. Malignant melanoma in marathon runners. Arch Dermatol. 2006; 142:(11):1471–1474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moehrle M. Outdoor sports and skin cancer. Clin Dermatol. 2008; 26:(1):12–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moehrle M. Ultraviolet exposure in the ironman triathlon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33:(8):1385–1386.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pruim B, Wright L, Green A. Do people who apply sunscreen, reapply them? Australian J Dermatol. 1999; 40:(2):79–82.
   Google Scholar
• Agin PP, Levine JD. Sunscreens retain their efficacy on human skin for up to 8 h after application. J Photochem Photobiol B 1992; 15:(4):371–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodekaer M, Faurschou A, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Sun protection factor persistence during a day with physical activity and bathing. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2008; 24:(6):296–300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diffey BL. When should sunscreen be reapplied? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 45:(6):882–885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pruim B, Green A. Photobiological aspects of sunscreen re-application. Australas J Dermatol 1999; 40:(1):14–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar