In vitro studies on radioprotective efficacy of silymarin against γ-irradiation

References

• Abenavoli L, Milic N, De Lorenzo, Luzza F. 2013. A pathogenetic link between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and celiac disease. Endocrine 43:65–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari M, Arora R, Chawla R, Sharma J, Dhaker AS, Gupta D, Dubey N, Kumar R, Ivanov V, Gadjeva V, . 2010. Evaluation of silymarin as a promising radioprotector. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65:337–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Chawla R, Sagar R, Prasad J, Singh S, Kumar R, Sharma A, Sharma RK. 2005a. Evaluation of radioprotective activities Rhodiola imbricata Edgew – a high altitude plant. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 273:209–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Gupta D, Chawla R, Sagar R, Sharma A, Kumar R, Prasad J, Singh S, Samanta N, Sharma RK. 2005b. Radioprotection by plant products: Present status and future prospects. Phytotherapy Research 19:1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Chawla R, Dhaker AS, Adhikari M, Sharma J, Singh S, Gupta D, Kumar R, Sharma A, Sharma RK, . 2010a. Podophyllum hexandrum as a potential botanical supplement for the medical management of nuclear and radiological emergencies (NREs) and free radical-mediated ailments: Leads from in vitro/in vivo radioprotective efficacy evaluation. Journal of Dietary Supplements 7:31–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arora R, Chawla R, Dhaker AS, Adhikari M, Sharma J, Jaiswal S, Gupta D, Amna T, Puri SC, Kumar R, . 2010b. Pro-antioxidant activities of fractions of a novel camptothecin-producing endophytes (Entrophosphora infrequens). Trakia Journal of Sciences 8:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Arora R, Dhaker AS, Adhikari M, Sharma J, Chawla R, Gupta D, Zheleva A, Karamalakova Y, Kumar R, Sharma RK, . 2011. Radical scavenging and radiomodulatory effects of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. substantiated by in vitro assays and EPR spectroscopy. Zeitschrift für naturforschung C 66:35–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Singh S, Sagar RK, Chawla R, Kumar R, Puri SC, Surender S, Prasad J, Gupta ML, Krishna B, . 2008. Radiomodulatory and free-radical scavenging activity of the fractionated aquo-alcoholic extract of the adaptogenic nutraceutical (Rhodiola imbricata) – a comparative in vitro assessment with ascorbate. Journal of Dietary Supplements 5:147–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baird BJ, Dickey JS, Nakamura AJ, Redon CE, Parekh P, Griko YV, Aziz K, Georgakilas AG, Bonner WM, Martin OA. 2011. Hypothermia postpones DNA damage repair in irradiated cells and protects against cell killing. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis711:142–149.
   Google Scholar
• Becker SM, Mengs U, Schaefer M, Bullita M, Hoffmann W. 2011. Topical use of a silymarin-based preparation to prevent radiodermatitis: Results of a prospective study in breast cancer patients. Strahlentherapie und onkologie 187:485–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge MV, Tan AS, McCoy KD, Wang R. 1996. The biochemical and cellular basis of cell proliferation assays that use tetrazolium salts. Biochemica 4:14–19.
   Google Scholar
• Borsari M, Gabbi C, Ghelfi F, Grandi R, Saladini M, Severi S, Borella F. 2001. Silybin, a new iron-chelating agent. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 85:123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandna S. 2004. Single-cell gel electrophoresis assay monitors precise kinetics of DNA fragmentation induced during programmed cell death. Cytometry A 61:127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla R, Arora R, Singh S, Sagar RK, Sharma RK, Kumar R, Sharma A, Gupta ML, Prasad J, Khan HA, . 2007. Radioprotective and antioxidant activity of fractionated extracts of berries of Hippophae rhamnoides. Journal of Medicinal Food 10:101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi EJ, Park JS, Kim YJ, Jung JH, Lee JK, Kwon HC, Yang HO. 2011. Apoptosis-inducing effect of diketopiperazine disulfides produced by Aspergillus sp. KMD 901 isolated from marine sediment on HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. Journal of Applied Microbiology110:304–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das SK, Mukherjee S. 2012. Biochemical and immunological basis of silymarin effect, a milk thistle (Silybum marianum) against ethanol-induced oxidative damage. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 5:409–413.
   Google Scholar
• Deep G, Agarwal R. 2007. Chemopreventive efficacy of silymarin in skin and prostate cancer. Integrative Cancer Therapeutics 6:130–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deep G, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Kroll DJ, Agarwal R. 2005. Silymarin and silibinin cause G1 and G2-M cell cycle arrest via distinct circuitries in human prostate cancer PC3 cells: A comparison of flavanone silibinin with flavanolignan mixture silymarin. Oncogene 25:1053–1069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhaker A, Marwah R, Damodar R, Gupta D, Gautam H, Sultana S, Arora R. 2011. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and radioprotective properties of a novel extremophile from mud volcano: Implications for management of radiation emergencies. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 353:243–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried MW, Navarro VJ, Afdhal N, . 2012. Effect of silymarin (milk thistle) on liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C who failed interferon therapy: A randomized, placebo- controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association 3:274–282.
   Google Scholar
• Fiorani M, De Sanctis R, De Bellis R, Dachà M. 2002. Intracellular flavonoids as electron donors for extracellular ferricyanide reduction in human erythrocytes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 32:64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forkink M, Smeitink JAM, Brock R, Willems P, Koopman WJH. 2010. Detection and manipulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in mammalian cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1797: 1034–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagetia GC, Reddy TK. 2005. Modulation of radiation-induced alteration in the antioxidant status of mice by naringin. Life Science 77:780–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiruthiga PV, Shafreen RB, Pandian SK, Arun S, Govindu S, Devi KP. 2007. Protective effect of silymarin on erythrocyte haemolysate against benzo(a)pyrene and exogenous reactive oxygen species (H2O2) induced oxidative stress. Chemosphere 68:1511–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Singh PK, Sharma A, Prasad J, Sagar R, Singh R, Singh S, Arora R, Sharma RK. 2005. Podophyllum hexandrum (Himalayan mayapple) extract provides radioprotection by modulating the expression of proteins associated with apoptosis. Biotechnology Applied Biotechnology 42:81–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach JK, Van Tuyle G, Lin PS, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Mikkelsen RB. 2001. Ionizing radiation-induced, mitochondria-dependent generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen. Cancer Research 61:3894–3901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HC, Yin PH, Lu CY, Chi CW, Wei YH. 2000. Increase of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in response to oxidative stress in human cells. The Biochemical Journal 348(Pt 2):425–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maddika S, Ande SR, Panigrahi S, Paranjothy T, Weglarczyk K, Zuse A, Eshraghi M, Manda KD, Wiechec E, Los M. 2007. Cell survival, cell death and cell cycle pathways are interconnected: Implications for cancer therapy. Drug Resistance Updates 10:13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez J, Georgoff I, Levine AJ. 1991. Cellular localization and cell cycle regulation by a temperature-sensitive p53 protein. Genes Development 5:151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirnikjoo B, Balasubramanian K, Schroit AJ. 2009. Suicidal membrane repair regulates PS externalization during apoptosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 3:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Nogueira V, Park Y, Chen C, Xu P, Chen M, Unterman I, Hay N. 2008. Akt determines replicative senescence and oxidative or oncogenic senescence and sensitizes cells to oxidative apoptosis. Cancer Cell 14:458–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunez R. 2001. DNA measurement and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 3:67–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papa S, Shulachev VP. 1997. Reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, apoptosis and aging. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 174: 305–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietenpol JA, Stewart ZA. 2002. Cell cycle checkpoint signaling: Cell cycle arrest versus apoptosis. Toxicology 181:475–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri SC, Nazir A, Chawla R, Arora R, Riyaz-Ul-Hasan S, Amna T, Ahmed B, Verma V, Singh S, Sagar R, . 2006. The endophytic fungus Trametes hirsuta as a novel alternative source of podophyllotoxin and related aryl tetralin lignans. Journal of Biotechnology 122:494–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadan LA, Roushdy HM, Abu Senna GM, Amin NE, El-Deshw OA. 2002. Radioprotective effect of silymarin against radiation induced hepatotoxicity. Pharmacological Research 45:447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross GM. 1999. Induction of cell death by radiotherapy. Endocrine-Related Cancer 6:41–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu PK, Sao S. 2012. Medicinal utilities of milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A short review. International Journal of Drug Discovery and Herbal Research 2:279–281.
   Google Scholar
• Salvioli S, Dobrucki J, Moretti L, Troiano L, Fernandez MG, Pinti M, Pedrazzi J, Franceschi C, Cossarizza A. 2000. Mitochondrial heterogeneity during staurosporine-induced apoptosis in HL60 cells: Analysis at the single cell and single organelle level. Cytometry 40:189–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmid W. 1975. The micronucleus test. Mutation Research 31:9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Ullrich RK, Dent P, Grant S, Mikkelsen RB, Valerie K. 2000. Signal transduction and cellular radiation responses. Radiation Research 153:245–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellins KS, Cohen JJ. 1987. Gene induction by gamma-irradiation leads to DNA fragmentation in lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 139:3199–3206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbazi F, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Khalili H, Lessan-Pezeshki M. 2012. Potential renoprotective effects of silymarin against nephrotoxic drugs: A review of literature. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1:112–123.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma RK, Siddiqi NJ, Sharma B. 2012. Protective effects of silymarin on human erythrocyte against tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidative stress in vitro. American Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3:167–174.
   Google Scholar
• Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR, Schneider EL. 1988. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Experimental Cell Research 175:184–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh NP, Stephens RE, Schneider EL. 1994. Modifications of alkaline microgel electrophoresis for sensitive detection of DNA damage. International Journal of Radiation Biology 66:23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Škottová N, Večeřa R, Urbánek K, Váňa P, Walterová D, Cvak L. 2003. Effects of polyphenolic fraction of silymarin on lipoprotein profile in rats fed cholesterol-rich diets. Pharmacological Research 47:17–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonntag CV. 1989. The chemical basis of radiation biology. London, Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Vermes I, Haanen C, Steffens-Nakken H, Reutelingsperger C. 1995. A novel assay for apoptosis. Flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled Annexin V. Journal of Immunological Methods 184:39–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XW, Zhan Q, Coursen JD, Khan MA, Kontny HU, Yu L, Hollander MC, O’Connor PM, Fornace Jr AJ, Harris CC. 1999. GADD45 inductn of a G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96:3706–3711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar