1,254
Views
120
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Pterostilbene: Biomedical applications

, , , &
Pages 65-78 | Received 17 Jan 2013, Accepted 10 May 2013, Published online: 01 Jul 2013

References

  • Langcake P, Pryce RJ. A new class of phytoalexins from grapevines. Experientia 1977;33:151–2
  • Mattivi F, Reniero F, Korhammer S. Isolation, characterization, and evolution in red wine vinification of resveratrol monomers. J Agric Food Chem 1995;43:1820–3
  • Lamuela-Raventos RM, Romero-Perez AI, Waterhouse AL, de la Torre-Boronat MC. Direct HPLC analysis of cis- and trans-resveratrol and piceid isomers in Spanish red Vitis vinifera wines. J Agric Food Chem 1995;43:281–3
  • Asensi M, Ortega A, Mena S, et al. Natural polyphenols in cancer therapy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2011;48:197–216
  • Quideau S, Deffieux D, Douat-Casassus C, Pouysegu L. Plant polyphenols: chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011;50:586–621
  • Spath E, Schlager J. Constituents of red sandalwood. II. Constitution of pterostilbene. Ber d Deutsch Chem Gesellsch 1940;73:881–4
  • Aiyer HS, Warri AM, Woode DR, et al. Influence of berry polyphenols on receptor signaling and cell-death pathways: implications for breast cancer prevention. J Agric Food Chem 2012;60:5693--708
  • Adrian M, Jeandet P, Douillet-Breuil AC, et al. Stilbene content of mature Vitis vinifera berries in response to UV-C elicitation. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:6103–5
  • Fuendjiep V, Wandji J, Tillequin F, et al. Chalconoid and stilbenoid glycosides from Guibourtia tessmanii. Phytochemistry 2002;60:803–6
  • Schmidlin L, Poutaraud A, Claudel P, et al. A stress-inducible resveratrol O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of pterostilbene in grapevine. Plant Physiol 2008;148:1630–9
  • Chong J, Poutaraud A, Hugueney P. Metabolism and roles of stilbenes in plants. Plant Sci 2009;177:143–55
  • Bravo L. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev 1998;56:317–33
  • Rimando AM, Cuendet M, Desmarchelier C, et al. Cancer chemopreventive and antioxidant activities of pterostilbene, a naturally occurring analogue of resveratrol. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:3453–7
  • Maurya R, Singh R, Deepak M, et al. Constituents of Pterocarpus marsupium: an ayurvedic crude drug. Phytochemistry 2004;65:915–20
  • Manickam M, Ramanathan M, Jahromi MA, et al. Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium. J Nat Prod 1997;60:609–10
  • Paul B, Masih I, Deopujari J, Charpentier C. Occurrence of resveratrol and pterostilbene in age-old darakchasava, an ayurvedic medicine from India. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;68:71–6
  • Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, et al. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:727–47
  • Silberberg M, Morand C, Mathevon T, et al. The bioavailability of polyphenols is highly governed by the capacity of the intestine and of the liver to secrete conjugated metabolites. Eur J Nutr 2006;45:88–96
  • Piskula MK. Factors affecting flavonoids absorption. Biofactors 2000;12:175–80
  • Gao S, Hu M. Bioavailability challenges associated with development of anti-cancer phenolics. Mini Rev Med Chem 2010;10:550–67
  • Landis-Piwowar KR, Wan SB, Wiegand RA, et al. Methylation suppresses the proteasome-inhibitory function of green tea polyphenols. J Cell Physiol 2007;213:252–60
  • Wu B, Kulkarni K, Basu S, et al. First-pass metabolism via UDP-glucuronosyltransferase: a barrier to oral bioavailability of phenolics. J Pharm Sci 2011;100:3655–81
  • Alvarez AI, Real R, Perez M, et al. Modulation of the activity of ABC transporters (P-glycoprotein, MRP2, BCRP) by flavonoids and drug response. J Pharm Sci 2010;99:598–617
  • Perez-Jimenez J, Hubert J, Hooper L, et al. Urinary metabolites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:801–9
  • Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Sugimoto Y, Sugiyama Y. ABCG2 transports sulfated conjugates of steroids and xenobiotics. J Biol Chem 2003;278:22644–9
  • Liu Z, Hu M. Natural polyphenol disposition via coupled metabolic pathways. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007;3:389–406
  • Kroon PA, Clifford MN, Crozier A, et al. How should we assess the effects of exposure to dietary polyphenols in vitro? Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:15–21
  • Ferrer P, Asensi M, Segarra R, et al. Association between pterostilbene and quercetin inhibits metastatic activity of B16 melanoma. Neoplasia 2005;7:37–47
  • Asensi M, Medina I, Ortega A, et al. Inhibition of cancer growth by resveratrol is related to its low bioavailability. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:387–98
  • Remsberg CM, Yanez JA, Ohgami Y, et al. Pharmacometrics of pterostilbene: preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and analgesic activity. Phytother Res 2008;22:169–79
  • Lin HS, Yue BD, Ho PC. Determination of pterostilbene in rat plasma by a simple HPLC-UV method and its application in pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2009;23:1308–15
  • Kapetanovic IM, Muzzio M, Huang Z, et al. Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and metabolic profile of resveratrol and its dimethylether analog, pterostilbene, in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011;68:593–601
  • Shao X, Chen X, Badmaev V, et al. Structural identification of mouse urinary metabolites of pterostilbene using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010;24:1770–8
  • Marier JF, Vachon P, Gritsas A, et al. Metabolism and disposition of resveratrol in rats: extent of absorbtion, glucuronidation, and enterohepatic recirculation evidenced by a linked-rat model. J Pharmocol Exp Ther 2002;302:369–73
  • Korkina L, De Luca C, Pastore S. Plant polyphenols and human skin: friends or foes. Ann NY Acad Sci 2012;1259:77–86
  • Swanson HI. Cytochrome P450 expression in human keratinocytes: an aryl hydrocarbon receptor perspective. Chem Biol Interact 2004;149:69–79
  • Rodeiro I, Donato MT, Lahoz A, et al. Interactions of polyphenols with the P450 system: possible implications on human therapeutics. Mini Rev Med Chem 2008;8:97–106
  • Gonzalez MC, Marteau C, Franchi J, Migliore-Samour D. Cytochrome P450 4A11 expression in human keratinocytes: effects of ultraviolet irradiation. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:749–57
  • Villard PH, Sampol E, Elkaim JL, et al. Increase of CYP1B1 transcription in human keratinocytes and HaCaT cells after UV-B exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002;178:137–43
  • Afaq F, Zaid MA, Pelle E, et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is an ozone sensor in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:2396–403
  • Strohm BH, Kulkarni AP. Peroxidase, an alternate pathway to cytochrome P-450 for xenobiotic metabolism in skin: partial purification and properties of the enzyme from neonatal rat skin. J Biochem Toxicol 1986;1:83–97
  • Yu R, Jiao JJ, Duh JL, et al. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by green tea polyphenols: potential signaling pathways in the regulation of antioxidant-responsive element-mediated phase II enzyme gene expression. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:451–6
  • Balogun E, Hoque M, Gong P, et al. Curcumin activates the haem oxygenase-1 gene via regulation of Nrf2 and the antioxidant-responsive element. Biochem J 2003;371:887–95
  • Tanigawa S, Fujii M, Hou DX. Action of Nrf2 and Keap1 in ARE-mediated NQO1 expression by quercetin. Free Radic Biol Med 2007;42:1690–703
  • Patel R, Maru G. Polymeric black tea polyphenols induce phase II enzymes via Nrf2 in mouse liver and lungs. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44:1897–911
  • Smith G, Ibbotson SH, Comrie MM, et al. Regulation of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes and cytoprotective gene expression by topical drugs in human skin in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:275–81
  • Amorati R, Lucarini M, Mugnaini V, et al. Antioxidant activity of hydroxystilbene derivatives in homogeneous solution. J Org Chem 2004;69:7101–7
  • Amarnath Satheesh M, Pari L. The antioxidant role of ptero-stilbene in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006;58:1483–90
  • Mikstacka R, Rimando AM, Szalaty K, et al. Effect of natural analogues of trans-resveratrol on cytochromes P4501A2 and 2E1 catalytic activities. Xenobiotica 2006;36:269–85
  • Hasiah AH, Ghazali AR, Weber JF, et al. Cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of methoxylated stilbene analogues on HepG2 hepatoma and Chang liver cells: implications for structure activity relationship. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011;30:138–44
  • Sies H. Polyphenols and health: update and perspectives. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010;501:2–5
  • Stevenson DE, Hurst RD. Polyphenolic phytochemicals–just antioxidants or much more? Cell Mol Life Sci 2007;64:2900–16
  • Kostyuk V, Potapovich A, De Luca C. The promise of plant polyphenols as the golden standard skin anti-inflammatory agents. Curr Drug Metab 2010;11:414–24
  • Nichols JA, Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302:71–83
  • Masaki H. Role of antioxidants in the skin: anti-aging effects. J Dermatol Sci 2010;58:85–90
  • Afaq F, Katiyar SK. Polyphenols: skin photoprotection and inhibition of photocarcinogenesis. Mini Rev Med Chem 2011;11:1200–15
  • Estrela JM, Asensi A. Pterostilbene (Pter) for the prevention and/or treatment of skin diseases. 2010; International Patent Application No.: PCT/EP2010/066544
  • Kingsbury JM, Heitman J, Pinnell SR. Calcofluor white combination antifungal treatments for Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. PLoS One 2012;7:e39405
  • Lee SK, Lee HJ, Min HY, et al. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of pinosylvin, a constituent of pine. Fitoterapia 2005;76:258–60
  • Weber K, Schulz B, Ruhnke M. Resveratrol and its antifungal activity against Candida species. Mycoses 2011;54:30–3
  • Caruso F, Mendoza L, Castro P, et al. Antifungal activity of resveratrol against Botrytis cinerea is improved using 2-furyl derivatives. PLoS One 2011;6:e25421
  • Daglia M. Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012;23:174–81
  • Berwick M, Lachiewicz A, Pestak C, Thomas N. Solar UV exposure and mortality from skin tumors. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008;624:117–24
  • Leiter U, Garbe C. Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer–the role of sunlight. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008;624:89–103
  • Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, Fox JL. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Int J Dermatol 2010;49:978–86
  • Pfeifer GP, Besaratinia A. UV wavelength-dependent DNA damage and human non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012;11:90–7
  • Ichihashi M, Ueda M, Budiyanto A, et al. UV-induced skin damage. Toxicology 2003;189:21–39
  • Svobodova A, Vostalova J. Solar radiation induced skin damage: review of protective and preventive options. Int J Radiat Biol 2010;86:999–1030
  • Clifford JL, DiGiovanni J. The promise of natural products for blocking early events in skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res 2010;3:132–5
  • Morley N, Clifford T, Salter L, et al. The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and green tea can protect human cellular DNA from ultraviolet and visible radiation-induced damage. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2005;21:15–22
  • Matsui MS, Hsia A, Miller JD, et al. Non-sunscreen photoprotection: antioxidants add value to a sunscreen. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2009;14:56–9
  • Katiyar SK. Green tea prevents non-melanoma skin cancer by enhancing DNA repair. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011;508:152–8
  • Korkina LG, De Luca C, Kostyuk VA, Pastore S. Plant polyphenols and tumors: from mechanisms to therapies, prevention, and protection against toxicity of anti-cancer treatments. Curr Med Chem 2009;16:3943–65
  • Bedi MK, Shenefelt PD. Herbal therapy in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:232–42
  • Cichocki M, Paluszczak J, Szaefer H, Piechowiak A, et al. Pterostilbene is equally potent as resveratrol in inhibiting 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate activated NFkappaB, AP-1, COX-2, and iNOS in mouse epidermis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:S62–70
  • Tsai ML, Lai CS, Chang YH, et al. Pterostilbene, a natural analogue of resveratrol, potently inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. Food Funct 2012;3:1185–94
  • Lambert JD, Hong J, Yang GY, et al. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by polyphenols: evidence from laboratory investigations. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:284S–91S
  • Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;71:1397–421
  • Kang NJ, Shin SH, Lee HJ, Lee KW. Polyphenols as small molecular inhibitors of signaling cascades in carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2011;130:310–24
  • D’Incalci M, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Use of cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals as antineoplastic agents. Lancet Oncol 2005;6:899–904
  • Kandaswami C, Lee LT, Lee PP, et al. The antitumor activities of flavonoids. In Vivo 2005;19:895–909
  • Kampa M, Nifli AP, Notas G, Castanas E. Polyphenols and cancer cell growth. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2007;159:79–113
  • Bracke ME, Vanhoecke BW, Derycke L, et al. Plant polyphenolics as anti-invasive cancer agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2008;8:171–85
  • Jiang YL, Liu ZP. Natural products as anti-invasive and anti-metastatic agents. Curr Med Chem 2011;18:808–29
  • Sliva D. Suppression of cancer invasiveness by dietary compounds. Mini Rev Med Chem 2008;8:677–88
  • Ramos S. Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: dietary polyphenols and signalling pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:507–26
  • Guo W, Kong E, Meydani M. Dietary polyphenols, inflammation, and cancer. Nutr Cancer 2009;61:807–10
  • Granci V, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Angiogenesis as a potential target of pharmaconutrients in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13:417–22
  • Garg AK, Buchholz TA, Aggarwal BB. Chemosensitization and radiosensitization of tumors by plant polyphenols. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005;7:1630–47
  • Link A, Balaguer F, Goel A. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary polyphenols: promising role for epigenetics. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80:1771–92
  • Weng CJ, Yen GC. Chemopreventive effects of dietary phytochemicals against cancer invasion and metastasis: phenolic acids, monophenol, polyphenol, and their derivatives. Cancer Treat Rev 2012;38:76–87
  • McCormack D, McFadden D. Pterostilbene and cancer: current review. J Surg Res 2012;173:e53–61
  • Key TJ. Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2011;104:6–11
  • Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, et al. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science 1997;275:218–20
  • Shu L, Cheung KL, Khor TO, et al. Phytochemicals: cancer chemoprevention and suppression of tumor onset and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010;29:483–502
  • Suh N, Paul S, Hao X, et al. Pterostilbene, an active constituent of blueberries, suppresses aberrant crypt foci formation in the azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis model in rats. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:350–5
  • Paul S, DeCastro AJ, Lee HJ, et al. Dietary intake of pterostilbene, a constituent of blueberries, inhibits the beta-catenin/p65 downstream signaling pathway and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 2010;31:1272–8
  • Chiou YS, Tsai ML, Wang YJ, et al. Pterostilbene inhibits colorectal aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon carcinogenesis via suppression of multiple signal transduction pathways in azoxy-methane-treated mice. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58:8833–41
  • Chiou YS, Tsai ML, Nagabhushanam K, et al. Pterostilbene is more potent than resveratrol in preventing azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumorigenesis via activation of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2011;59:2725–33
  • Pan MH, Chiou YS, Chen WJ, et al. Pterostilbene inhibited tumor invasion via suppressing multiple signal transduction pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2009;30:1234–42
  • Pan MH, Lin YT, Lin CL, et al. Suppression of heregulin-beta1/HER2-Modulated invasive and aggressive phenotype of breast carcinoma by pterostilbene via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9, p38 kinase cascade and Akt activation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011: 562187. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep093. Epub 2011 Feb 14
  • Wang Y, Ding L, Wang X, et al. Pterostilbene simultaneously induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and cyto-protective autophagy in breast cancer cells. Am J Transl Res 2012;4:44–51
  • Schneider JG, Alosi JA, McDonald DE, McFadden DW. Pterostilbene inhibits lung cancer through induction of apoptosis. J Surg Res 2010;161:18–22
  • Chakraborty A, Gupta N, Ghosh K, Roy P. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant properties of pterostilbene isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. Toxicol In Vitro 2010;24:1215–28
  • Alosi JA, McDonald DE, Schneider JS, et al. Pterostilbene inhibits breast cancer in vitro through mitochondrial depolarization and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. J Surg Res 2010;161:195–201
  • Moon D, McCormack D, McDonald D, McFadden D. Pterostilbene induces mitochondrially derived apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vitro. J Surg Res 2013;180:208–15
  • Mena S, Rodriguez ML, Ponsoda X, et al. Pterostilbene-induced tumor cytotoxicity: a lysosomal membrane permeabilization-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2012;7:e44524
  • Chen RJ, Tsai SJ, Ho CT, et al. Chemopreventive effects of pterostilbene on urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice via the inhibition of EGFR-mediated pathways and the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. J Agric Food Chem 2012;60:11533–41
  • McCormack D, Schneider J, McDonald D, McFadden D. The antiproliferative effects of pterostilbene on breast cancer in vitro are via inhibition of constitutive and leptin-induced Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription activation. Am J Surg 2011;202:541–4
  • McCormack DE, Mannal P, McDonald D, et al. Genomic analysis of pterostilbene predicts its antiproliferative effects against pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. J Gastrointest Surg 2012;16:1136–43
  • Chen RJ, Ho CT, Wang YJ. Pterostilbene induces autophagy and apoptosis in sensitive and chemoresistant human bladder cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54:1819–32
  • Mizushima N, Yoshimori T. How to interpret LC3 immunoblotting. Autophagy 2007;3:542–5
  • Klionsky DJ, Abeliovich H, Agostinis P, et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes. Autophagy 2008;4:151–75
  • Hagiwara K, Kosaka N, Yoshioka Y, et al. Stilbene derivatives promote Ago2-dependent tumour-suppressive microRNA activity. Sci Rep 2012;2:314
  • Steeg PS. Tumor metastasis: mechanistic insights and clinical challenges. Nat Med 2006;12:895–904
  • Mehlen P, Puisieux A. Metastasis: a question of life or death. Nat Rev Cancer 2006;6:449–58
  • Mitsiades CS, Davies FE, Laubach JP, et al. Future directions of next-generation novel therapies, combination approaches, and the development of personalized medicine in myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1916–23
  • Sethi N, Kang Y. Unravelling the complexity of metastasis - molecular understanding and targeted therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2011;11:735–48
  • Marusyk A, Almendro V, Polyak K. Intra-tumour heterogeneity: a looking glass for cancer? Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:323–34
  • Tolomeo M, Grimaudo S, Di Cristina A, et al. Pterostilbene and 3′-hydroxypterostilbene are effective apoptosis-inducing agents in MDR and BCR-ABL-expressing leukemia cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:1709–26
  • Ferrer P, Asensi M, Priego S, et al. Nitric oxide mediates natural polyphenol-induced Bcl-2 down-regulation and activation of cell death in metastatic B16 melanoma. J Biol Chem 2007;282:2880–90
  • Priego S, Feddi F, Ferrer P, et al. Natural polyphenols facilitate elimination of HT-29 colorectal cancer xenografts by chemoradiotherapy: a Bcl-2- and superoxide dismutase 2-dependent mechanism. Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7:3330–42
  • Nutakul W, Sobers HS, Qiu P, et al. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol and pterostilbene on human colon cancer cells: a side-by-side comparison. J Agric Food Chem 2011;59:10964–70
  • Mikstacka R, Przybylska D, Rimando AM, Baer-Dubowska W. Inhibition of human recombinant cytochromes P450 CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 by trans-resveratrol methyl ethers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007;51:517–24
  • Coimbra M, Isacchi B, van Bloois L, et al. Improving solubility and chemical stability of natural compounds for medicinal use by incorporation into liposomes. Int J Pharm 2011;416:433–42
  • Kostin SF, McDonald DE, McFadden DW. Inhibitory effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and pterostilbene on pancreatic cancer growth in vitro. J Surg Res 2012;177:255–62
  • Mannal P, McDonald D, McFadden D. Pterostilbene and tamoxifen show an additive effect against breast cancer in vitro. Am J Surg 2010;200:577–80
  • Pan MH, Chang YH, Badmaev V, et al. Pterostilbene induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human gastric carcinoma cells. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:7777–85
  • Chakraborty A, Bodipati N, Demonacos MK, et al. Long term induction by pterostilbene results in autophagy and cellular differentiation in MCF-7 cells via ROS dependent pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;355:25–40
  • Zhang L, Cui L, Zhou G, et al. Pterostilbene, a natural small-molecular compound, promotes cytoprotective macroautophagy in vascular endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2013;24:903–11
  • Borriello A, Cucciolla V, Della Ragione F, Galletti P. Dietary polyphenols: focus on resveratrol, a promising agent in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and control of glucose homeostasis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010;20:618–25
  • Nadtochiy SM, Redman EK. Mediterranean diet and cardioprotection: the role of nitrite, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols. Nutrition 2011;27:733–44
  • Grover JK, Vats V, Yadav SS. Pterocarpus marsupium extract (Vijayasar) prevented the alteration in metabolic patterns induced in the normal rat by feeding an adequate diet containing fructose as sole carbohydrate. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005;7:414–20
  • Pan Z, Agarwal AK, Xu T, et al. Identification of molecular pathways affected by pterostilbene, a natural dimethylether analog of resveratrol. BMC Med Genomics 2008;1:7
  • Lin VC, Tsai YC, Lin JN, et al. Activation of AMPK by pterostilbene suppresses lipogenesis and cell-cycle progression in p53 positive and negative human prostate cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 2012;60:6399–407
  • Rimando AM, Nagmani R, Feller DR, Yokoyama W. Pterostilbene, a new agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α isoform, lowers plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:3403–7
  • Pari L, Satheesh MA. Effect of pterostilbene on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in streptozotocin- and nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2006;79:641–5
  • Schini-Kerth VB, Etienne-Selloum N, Chataigneau T, Auger C. Vascular protection by natural product-derived polyphenols: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Planta Med 2011;77:1161–7
  • Andriantsitohaina R, Auger C, Chataigneau T, et al. Molecular mechanisms of the cardiovascular protective effects of polyphenols. Br J Nutr 2012;108:1532–49
  • Heiss C, Dejam A, Kleinbongard P, et al. Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. JAMA 2003;290:1030–1
  • Schroeter H, Heiss C, Balzer J, et al. (-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:1024–9
  • Lebeau J, Neviere R, Cotelle N. Beneficial effects of different flavonoids, on functional recovery after ischemia and reperfusion in isolated rat heart. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001;11:23–7
  • Omasa M, Fukuse T, Matsuoka K, et al. Effect of green tea extracted polyphenol on ischemia/reperfusion injury after cold preservation of rat lung. Transplant Proc 2003;35:138–9
  • Simonyi A, Wang Q, Miller RL, et al. Polyphenols in cerebral ischemia: novel targets for neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol 2005;31:135–47
  • Jang YH, Lee YC, Park NH, et al. Polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate protection from ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Transplant Proc 2006;38:2190–4
  • Muia C, Mazzon E, Di Paola R, et al. Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury of the gut. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2005;371:364–74
  • Wang Q, Sun AY, Simonyi A, et al. Oral administration of grape polyphenol extract ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal damage and behavioral deficits in gerbils: comparison of pre- and post-ischemic administration. J Nutr Biochem 2009;20:369–77
  • Yun N, Kang JW, Lee SM. Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver: molecular evidence of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. J Nutr Biochem 2012;23:1249–55
  • Magyar K, Halmosi R, Palfi A, et al. Cardioprotection by resveratrol: a human clinical trial in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2012;50:179–87
  • Zhang L, Zhou G, Song W, et al. Pterostilbene protects vascular endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis 2012;17:25–36
  • Cherniack EP. The potential influence of plant polyphenols on the aging process. Forsch Komplementmed 2010;17:181–7
  • Pearson KJ, Baur JA, Lewis KN, et al. Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional aspects of dietary restriction without extending life span. Cell Metab 2008;8:157–68
  • Strong R, Miller RA, Astle CM, et al. Evaluation of resveratrol, green tea extract, curcumin, oxaloacetic Acid, and medium-chain triglyceride oil on life span of genetically heterogeneous mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012;68:6–16
  • Blagosklonny MV, Campisi J, Sinclair DA. Aging: past, present and future. Aging 2009;1:1–5
  • Joseph JA, Fisher DR, Cheng V, et al. Cellular and behavioral effects of stilbene resveratrol analogues: implications for reducing the deleterious effects of aging. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:10544–51
  • Chang J, Rimando A, Pallas M, et al. Low-dose pterostilbene, but not resveratrol, is a potent neuromodulator in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012;33:2062–71
  • Ruiz MJ, Fernandez M, Pico Y, et al. Dietary administration of high doses of pterostilbene and quercetin to mice is not toxic. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:3180–6
  • Reagan-Shaw S, Nihal M, Ahmad N. Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited. FASEB J 2008;22:659–61
  • Riche DM, McEwen CL, Riche KD, et al. Analysis of safety from a human clinical trial with pterostilbene. J Toxicol 2013;2013: 463595. doi: 10.1155/2013/463595. Epub 2013 Feb 4
  • Bansal SS, Goel M, Aqil F, et al. Advanced drug delivery systems of curcumin for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res 2011;4:1158–71

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.