Pulse modulated 900 MHz radiation induces hypothyroidism and apoptosis in thyroid cells: A light, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical study

References

• Andrikoula M, Tsatsoulis A. 2001. The role of Fas-mediated apoptosis in thyroid disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 144:561–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apollonio F, D'Inzeo G, Tarricone L. 1997. Theoretical analysis of voltage-gated membrane channels under GSM and DECT exposure. Microwave Symposium Digest Denver: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Microwave Theory and Techniques Society International. pp 103–106.
   Google Scholar
• Black DR, Heynick LN. 2003. Radiofrequency (RF) effects on blood cells, cardiac, endocrine, and immunological functions. Bioelectromagnetics 6:187–195.
   Google Scholar
• Bretz JD, Arscott PL, Myc A, Baker JR. 1999. Inflammatory cytokine regulation of Fas-mediated apoptosis in thyroid follicular cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274:25433–25438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttiglione M, Roca L, Montemurno E, Vitiello F, Capozzi V, Cibelli G. 2007. Radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz) induces Egr-1 gene expression and affects cell-cycle control in human neuroblastoma cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 213:759–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraglia M, Marra M, Mancinelli F, D'Ambrosio G, Massa R, Giordano A, Budillon A, Abbruzzese A, Bismuto E. 2005. Electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequency induce apoptosis and inactivation of the multi-chaperone complex in human epidermoid cancer cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 204:539–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo VA, Rodriguez MS, Lalia JC, Pisarev MA. 2003. Morphologic changes in the thyroid glands of puppies fed a high-iodine commercial diet. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 1:61–80.
   Google Scholar
• Denef J, Ovaert C, Many MC. 1989. Experimental goitrogenesis. Annals d'Endocrinologie 50:1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Seze R, Fabbro-Peray P, Miro L. 1998. GSM radiocellular telephones do not disturb the secretion of antepituitary hormones in humans. Bioelectromagnetics 19:271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchen MR. 2000. Mitochondria and calcium: From cell signalling to cell death. Journal of Physiology 15:57–68.
   Google Scholar
• Dutta SK, Subramoniam A, Ghosh B, Parshad R. 1984. Microwave radiation-induced calcium ion efflux from human neuroblastoma cells in culture. Bioelectromagnetics 5:71–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French PW, Donnellan M, McKenzie DR. 1997. Electromagnetic radiation at 835 MHz changes the morphology and inhibits proliferation of a human astrocytoma cell line. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 43:13–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman J, Kraus S, Hauptman Y, Schiff Y, Seger R. 2007. Mechanism of short-term ERK activation by electromagnetic fields at mobile phone frequencies. Biochemical Journal 405:559–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaj V, Gajski G, Trosić I, Pavicić I. 2009. Evaluation of basal DNA damage and oxidative stress in Wistar rat leukocytes after exposure to microwave radiation. Toxicology 259(3):107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerald M. 1997. Caspases: The executioners of apoptosis. Biochemical Journal 326:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi C, Romagnoli A, Pinton P, Rizzuto R. 2008. Ca2 signaling, mitochondria and cell death. Current Molecular Medicine 8:119–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, Hansson Mild K. 2008. Meta-analysis of long-term mobile phone use and the association with brain tumours. International Journal of Oncology 32:1097–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartoft ML, Rasmussen AK, Rasmussen UF, Buschard K, Bock T. 2005. Estimation of number of follicles, volume of colloid and inner follicular surface area in the thyroid gland of rats. Journal of Anatomy 207:117–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto Y. 1996. A brief overview of apoptosis. Human Cell 9:194–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hook GJ, Zhang P, Lagroye I, Li L, Higashikubo R, Moros EG, Straube WL, Pickard WF, Baty JD, Roti Roti JL. 2004. Measurement of DNA damage and apoptosis in Molt-4 cells after in vitro exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Radiation Research 161:193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höytö A, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. 2008. Proliferation, oxidative stress and cell death in cells exposed to 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation and oxidants. Radiation Research 170:235–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/American National Standards Institute (IEEE/ANSI). 1992. IEEE C95.1-1991: IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. New York: IEEE Inc. pp 1–76.
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). 1998. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Physics 74:494–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingbar SH. 1985. The thyroid gland. Textbook of endocrinology. 7th ed. London: WB Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• INTERPHONE Study Group. 2010. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: Results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010:1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. 2008. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Radiation Research 169:38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joubert V, Leveque P, Cueille M, Bourthoumieu S, Yardin C. 2007. No apoptosis is induced in rat cortical neurons exposed to GSM phone fields. Bioelectromagnetics 28:115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joubert V, Leveque P, Rametti A, Collin A, Bourthoumieu S, Yardin C. 2006. Microwave exposure of neuronal cells in vitro: Study of apoptosis. International Journal of Radiation Biology 82:267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyu A, Cesur G, Ozguner F, Akdogan M, Mollaoglu H, Ozen S. 2005. Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid hormones in rats. Toxicology Letters 157:257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai H, Singh NP. 1996. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 69:513–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantow M, Viergutz T, Weiss DG, Simkó M. 2006. Comparative study of cell cycle kinetics and induction of apoptosis or necrosis after exposure of human mono mac 6 cells to radiofrequency radiation. Radiation Research 166:539–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luukkonen J, Hakulinen P, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. 2009. Enhancement of chemically induced reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Mutation Research 662:54–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JD. 2001. The role of apoptosis in autoimmune thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer. British Medical Journal 322:1525–1527.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maeda K, Maeda T, Qi Y. 2004. In vitro and in vivo induction of human LoVo cells into apoptotic process by non-invasive microwave treatment: A potentially novel approach for physical therapy of human colorectal cancer. Oncology Reports 11:771–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinelli F, La Sala D, Cicciotti G, Cattini L, Trimarchi C, Putti S, Zamparelli A, Giuliani L, Tomassetti G, Cinti C. 2004. Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field induces an unbalance between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival signals in T-lymphoblastoid leukemia CCRF-CEM cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 198:324–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markkanen A, Penttinen P, Naarala J, Pelkonen J, Sihvonen AP, Juutilainen J. 2004. Apoptosis induced by ultraviolet radiation is enhanced by amplitude modulated radiofrequency radiation in mutant yeast cells. Bioelectromagnetics 25:127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkey DJ, Orrenius S. 1996. Signal transduction pathways in apoptosis. Stem Cells 14:619–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo GA, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2006. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Bioelectromagnetics 27:164–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moquet J, Ainsbury E, Bouffler S, Lloyd D. 2008. Exposure to low level GSM 935 MHZ radiofrequency fields does not induce apoptosis in proliferating or differentiated murine neuroblastoma cells. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 131:287–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini S, Ruggiero M, Sardi I, Aterini S, Gulisano F, Gulisano M. 2002. Exposure to global system for mobile communication (GSM) cellular phone radiofrequency alters gene expression, proliferation, and morphology of human skin fibroblasts. Oncology Research 13:19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo R, Brescia F, Capasso D, Sannino A, Sarti M, Capri M, Grassilli E, Scarfì MR. 2008. Exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces caspase-3 activation in proliferating human lymphocytes. Radiation Research 170:327–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peinnequin A, Piriou A, Mathieu J, Dabouis V, Sebbah C, Malabiau R, Debouzy JC. 2000. Nonthermal effects of continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves on Fas-induced apoptosis in human Jurkat T-cell line. Bioelectrochemistry 51:157–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugawara M, Sugawara Y, Wen K, Giulivi C. 2002. Generation of oxygen free radicals in thyroid cells and inhibition of thyroid peroxidase. Experimental Biology and Medicine 227:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollman SH, Herverg JD, Tachiwaki D. 1990. Histologic changes in tissue components of the hyperplastic thyroid gland during its involution in the rat. American Journal of Anatomy 198:35–44.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou XR, Yuan HP, Qu W, Ma CY, Li HY, Wang Y. 2008. The study of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis induced by different intensities of microwave irradiation. Ophthalmologica 222:6–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmyślony M, Politanski P, Rajkowska E, Szymczak W, Jajte J. 2004. Acute exposure to 930 MHz CW electromagnetic radiation in vitro affects reactive oxygen species level in rat lymphocytes treated by iron ions. Bioelectromagnetics 25:324–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar