Hair cortisol concentration is unaffected by basic military training, but related to sociodemographic and environmental factors

References

• Annen H, Seiler S, Jonas K. (2010). Military psychology in Switzerland: a short story with a long history. Swiss J Psychol 69(2):75–82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernton E, Hoover D, Galloway R, Popp K. (1995). Adaptation to chronic stress in military trainees: adrenal androgens, testosterone, glucocorticoids, IGF-1, and immune function. Ann NY Acad Sci 774:217–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell J, Ehlert U. (2012). Acute psychosocial stress: does the emotional stress response correspond with physiological responses? Psychoneuroendocrinology 37:1111–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettenborn L, Tietze A, Bruckner F, Kirschbaum C. (2010). Higher cortisol content in hair among long-term unemployed individuals compared to controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(9):1404–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettenborn L, Tietze A, Kirschbaum C, Stalder T. (2012). The assessment of cortisol in human hair: associations with sociodemographic variables and potential confounders. Stress 15(6):578–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Thomson S, Oh PI, Van Uum S, Koren G, Lanctôt KL. (2010). Relationship between hair cortisol concentrations and depressive symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 6:393–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage Publications
   Google Scholar
• Fliege H, Rose M, Arck P, Walter OB, Kocalevent RD, Weber C, Klapp BF. (2005). The perceived stress questionnaire (PSQ) reconsidered: validation and reference values from different clinical and healthy adult samples. Psychosom Med 67:78–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber M, Jonsdottir IH, Kalak N, Elliot C, Pühse U, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S. (2013). Objectively assessed physical activity is associated with increased hair cortisol content in young adults. Stress 16:539–99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen AM, Garde AH, Skovgaard LT, Christensen JM. (2001). Seasonal and biological variation of urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol in healthy women. Clin Chim Acta 309:25–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellhammer DH, Buchtal J, Gutberlet I, Kirschbaum C. (1997). Social hierarchy and adrenocortical stress reactivity in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22:643–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra S, Einarson A, Karaskov T, Van Uum S, Koren G. (2007). The relationship between stress and hair cortisol in healthy pregnant woman. Clin Invest Med 30:E103–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlen J, Ludvigsson J, Frostell A, Theodorsson E, Faresjö T. (2011). Cortisol in hair measured in young adults – a biomarker of major life stressors? BMC Clin Pathol 11(12):1–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Tietze A, Skoluda N, Dettenborn L. (2009). Hair as a retrospective calendar of cortisol production – increased cortisol incorporation into hair in the third trimester of pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34:32–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer MS, Lydon J, Séguin L, Goulet L, Kahn SR, McNamara H, Genest J, et al. (2009). Stress pathway to spontaneous preterm birth: the role of stressors, psychological distress, and stress hormones. Am J Epidemiol 169:1319–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenstein S, Prantera C, Varvo V, Scribaon ML, Berto E, Luzi C, Andreoli A. (1993). Development of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire: a new tool for psychosomatic research. J Psychosom Res 37(1):19–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim CL, Byrne C, Lee JKW. (2008). Human thermoregulation and measurement of body temperature in exercise and clinical settings. Ann Acad Med Singapore 37:347–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manenschijn L, Koper JW, Lamberts SW, Van Rossum EFC. (2011a). Evaluation of method to measure long term cortisol levels. Steroids 76:1032–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manenschijn L, Schaap L, Van Schoor NM, Van der Pas S, Peeters GMEE, Lips P, Koper JW, Van Rossum EFC. (2013). High long-term cortisol levels, measured in scalp hair, are associated with a history of cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:2078–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manenschijn L, Van Kruysbergen RG, De Jong FH, Koper JW, Van Rossum EF. (2011b). Shift work at young age is associated with elevated long-term cortisol levels and body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(11):E1862–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereg D, Gow R, Mosseri M, Lishner M, Rieder M, Van Uum S, Koren G. (2011). Hair cortisol and the risk for acute myocardial infarction in adult men. Stress 14:73–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson R, Garde AH, Hansen AM, Österberg K, Larsson B, Orbaek P, Karlson B. (2008). Seasonal variation in human salivary cortisol concentration. Chronobiol Int 25:923–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pragst F, Balikova MA. (2006). State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 370:17–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raul JS, Cirimele V, Ludes B, Kintz P. (2004). Detection of physiological concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in human hair. Clin Biochem 37:1105–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell E, Koren G, Rieder M, Van Uum S. (2012). Hair cortisol as a biological marker of chronic stress: current status, future directions and unanswered questions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37:589–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell E, Koren G, Rieder M, Van Uum S. (2014). The detection of cortisol in human sweat: implications for measurement of cortisol in hair. Ther Drug Monit 36:30–4
   Google Scholar
• Sauvé B, Koren G, Walsh G, Tokmakejian S, Van Uum S. (2007). Measurement of cortisol in human hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure. Clin Invest Med 30(5):E183–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoluda N, Dettenborn L, Stalder T, Kirschbaum C. (2012). Elevated hair cortisol concentrations in endurance athletes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37:611–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder T, Kirschbaum C, Heinze K, Steudte S, Foley P, Tietze A, Dettenborn L. (2010). Use of hair cortisol analysis to detect hypercortisolism during active drinking phases in alcohol-dependent individuals. Biol Psychol 85(3):357–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder T, Kirschbaum C. (2012). Analysis of cortisol in hair – state of the art and future directions. Brain Behav Immun 26:1019–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder T, Steudte S, Alexander N, Miller R, Gao W, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C. (2012). Cortisol in hair, body mass index and stress-related measures. Biol Psychol 90(3):218–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steudte S, Kolassa I-T, Stalder T, Pfeiffer A, Kirschbaum C, Elbert T. (2011). Increased cortisol concentration in hair of severely traumatized Ugandan individuals with PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36:1193–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson S, Koren G, Fraser L, Rieder M, Friedman TC, Van Uum S. (2010). Hair analysis provides a historical record of cortisol levels in Cushing’s syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 118(2):133–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaghri Z, Guhn M, Weinberg J, Grunau RE, Yu W, Hertzman C. (2013). Hair cortisol reflects socio-economic factors and hair zinc in preschoolers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38(3):331–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Uum S, Sauvé B, Fraser LA, Morley-Forster TL, Koren G. (2008). Elevated content of cortisol in hair of patients with severe chronic pain: a novel biomarker for stress. Stress 11:483–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker BR, Best R, Noon JP, Watt GCM, Webb DJ. (1997). Seasonal variation in glucocorticoid activity in healthy men. J Clin Endocrionol Metab 82:4015–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennig R. (2000). Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results. Forensic Sci Int 107:5–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyss T, Scheffler J, Mäder U. (2012). Ambulatory physical activity in Swiss army recruits. Int J Sports Med 33:716–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue Y, Morris M, Ni L, Guthrie SK, Zubieta JK, Gonzales K, McConnell DS, Domino EF. (2010). Venous plasma nicotine correlates of hormonal effects of tobacco smoking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 95:209–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar