Early onset eating disorders in male adolescents: a series of 10 inpatients

REFERENCES

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn (DSM-IV). Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Lindblad F, Lindberg L, Hjern A. Anorexia nervosa in young men: a cohort study. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2006; 39: 662–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health Survey (NIMH). Washington, DC: NIMH, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas AR, Beard CM, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. 50-year trends in the incidence of anorexia nervosa in Rochester, Minn.: a population-based study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 148: 917–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fombonne E. Anorexia nervosa: no evidence of an increase. British Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 166: 462–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gull WW. Anorexia nervosa. Clinical Society's Transactions 1874; 7: 22.
   Google Scholar
• Gull WW. Anorexia nervosa. Lancet 1888; 1: 516–517.
   Google Scholar
• Bruch H. Anorexia nervosa in the male. Psychosomatic Medicine 1971; 33: 31–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp A, Toms D. Primary anorexia nervosa or weight phobia in the male; report on thirteen cases. British Medical Journal 1972; 1: 334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan MK, Tibbets RW. Primary anorexia nervosa (weight phobia) in males. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1977; 53: 146–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandereycken W, Van den Broucke S. Anorexia nervosa in males: a comparative study of 107 cases reported in the literature (1970–1980). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1984; 70: 447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlat D, Carmargo C, Herzog DB. Eating disorders in males: a report on 135 patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1127–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touyz SW, Kopec-Schrader EM, Beumont PJV. Anorexia nervosa in males: a report of 12 cases. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 27: 512–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp CW, Clark SA, Dunan JR, Blackwood DH, Shapiro CM. Clinical presentation of anorexia nervosa in males: 24 new cases. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1994; 15: 125–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyebode F, Boodhoo JA, Schapiro K. Anorexia nervosa in males. Clinical features and outcome. International Journal of eating Disorders 1988; 7: 121–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp AH, Burns T. The clinical presentation of anorexia nervosa in males. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1983; 2: 5–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beumont PJV, Beardwood CJ, Russell GFM. The occurrence of the syndrome of anorexia nervosa in male subjects. Psychological Medicine 1972; 2: 216–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale V, Larkio-Miettinen K, Valanne EH, Moren R, Aukee M. Anorexia nervosa in boys. Psychosomatics 1972; 13: 236–240.
   Google Scholar
• Burns AH, Crisp A. Outcome of anorexia nervosa in males. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 145: 319–325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall A, Delahunt JW, Ellis PM. Anorexia nervosa in the male: clinical features and follow-up of nine patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1985; 19: 315–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden S, Morris A, Zurynski YA, Kohn M, Elliot EJ. Burden of eating disorders in 5–13-year-old children in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2009; 190: 410–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peebles R, Wilson JL, Lock JD. How do children with eating disorders differ from adolescents with eating disorders at initial evaluation? Journalof Adolescent Health 2006; 39: 800–805.
   Google Scholar
• Blitzer JR, Rollins N, Blackwell A. Children who starve themselves: anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine 1961; 23: 369–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesser LI, Ashenden BJ, Debuskey M, Eisenberg L. Anorexia nervosa in children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1960; 30: 572–580.
   Google Scholar
• Fosson A, Knibbs J, Bryant-Waugh R, Lask B. Early onset anorexia nervosa. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1987; 62:114–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley RM. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in younger subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 146: 657–660.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze U, Neudörfl A, Krill A, Warnke A, Remschmidt H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Follow-up and treatment outcome of early anorexia nervosa. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 1997; 25: 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant-Waugh R, Knibbs J, Fosson A, Kaminski Z, Lask B. Long term follow up of patients with early onset anorexia nervosa. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1988; 63: 5–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics and the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 2000. www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/growthcharts/datafiles.htm
   Google Scholar
• Crisp A. Anorexia nervosa in males: similarities and differences to anorexia nervosa in females. European Eating Disorders Review 2006; 14:163–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button E, Aldridge S, Palmer R. Males assessed by a specialized adult eating disorders service: patterns over time and comparisons with females. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2008; 41:758–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto H, Takei N, Kawai M, Saito F, Kachi K, Ohashi Y, Takeuchi H, Mori N. Differences of symptoms and standardized weight index between patients with early-onset and late-onset anorexia nervosa. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2001; 104: 66–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp A, Burns T, Bhat A. Primary anorexia nervosa in the male and female: a comparison of clinical features and prognosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1986; 59: 123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, D. Chater, R. Lask, B. Children into DSM don't go: a comparison of classification systems for eating disorders in childhood and early adolescence. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2000; 28: 317–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peebles R, Hardy KK, Wilson JL, Lock JD. Are diagnostic criteria for eating disorders markers of medical severity? Pediatrics 2010; 125: e1193–1201.
   Google Scholar
• Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, Diamond J, Teplinsky C, DeAntonio M. Are there gender differences in core symptoms, temperament, and short-term prospective outcome in anorexia nervosa? International Journal of Eating Disorders 2006; 39: 570–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper PJ, Watkins B, Bryant-Waugh R, Lask B. The nosological status of early onset anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 2002; 32 :873–880.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson JK. Assessing body image disturbance: measures, methodology, and implementation. In: Thompson JK, ed. Body Image, Eating Disorders and Obesity. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1996: 49–82.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson SH, Corwin SJ, Sargent RG. Ideal body size beliefs and weight concerns of fourth-grade children. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1997; 21: 279–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland K, Farnill D, Griffiths RA. Body figure perceptions and eating attitudes among Australian schoolchildren aged 8 to 12. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1997; 21: 273–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope H, Phillips K, Olivardia R. The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession. New York: Free Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Pope H, Olivardia R, Gruber A, Borowiecki J. Evolving ideals of male body image as seen through action toys. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1999; 26: 65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusumano D, Thompson K. Media influence and body image in 8–11-year-old boys and girls: a preliminary report on the multidimensional media influence scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2001; 29: 37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins B, Sutton V, Lask B. Is physical illness a risk factor for eating disorders in children and adolescents? A preliminary investigation. Eating Behaviors 2001; 2: 209–214.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson A. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia in adolescent males. Pediatric Annals 1984; 13: 901–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strober M, Freeman R, Morrell W. The long-term course of severe anorexia nervosa in adolescents: survival analysis of recovery, relapse, and outcome predictors over 10–15 years in a prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1997; 22: 339–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwirtsman HE, Guze BH, Yager J, Gainsley B. Fluoxetine treatment of anorexia nervosa: an open clinical trial. Journalof Clinical Psychiatry 1991; 52: 240–241.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh BT, Kaplan AS, Attia E . Fluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa a randomised contolled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006; 295: 2605–2612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtkamp K, Konrad K, Kaiser N . A retrospective study of SSRI treatment in adolescent anorexia nervosa: insufficient evidence for efficacy. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2005; 39: 303–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaafar NR, Daud TI, Rahman FN, Baharudin A. Mirtazapine for anorexia nervosa with depression. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 41: 768–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis K, Le GD, Bremer J, Dennis K, Le Grange D, Bremer J. Olanzapine use in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Eating and Weight Disorders 2006; 11: e53–56.
   Google Scholar
• Boachie A, Goldfield GS, Spettigue W. Olanzapine use as an adjunctive treatment for hospitalized children with anorexia nervosa: case reports. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2003: 33: 98–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hein IM, Huyser C. Olanzapine in the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 2010; 52: 417–421.
   Google Scholar
• Newman-Toker, J. Risperidone in anorexia nervosa. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2000; 39: 941–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay PJ. Eating disorders in younger children: current issues and unanswered questions. Medical Journal of Australia 2009; 190: 403–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halse C, Boughtwood D, Clarke S . Illuminating multiple perspectives: meanings of nasogastric feeding in anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review 2005; 13: 264–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neiderman M, Farley A, Richardson J, Lask B. Nasogastric feeding in children and adolescents with eating disorders: toward good practice. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2001; 29: 441–448.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar