Liquid and solid carbohydrate foods: comparative effects on glycemic and insulin responses, and satiety

References

• Alley R, Alley T. 1998. The influence of physical state and color on perceived sweetness. J Psych Interdisc Appl. 135 5: 561–568.
   Google Scholar
• Almiron-Roig E, Chen Y, Drewnowski A. 2003. Liquid calories and the failure of satiety: How good is the evidence?. Obesity Rev. 4:201–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almiron-Roig E, Flores SY, Drewnowski A. 2004. No difference in satiety or in subsequent energy intakes between a beverage and a solid food. Physiol Behav. 82:671–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almiron-Roig E, Grathwohl D, Green H, Erkner A. 2009. Impact of some isoenergetic snacks on satiety and next meal intake in healthy adults. J Hum Nutr Diet. 22:469–474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson GH. 1995. Sugars, sweetness, and food intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 62 Suppl: 195S–202S.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson GH. 2006. Sugars-containing beverages and post-prandial satiety and food intake. Int J Obes. 30:S52–S59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GH, Woodend D. 2003. Effect of glycemic carbohydrates on short-term satiety and food intake. Nutr Rev. 61 5: S17–S26.
   Google Scholar
• Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Canary J. 1988. Effect of starch structure on glucose and insulin responses in adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 47:428–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry MK, Russo A, Wishart JM, Tonkin A, Horowitz M, Jones L. 2003. Effect of solid meal on gastric emptying of, and glycemic and cardiovascular responses to, liquid glucose in older subjects. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 284:G655–G662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell JE, Tremblay A. 1995. Appetite control and energy (fuel) balance. Nutr Res Rev. 8:225–242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolton RP, Heaton KW, Burroughs LF. 1981. The role of dietary fibre in satiety, glucose and insulin: Studies with fruit and fruit juice. Am J Clin Nutr. 34:211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornet FR, Cloarec D, Barry JL, Colonna P, Gouilloud S, Laval JD, Galmiche JP. 1990. Pasta cooking time: Influence on starch digestion and plasma glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 51 3: 421–427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bornet FRJ, Jardy-Gennetier A-E, Jaquet N, Stowell J. 2007. Glycaemic response to foods: Impact on satiety and long-term weight regulation. Appetite. 49:535–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouns F, Bjorck I, Frayn KN, Gibbs AL, Lang V, Slama G, Wolever TMS. 2005. Glycemic index methodology. Nutr Res Rev. 18:145–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. 1996. Human eating: Evidence for a physiological basis using a modified paradigm. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 20 1: 133–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campfield LA, Smith FJ. 2002. Blood glucose dynamics and control of meal initiation: A pattern detection and recognition theory. Physiol. Rev. 83:25–58.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman IM, Goble EA, Wittert GA, Morley JE, Horowitz M. 1998. Effect of intravenous glucose and euglycemic insulin infusions on short-term appetite and food intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 274:596–603.
   Google Scholar
• Collins PJ, Houghton LA, Read NW, Horowitz M, Chatterton BE, Heddle R, Dent J. 1991. Role of the proximal and distal stomach in mixed solid and liquid meal emptying. Gut. 32:615–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. 2000. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: Effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obesity. 24:794–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle JA, Martin DE, Papadopoulos C, Holmes D, Housel T. 1997. Glycemic response to liquid, solid and gel forms of carbohydrate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 29 5: 125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. 2006. The incretin system: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 368 9548: 1696–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A. 2000. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes. 24:38–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint A, Gregersen NT, Gluud LL, Moller BK, Raben A, Tetens I, Verdich C, Astrup A. 2007. Associations between postprandial insulin and blood glucose responses, appetite sensations and energy intake in normal weight and overweight individuals: A meta-analysis of test meal studies. Br J Nutr. 98:17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood-Obbagy JE, Rolls BJ. 2009. The effect of fruit in different forms on energy intake and satiety at a meal. Appetite. 52:416–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. 1998. Cabohydrates in human nutrition. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson S, Neate D. 2007. Sugar intake, soft drink consumption and body weight among British children: Further analysis of National diet and nutrition survey data with adjustments for under-reporting and physical activity. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 58 6: 445–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber GB, Heaton KW, Murphey D, Burroughs LF. 1977. Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre. Effects on satiety, plasma-glucose, and serum-insulin. Lancet. 2 8040: 679–682.
   Google Scholar
• Holst JJ, Gromada J. 2004. Role of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 287:E199–E206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt SHA, Brand Miller J. 1995Increased insulin responses to ingested foods are associated with lessened satiety. Appetite. 24 1: 43–54.
   Google Scholar
• Hlebowicz J, Hlebowicz A, Lindstedt S, Bjorgell O, Hoglund P, Holst JJ, Darwiche G, Almer L-O. 2009. effects of 1 and 3 g cinnamon on gastric emptying, satiety, and postprandial blood glucose, insulin, glucose-dependant insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and ghrelin concentrations in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 89:815–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulshof T, de Graaf C, Westrate JA. 1993. The effects of preloads varying in physical state and fat content on satiety and energy intake. Appetite. 21 3: 273–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL. 1985. Dietary fiber and the glycemic response. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 180 3: 422–431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Jenkins AL, Lee R, Wong AS, Josse R. 1983. Glycemic response to wheat products: Reduced response to pasta but no effect of fiber. Diab Care. 6 2: 155–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee BM, Wolever TMS. 1998. Effect of glucose, sucrose and fructose on plasma glucose and insulin responses in normal humans: Comparison with white bread. Eu J Clin Nutr. 52:924–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattes R. 2006. Fluid calories and energy balance: The good, the bad, and the uncertain. Physiol Behav. 89:66–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayer J. 1953. Glucostatic mechanisms of the regulation of food intake. N Engl J Med. 249:13–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melanson KJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WHM, Smith FJ, Campfield LA. 1999. Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time blinded humans: Carbohydrate versus fat. Am J Physiol Regulat Integr Comp Physiol. 277:337–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill EP, Kramer FM, Cardello A, Schutz H. 2002. A comparison of satiety measures. Appetite. 39:181–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mourot J, Thouvenot P, Couet C, Antoine JM, Krobicka A, Debry G. 1988. Relationship between the rate of gastric emptying and glucose and insulin responses to starchy foods in young healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 48:1035–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health Service. 2006. Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England, 2006. Available at: http://www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/opan06/OPAN%20bulletin%20finalv2.pdf Accessed on 9 June 2010.
   Google Scholar
• O'Donovan DG, Doran S, Feinle-Bisset C, Jones KL, Meyer JH, Wishart JM, Morris HA, Horowitz M. 2004. Effect of variations in small intestinal glucose delivery on plasma glucose, insulin, and incretin hormones in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89 7: 3431–3435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peracchi M, Santangelo A, Conte D, Fraquelli M, Tagliabue R, Gebbia C, Porrini M. 2000The physical state of a meal affects hormone release and postprandial thermogenesis. Br J Nutr. 83:623–628.
   Google Scholar
• Powley TL, Berthoud H-R. 1985. Diet and cephalic phase insulin responses. Am J Clin Nutr. 42:991–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranawana DV, Henry CJK, Lightowler HJ, Wang D. 2009. Glycaemic index of some commercially available rice and rice products in Great Britain. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 60 4: 99–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ranawana DV, Henry CJK. 2010. Are caloric beverages compensated for in the short-term by young adults?. An investigation with particular focus on gender differences. Appetite. 55:137–146.
   Google Scholar
• Ranawana DV, Henry CJK, Pratt M. 2010. Degree of habitual mastication seems to contribute to interindividual variations in the glycemic response to rice but not to spaghetti. Nutr Res. 30:382–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MW, Figlewicz DP, Baskin DG, Woods SC, Porte DJr. 1992. Insulin in the brain: a hormonal regulator of energy balance. Endocr Rev. 13:387–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siahanidou T, Margeli A, Kappis A, Papassotiriou I, Mandyla H. Circulating visfatin levels in healthy preterm infants are independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Metab Clin Exp. 2010 (in press).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegel EG, Trimble ER, Renold AE, Berthoud HR. 1980. Importance of preabsorptive insulin release on oral glucose tolerance: Studies in pancreatic islet transplanted rats. Gut. 21:1002–1009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sjostrom L, Garellick G, Krotkiewski M, Luyckx A. 1980. Peripheral insulin in response to the sight and smell of food. Metabolism. 29 10: 901–909.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith FJ, Campfield LA. 1993. Meal initiation occurs after experimental induction of transient declines in blood glucose. Am J Physiol Regulat Integr Comp Physiol. 265:1423–1429.
   Google Scholar
• St-Onge M-P, Rubiano F, DeNino WF, Jones A, Greenfield D, Ferguson PW, Akrabawi S, Heymsfield SB. 2004. Added thermogenic and satiety effects of a mixed nutrient vs a sugar-only beverage. Int J Obesity. 28:248–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stork ADM, Kemperman H, Erkelens DW, Veneman TF. 2005. Comparison of the accuracy of the HemoCue glucose analyzer to the YSI glucose oxidase analyzer, particularly in hypoglycemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 153:275–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubbs RJ, Hughes DA, Johnstone AM, Rowley E, Reid C, Elia M, Stratton R, Delargy H, King N, Blundell JE. 2000. The use of visual analogue scales to assess motivation to eat in human subjects: A review of their reliability and validity with an evaluation of new hand-held computerized systems for temporal tracking of appetite ratings. Br J Nutr. 84 4: 405–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stull AJ, Apolzan JW, Thalacker-Mercer AE, Iglay HB, Campbell WW. 2008. Liquid and solid meal replacement products differentially affect postprandial appetite and food intake in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 108 7: 1226–1230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swope SL, Schonbrunn A. 1984. Bombesin stimulates insulin secretion by a pancreatic islet cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 81:1822–1826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tieken SM, Leidy HJ, Stull AJ, Mattes RD, Schuster RA, Campbell WW. 2007. Effects of solid versus liquid meal-replacement products of similar energy content on hunger, satiety, and appetite-regulating hormones in older adults. Horm Metab Res. 39 5: 389–394.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tournier A, Louis-Sylvestre J. 1991. Effect of the physical state of a food on subsequent intake in human subjects. Appetite. 16 1: 17–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanderputte GE, Delcour JA. 2004. From sucrose to starch granule to starch physical behaviour: A focus on rice starch. Carb Poly. 58:245–266.
   Google Scholar
• Vansteelandt J, Delcour JA. 1999. Characterisation of starch from durum wheat (Triticum durum). Stärke. 51 2–3: 73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Vosloo MC. 2005. Some factors affecting the digestion of glycaemic carbohydrates and the blood glucose response. J Fam Ecol Cons Sci. 33:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wolever TMS. 2006. The Glycaemic Index: A Physiological Classification of Dietary Carbohydrate. Wallingford: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Woods SC. 2009. The control of food intake: Behavioral versus molecular perspectives. Cell Metab. 9 6: 489–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao AZ, Bornfeldt KE, Beavo JA. 1998. Leptin inhibits insulin secretion by activation of phosphodiesterase 3B. J Clin Invest. 102 5: 869–873.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar