Effects of vitamin D supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other cardiovascular disease risk markers in subjects with elevated waist circumference

References

• Adult Treatment Panel III. 2001. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 285:2486–2497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraké R, Weiler H, Payette H, Gray-Donald K. 2010. Vitamin D supplement consumption is required to achieve a minimal target 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of>or = 75 nmol/L in older people. J Nutr. 140:551–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP, Dowell S, Chen TC, Holick MF. 1998. Vitamin D and its major metabolites: Serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporos Int. 8:222–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. 2006. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 84:18–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirilov G, Dakovska L, Kovacheva R. 2003. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pract. 57:258–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowska H, Pieczul-Mróz J, Jastrzebska M, CheBųtowski K, Naruszewicz M. 1998. Decrease in fibrinogen and LDL-cholesterol levels upon supplementation of diet with Lactobacillus plantarum in subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 137:437–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietary Reference Intakes. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, D.C: National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board.
   Google Scholar
• Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz W. 2008. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 168:1340–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 18:499–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci E. 2007. Can vitamin D reduce total mortality?. Arch Intern Med. 167:1709–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 2008. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 168:1174–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, Neaton JD, Castelli WP, Knoke JD, Jacobs DRJr, Bangdiwala S, Tyroler HA. 1989. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation. 79:8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Brewer HBJr, Cleeman JI, Smith SCJr, Lenfant C, American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2004. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 109:433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall LM, Kimlin MG, Aronov PA, Hammock BD, Slusser JR, Woodhouse LR, Stephensen CB. 2010. Vitamin D intake needed to maintain target serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in participants with low sun exposure and dark skin pigmentation is substantially higher than current recommendations. J Nutr. 140:542–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Asaoka E, Itomura M, Mizushima Y, Yazawa K, Kuwamori T, Kobayashi M. 1996. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil does not affect serum lipid concentrations of normolipidemic young adults. J Nutr. 126:2784–2789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris WS, Windsor SL, Dujovne CA. 1991. Effects of four doses of n-3 fatty acids given to hyperlipidemic patients for six months. J Am Coll Nutr. 10:220–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Chen TC. 2008. Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr. 87 Suppl: 1080S–1086S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Zheng Y. 2010. The probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus reduces cholesterol absorption through the down-regulation of Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 in Caco-2 cells. Br J Nutr. 103:473–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen P, Figenschau Y. 2010. No improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects after supplementation with vitamin D3 for 1 year. J Intern Med. 267:462–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP. 2007. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: Results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 85 6: 1586–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, O'Keefe JH, Bell D, Hensrud DD, Holick MF. 2008. Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 52:1949–1956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu E, Meigs JB, Pittas AG, McKeown NM, Economos CD, Booth SL, Jacques PF. 2009. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin d is associated with markers of the insulin resistant phenotype in nondiabetic adults. J Nutr. 139:329–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki KC, Kritsch K, Foley S, Soneru I, Davidson MH. 1997. Age-dependence of the relationship between adiposity and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol in men. J Am Coll Nutr. 16:578–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki KC, McKenney JM, Reeves MS, Lubin BC, Dicklin MR. 2008. Effects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 102:429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki KC, Rubin MR, Wong LG, McManus JF, Jensen CD, Marshall JW, Lawless A. 2009. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is an independent predictor of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic syndrome in men and women. J Clin Lipidol. 3:289–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini LA, Wood RJ. 2006. Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev. 64:479–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitri J, Hamdy O. 2009. Diabetes medications and body weight. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 8:573–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagpal J, Pande JN, Bhartia A. 2009. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men. Diabet Med. 26:19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira DI, Gibson GR. 2002. Effects of consumption of probiotics and prebiotics on serum lipid levels in humans. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 37:259–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šidák Z. 1971. On probabilities of rectangles in multivariate normal Student distributions: their dependence on correlations. Ann Math Stat. 41:169–175.
   Google Scholar
• Theobald HE, Chowienczyk PJ, Whittall R, Humphries SE, Sanders TA. 2004. LDL cholesterol-raising effect of low-dose docosahexaenoic acid in middle-aged men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 79:558–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar SA, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Yeh JK. 2007. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation among postmenopausal African American women. Am J Clin Nutr. 86:1657–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD. 2001. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr. 73:288–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieth R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Boucher BJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Garland CF, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Hollis BW, Lamberg-Allardt C, McGrath JJ, . 2007. The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective. Am J Clin Nutr. 85:649–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Wolf M, Vasan RS. 2008. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 117:503–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolever TM, Spadafora P, Eshuis H. 1991. Interaction between colonic acetate and propionate in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:681–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolever TM, Fernandes J, Rao AV. 1996. Serum acetate:propionate ratio is related to serum cholesterol in men but not women. J Nutr. 126:2790–2797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. 2000. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 72:690–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar