‘What a pity!’ – Exploring the use of ‘pitilho’ as harm reduction among crack users in Salvador, Brazil

References

• Andrade T, Lurie P, Medina GM, Anderson K, Dourado I. The opening of South America's first needle exchange program and an epidemic of crack use in Salvador, Bahia-Brazil. AIDS and Behavior 2001; 5: 51–64
   Google Scholar
• Baker D, Pryce G, Giovannoni G, Thompson AJ. The therapeutic potential of cannabis. The Lancet 2003; 2: 291–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth RE, Kwiatkowski CF, Chitwood DD. Sex related HIV risk behaviors: Differential risks among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2000; 58: 219–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgois P. Crack and the political economy of social suffering. Addiction Research and Theory 2003; 11: 31–37
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd S, Johnson JL, Moffat B. Opportunities to learn and barriers to change: Crack cocaine use in the downtown eastside of Vancouver. Harm Reduction Journal 2008; 5: 34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira LG, Nappo SA. Crack na cidade de São Paulo: Acessibilidade, estratégias de mercado e formas de uso [Crack-cocaine in São Paulo: Accessibility, market strategies and ways of use]. Revista de Psiquiatria Clinica 2008; 35: 212–218
   Google Scholar
• Dunn J. The rocky road – crack in Brazil. Psychiatric Bulletin 1997; 21: 373–374
   Google Scholar
• Falck RS, Wang J, Siegal HA, Carlson RG. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among a community sample of crack cocaine users: An exploratory study with practical implications. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2004; 192: 503–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fialho M, Messias M, Page-Shafer K, Farre L, Schmalb M, Pedral-Sampaio D, , Brites C, et al. Prevalence and risk of blood-borne and sexually transmitted viral infections in incarcerated youth in Salvador, Brazil: Opportunity and obligation for intervention. AIDS and Behavior 2008; 12: S17–S24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer B, Coghlan M. Crack in North American cities: The neglected ‘epidemic’. Addiction 2007; 102: 1340–1341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer B, Kirst M, Rehm J, Marsh D, Bondy S, Tyndall M. The phenomenon of so-called ‘other drug use’ among opiate addicts in the North American context: Evidence, consequences, questions. Beigebrauch: Offene Grenzen der Substitution, B Westermann, G Bellman, C Jellinek. BELTZ Deutscher Studien Verlag, Weinheim 2000; 95–118
   Google Scholar
• Fischer B, Monga N, Manzoni P. Differences between co-users of cocaine and crack among Canadian illicit opioid users. Sucht 2005; 51: 217–224
   Google Scholar
• Fischer B, Rehm J, Patra J, Kalousek K, Haydon E, Tyndall M, El-Guebaly N. Crack across Canada: Comparing crack and non-crack users in a multi-city cohort of opioid and other street drug users. Addiction 2006; 101: 1760–1770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall W. What's in a name?. Addiction 2007; 102: 692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall W, Degenhardt L. Medical marijuana initiatives: Are they justified? How successful are they likely to be?. Central Nervous System Drugs 2003; 17: 689–697
   Google Scholar
• Haydon E, Fischer B. Crack use as a public health problem in Canada – Call for an evaluation of ‘safer crack use kits’. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2005; 96: 185–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrich D. European report on drug consumption rooms. European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon 2004
   Google Scholar
• Inciardi JA. Crack cocaine in the Americas. Brazil–United States: Binational Research, MG Monteiro, JA Inciardi. Brazillian Center for Information on Psychotropic Drugs, Sao Paulo 1993; 6375
   Google Scholar
• Inciardi J, Pottieger A. Crack cocaine use and street crime. Journal of Drug Issues 1994; 24: 273–292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen L. The science of marijuana. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000
   Google Scholar
• Labigalini Jr E, Rodrigues LR, Da Silveira DX. Therapeutic use of cannabis by crack addicts in Brazil. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 1999; 31: 451–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leri F, Bruneau J, Stewart J. Understanding polydrug use: Reviewing heroin and cocaine co-use. Addiction 2003; 98: 7–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlatt GA, Witkiewitz K. Update on harm-reduction policy and intervention research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2010; 6: 591–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministério da Saúde (2009). PEAD. Retreived from http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/saude/visualizar_texto.cfm?idtxt=34070.
   Google Scholar
• Mynayo MCS. O desafio do conhecimento – Pesquisa qualitative em saúde. Hucitec-Abrasco, Sâo Paulo, Rio de Janeiro 1992
   Google Scholar
• Nappo SA, Galduroz JCF, Noto AR. Uso do “crack” em Saõ Paulo: Fenômeno emergente?. Revista ABP-APAL 1994; 16: 75–83
   Google Scholar
• Restrepo CS, Carrillo JA, Martinez S, Ojeda P, Rivera AL, Hatta A. Pulmonary complications from cocaine and cocaine-based substances: Imaging manifestations. Radiographics 2007; 27: 941–956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro M, Dunn J, Laranjeira R, Sesso R. High mortality among young crack cocaine users in Brazil: A 5-year follow-up study. Addiction 2004; 99: 1133–1135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Room R, Fischer B, Hall W, Lenton S, Reuter P. Cannabis policy: Moving beyond stalemate. The Beckley Foundation, OxfordEngland 2009
   Google Scholar
• Scanlon TJ, Tomkins A, Lynch MA, Scanlon F. Street children in Latin America. British Medical Journal 1998; 316: 1596–1600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon K, Ishida T, Morgan R, Bear A, Oleson M, Kerr T, Tyndall MW. Potential community and public health impacts of medically supervised safer smoking facilities for crack cocaine users. Harm Reduction Journal 2006; 3: 1–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Dudish-Poulsen S, Poling J, Mooney M, Hatsukami DK. The effect of individual cocaine withdrawal symptoms on outcomes in cocaine users. Addictive Behaviors 2005; 30: 1125–1134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres de Carvalho F, Neiva-Silva L, Ramos MC, Evans J, Koller SH, Piccinini CA, Page-Shafer K. Sexual and drug use risk behaviors among children and youth in street circumstances in Porto Alegre, Brazil. AIDS and Behavior 2006; 10: S57–S66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voth EA, Schwartz RH. Medicinal applications of delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana: A perspective. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997; 126: 791–798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar