The Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation

References

• Spivey M. J. The acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation. Process Biochem. 1978; 13: 2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk G., Bahl H. Feasible improvements of the butanol fermentation. Trends in the Biology of Fermentation for Fuels and Chemicals, A. Hollander. Plenum Press, New York 1981; Vol. 18: 463
   Google Scholar
• Lenz T. G., Moreira A. R. Economic evaluation of the acetone-butanol fermentation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1980; 19: 478
   Google Scholar
• Noon R. The potential of butanol. Gasohol U.S.A. 1980; 6: 20
   Google Scholar
• Sklar S. Will butanol be our next on-farm liquid fuel?. Gasohol U.S.A. 1980; 2: 19
   Google Scholar
• Traxler R. W., Wood E. M., Mayer J., Wilson M. P., Jr. Extractive fermentation for the production of butanol. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 1985; 26: 519
   Google Scholar
• Hastings J. J. Acetone-butyl alcohol fermentation, chap. 12. Economic Microbiology, A. H. Rose. Academic Press, New York 1978; Vol. 2: 31
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel C. L. Butanol fermentation process. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1928; 20: 1063
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel C. L., Crawford F. M. Development of the butyl-acetonic fermentation industry. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1930; 22: 1163
   Google Scholar
• Prescott S. C., Dunn C. G. Industrial Microbiology2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York 1949
   Google Scholar
• McCutcham W. N., Hickey R. J. The butanol-acetone fermentations, chap. 11. Industrial Fermentations, L. A. Underkofler, R. J. Hickey. Chemical Publishing, New York 1954; Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Walton M. T., Martin J. L. Production of butanol-acetone by fermentation, chap. 6, chap. 13, chap. 2. Microbial Technology, H. T. Peppier, D. Perlman. Academic Press, New York 1979; Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Weizmann C. U.S. Patent No. 1,315,585, 1919, Production of Acetone and Alcohol by a Bacteriological Process
   Google Scholar
• Muller J. U.S. Patent No. 2,123,078, 1938, Fermentation Mash Suitable for Butyl Alcohol Production
   Google Scholar
• Beesch S. C. A microbiological process report: acetone-butanol fermentation of starches. Appl. Microbiol. 1953; 1: 85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prescott S. C., Dunn C. G. Industrial Microbiology3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York 1959
   Google Scholar
• Ng T. K., Busche R. M., McDonald C. C., Hardy R. W. F. Production of feedstock chemicals. Science 1983; 219: 733
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCoy E., Fred E. B., Peterson W. H., Hastings E. G. A cultural study of the acetone butyl alcohol organism. J. Infect. Dis. 1926; 39: 457
   Google Scholar
• Weyer E. R., Rettger L. E. A comparative study of six different strains of the organism commonly concerned in large-scale production of butyl alcohol and acetone by the biological process. J. Bacteriol. 1927; 14: 399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Underkofler L. A., Christensen L. M., Fulmer E. I. Butyl acetonic fermentation of xylose and other sugars. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1936; 28: 350
   Google Scholar
• Wilson P. W., Peterson W. H. The relationship between the nitrogen and carbon metabolism of Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Bacteriol. 1930; 19: 231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tatum E. L., Peterson W. H., Fred E. B. An unknown factor stimulating the formation of butyl alcohol by certain butyric acid bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 1934; 27: 207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weizmann C., Rosenfeld B. The activation of the butanol-acetone fermentation of carbohydrates by Clostridium acetobutylicum (Weizmann). Biochem. J. 1937; 31: 619
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weizmann C., Rosenfeld B. The specific nutritive requirements of Clostridium acetobutylicum (Weizmann). II. Biochem. J. 1939; 33: 1376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oxford A. E., Lampen J. O., Peterson W. R. Growth factors and other nutritional requirements of the acetone-butanol organism Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biochem. J. 1940; 34: 1588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubbo S. D., Gillespie J. M. Para-amino benzoic acid as a bacterial growth factor. Nature (London) 1940; 146: 838
   Google Scholar
• Rubbo S. D., Maxwell M., Fairbridge R. A., Gillespie J. M. The bacteriology, growth factor requirements and fermentation reactions of Clostridium acetobutylicum (Weizmann). Aust. J. Exp. Biol. 1941; 19: 185
   Google Scholar
• Lampen J. O., Peterson W. H. Growth factor requirements of Clostridia. Arch. Biochem. 1943; 2: 443
   Google Scholar
• Perkins W. E. Production of clostridial spores. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1965; 28: 1
   Google Scholar
• Barker H. A. Bacterial Fermentations. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1956
   Google Scholar
• Ryden R. Development of anaerobic fermentation processes: acetone butanol. Biochemical Engineering Unit Processes in Fermentations, R. Steel. Macmillan, New York 1958; 125
   Google Scholar
• Wood W. A. Fermentation of carbohydrates and related compounds, chap. 2. The Bacteria, I. C. Gunsalus, R. Y. Stanier. Academic Press, New York 1961; Vol. 2
   Google Scholar
• Doelle H. W. Bacterial Metabolism2nd Ed. Academic Press, New York 1975; 574
   Google Scholar
• Robinson G. C. A study of the acetone butyl alcohol fermentation of various carbohydrates. J. Biol. Chem. 1922; 53: 125
   Google Scholar
• Speakman H. B. The biochemistry of the acetone and butyl alcohol fermentation of starch by Bacillus granulobacter pectinovorum. J. Biol. Chem. 1920; 51: 319
   Google Scholar
• Speakman H. B. Molecular configuration in the sugars and acid production by Bacillus granulobacter pectinovorum. J. Biol. Chem. 1923; 58: 395
   Google Scholar
• Peterson W. H., Fred E. B. Butyl-acetone fermentation of corn meal. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1932; 24: 237
   Google Scholar
• Peterson W. H., Johnson M. J. Fermentation of acetoacetic acid and pyruvic acid by the acetone-butanol organism Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Bacteriol. 1933; 25: 69
   Google Scholar
• Wood H. G., Brown R. W., Werkman C. H. Mechanism of the butyl alcohol fermentation with heavy carbon acetic and butyric acids and acetone. Arch. Biochem. 1945; 6: 243
   Google Scholar
• Stanier R. Y., Adelberg E. A., Ingraham J. L. The Microbial World4th Ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1976
   Google Scholar
• Beesch S. C. Acetone butanol fermentation of sugars. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1953; 44: 1677
   Google Scholar
• Calam C. Isolation of Clostridium acetobutylicum strains producing butanol and acetone. Biotechnol. Lett. 1980; 2: 111
   Google Scholar
• Long S., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Sporulation of Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 in a defined medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983; 45: 1389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma V. K., Hobson P. N. A sporulation medium for strict anaerobes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1985; 1: 32
   Google Scholar
• Bowring S. N., Morris J. G. Mutagenesis of Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1985; 58: 577
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu E. K. C., Saddler J. N. Enhanced acetone butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum grown on d-xylose in the presence of acetic or butyric acid. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1983; 18: 103
   Google Scholar
• Lee S. F., Forsberg C. W., Gibbins L. N. Cellulolytic activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985; 50: 220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teather R. M. Maintenance of laboratory strains of obligately anaerobic rumen bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44: 499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones D. T., van der Westhuizen A., Long S., Allcock E. R., Reid S. J., Woods D. R. Solvent production and morphological changes in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 43: 1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gapes J. R., Larsen V. F., Maddox I. S. A note on procedures for inoculum development for the production of solvents by a strain of Clostridium butylicum. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1983; 55: 363
   Google Scholar
• Monot F., Martin J., Petitdemange H., Gay R. Acetone and butanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in a synthetic medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44: 1318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien R. W., Morris J. G. Oxygen and the growth and metabolism of Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1971; 68: 307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hungate R. E. A roll tube method for cultivation of strict anaerobes, chap. 4. Methods in Microbiology, J. R. Norris, D. W. Ribbons. Academic Press, New York 1969; Vol. 3B
   Google Scholar
• Ounine K., Petitdemange H., Raval G., Gay R. Acetone-butanol production from pentoses by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Lett. 1983; 5: 605
   Google Scholar
• Maddox I. S., Murray E. Production of n-butanol by fermentation of wood hydrolysate. Biotechnol. Lett. 1983; 5: 175
   Google Scholar
• Marchal R., Rebeller M., Vandecasteele J. P. Direct bioconversion of alkali-pretreated straw using simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis and acetone-butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Lett. 1984; 6: 523
   Google Scholar
• Maddox I. S. Production of n-butanol from whey filtrate using Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIB 2951. Biotechnol. Lett. 1980; 2: 493
   Google Scholar
• Datta R., Zeikus J. G. Modulation of acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation by carbon monoxide and organic acids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985; 49: 522
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ensley B., McHugh J. J., Barton L. L. Effect of carbon sources on formation of α-amylase and glucoamylase by Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 1975; 21: 51
   Google Scholar
• Allcock E. R., Woods D. R. Carboxymethyl cellulase and cellobiase production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in an industrial fermentation medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1981; 41: 539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee S. F., Forsberg C. W., Gibbins L. N. Carboxymethylcellulase and cellobiase activities of Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. butylicum strains. Fifth Canadian Bioenergy Research and Development Seminar, S. Hasnain. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1984; 569
   Google Scholar
• Lee S. F., Forsberg C. W., Gibbins L. N. Xylanolytic activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985; 50: 1068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmell S. A., Datta R., Frankiewicz J. R. Fermentation of xylan by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol 1986; 8: 217
   Google Scholar
• Marchal R., Blanchet D., Vandecasteele J. P. Industrial optimization of acetone-butanol fermentation: a study of the utilization of Jerusalem artichokes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1985; 23: 92
   Google Scholar
• Compere A. L., Griffith W. L. Evaluation of substrates for butanol production. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 1979; 20: 509
   Google Scholar
• Hutkins R. W., Kashket E. R. Phosphotransferase activity in Clostridium acetobutylicum from acidogenic and solventogenic phases of growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986; 51: 1121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dills S. S., Apperson A., Schmidt M. R., Saier M. H., Jr. Carbohydrate transport in bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 1980; 44: 385
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ounine K., Petitdemange H., Raval G., Gay R. Regulation and butanol inhibition of d-xylose and d-glucose uptake in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 1985; 49: 874
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thauer R. K., Jungermann K., Decker K. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 1977; 41: 100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersch W., Bahl H., Gottschalk G. Level of enzymes involved in acetate, butyrate, acetone, and butanol formation by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1983; 18: 327
   Google Scholar
• Hartmanis M. G., Gatenbeck S. Intermediary metabolism in Clostridium acetobutylicum: levels of enzymes involved in the formation of acetate and butyrate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984; 47: 1277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmanis M. G. N., Klason T., Gatenbeck S. Uptake and activation of acetate and butyrate in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984; 20: 66
   Google Scholar
• Yerushalmi L., Volesky B., Szczesny T. Effect of increased hydrogen partial pressure on the acetone-butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1985; 22: 103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa J. M. Solvent toxicity in the acetone butanol fermentation. Proc. Ann. Biochem. Eng. Symp. 1981; 11: 83
   Google Scholar
• George H. A., Chen J. S. Acidic conditions are not obligatory for onset of butanol formation by Clostridium beijerinckii (synonym Clostridium butylicum). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983; 46: 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies R., Stephenson M. Studies on the acetone-butyl alcohol fermentation. I. Nutritional and other factors involved in the preparation of active suspensions of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biochem. J. 1941; 35: 1320
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottschal J. C., Morris J. G. The induction of acetone and butanol production in cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum by elevated concentrations of acetate and butyrate. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1981; 12: 385
   Google Scholar
• Monot F., Engasser J.-M., Petitdemange H. Influence of pH and undissociated butyric acid on the production of acetone and butanol in batch cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1984; 19: 422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottswald M., Gottschalk G. The internal pH of C. acetobutylicum and its effect on the shift from acid to solvent production. Arch. Microbiol. 1985; 143: 42
   Google Scholar
• Roos J. W., McLaughlin J. K., Papoutsakis E. T. The effect of pH on nitrogen supply, cell lysis, and solvent production in fermentations of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1985; 27: 681
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monot F., Engasser J.-M. Production of acetone and butanol by batch and continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum under nitrogen limitation. Biotechnol. Lett. 1983; 5: 213
   Google Scholar
• Bahl H., Andersch W., Gottschalk G. Continuous production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum in a two-stage phosphate-limited chemostat. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1982; 15: 201
   Google Scholar
• Andersch W., Bahl H., Gottschalk G. Acetone-butanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in an ammonium-limited chemostat at low pH values. Biotechnol. Lett. 1982; 4: 29
   Google Scholar
• Bahl H., Gottschalk G. Parameters affecting solvent production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in continuous culture. Proc. Ann. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 1984; 14: 215
   Google Scholar
• Doremus M. G., Linden J. C., Moreira A. R. Agitation and pressure effects on acetone-butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1985; 27: 852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim B. H., Bellows P., Datta R., Zeikus J. Control of carbon and electron flow in Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentations: utilization of carbon monoxide to inhibit hydrogen production and to enhance butanol yields. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984; 48: 764
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer C. L., McLaughlin J. K., Papoutsakis E. T. The effect of CO on growth and product formation in batch cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Lett. 1985; 7: 37
   Google Scholar
• Klei H. E., Sundstrom D. W., Miller J. E. Fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum under carbon dioxide pressure. Proc. Ann. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 1984; 14: 353
   Google Scholar
• Ingram L. O. Adaptation of membrane lipids to alcohols. J. Bacteriol. 1976; 125: 670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira A. R., Ulmer D. C., Linden J. C. Butanol toxicity in the butylic fermentation. Proc. Ann. Biotech. Bioeng. Symp. 1981; 11: 567
   Google Scholar
• Vollherbst-Schneck K., Sands J. A., Montenecourt B. S. Effect of butanol on lipid composition and fluidity of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984; 47: 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger B., Carty C. E., Ingram L. O. Alcohol-induced changes in the phospholipid molecular species of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1980; 142: 1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero A. A., Gomez R. F., Roberts M. F. Ethanol-induced changes in the membrane lipid composition of Clostridium thermocellum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1982; 693: 195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allcock E. R., Reid S. J., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Autolytic activity and an autolysin deficient mutant of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1981; 42: 929
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin Y.-L., Blaschek B. Butanol production by a butanol tolerant strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum in extruded corn broth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983; 45: 966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Westhuizen A., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Autolytic activity and butanol tolerance of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44: 1277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barber J. M., Robb F. T., Webster J. R., Woods D. R. Bacterocin production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in an industrial fermentation process. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1979; 37: 433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster J. R., Reid S. J., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Purification and characterization of an autolysin from Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1981; 41: 371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soucaille P., Goma G. Acetonobutylic fermentation by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824: autobacteriocin production, properties, and effects. Curr. Microbiol. 1986; 13: 163
   Google Scholar
• Long S., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Initiation of solvent production, clostridial stage and endospore formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1984; 20: 256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long S., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. The relationship between sporulation and solvent production in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262. Biotechnol. Lett. 1984; 6: 529
   Google Scholar
• Murrell W. G. The biochemistry of the bacterial endospore. Adv. Microbial Physiol. 1967; 1: 133
   Google Scholar
• Gottschal J. C., Morris J. G. Non-production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum during glucose and ammonia limitation in continuous culture. Biotechnol. Lett. 1981; 3: 525
   Google Scholar
• Meinecke B., Bahl H., Gottschalk G. Selection of an asporogenous strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum in continuous culture under phosphate limitation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984; 48: 1064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bahl H., Andersen W., Braun K., Gottschalk G. Effect of pH and butyrate concentration on the production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum grown in continuous culture. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1982; 14: 17
   Google Scholar
• Woods D. R., Jones D. T. Physiological responses of Bacteroides and Clostridium strains to environmental stress factors. Adv. Microbial Physiol. 1986; 28: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston N. C., Goldfine H. Lipid composition in the classification of the butyric acid-producing Clostridia. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1983; 129: 1075
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oulevey J., Bahl H., Thiele O. W. Novel alk-1-enyl ether lipids isolated from Clostridium acetobutylicum. Arch. Microbiol. 1986; 144: 166
   Google Scholar
• Bowles L. K., Ellefson W. L. Effects of butanol on Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985; 50: 1165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers P. Genetics and biochemistry of Clostridium relevant to development of fermentation processes. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 1986; 31: 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Gene transfer, recombination and gene cloning in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Microbiol. Sci. 1986; 3: 19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson L. A., Gates D. M., Ingledew W. M., Jones G. A. Use of the Hungate anaerobic technique in the isolation of phloroglucinol-negative mutants of Coprococcus species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1976; 31: 21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowlands R. T. Industrial strain improvement: mutagenesis and random screening procedures. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 1984; 6: 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowlands R. T. Industrial strain improvement: rational screens and genetic recombination techniques. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 1984; 6: 290
   Google Scholar
• Robson R. L., Robson R. M., Morris J. G. The biosynthesis of granulose by Clostridium pasteurianum. Biochem. J. 1974; 144: 503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sebald M., Costilow R. N. Minimal growth requirements for Clostridium perfringens and isolation of auxotrophic mutants. Appl. Microbiol. 1975; 29: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daldal F. Isolation of mutants of Clostridium pasteurianum. Arch. Microbiol. 1985; 142: 93
   Google Scholar
• Murray W. D., Wemyss K. B., Khan A. W. Increased ethanol production and tolerance by a pyruvate-negative mutant of Clostridium saccharolyticum. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1983; 18: 71
   Google Scholar
• Gomez R. F., Snedecor B., Mendez B. Development of genetic principles in Clostridium thermocellum. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 1981; 22: 87
   Google Scholar
• Hyun H. H., Zeikus J. G. Regulation and genetic enhancement of glucoamylase and pullulanase production in Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. J. Bacteriol. 1985; 164: 1146
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemmell S. A. Mutagenesis in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Lett. 1985; 7: 711
   Google Scholar
• Walker G. C. Mutagenesis and inducible responses to deoxyribonucleic acid damage in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 1984; 48: 60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopwood D. A. The isolation of mutants, chap. 6. Methods in Microbiology, J. R. Norris, D. W. Ribbons. Academic Press, New York 1970; Vol. 3A
   Google Scholar
• Hermann M., Fayolle F., Marchal R., Podvin L., Sebald M., Vandecasteele J.-P. Isolation and characterization of butanol-resistant mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985; 50: 1238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogata S., Hongo M. Bacteriophages of the genus Clostridium. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 1979; 25: 241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballongue J., Amine J., Masion E., Petitdemange H., Gay R. Induction of acetoacetate decarboxylase in Clostridium acetobutylicum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1985; 29: 273
   Google Scholar
• Dykhuizen D. E., Hartl D. L. Selection in chemostats. Microbiol. Rev. 1983; 47: 159
   Google Scholar
• Lin Y.-L., Blaschek H. P. Transformation of heat-treated Clostridium acetobutylicum protoplasts with pUB 110 plasmid DNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984; 48: 737
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid S. J., Allcock E. R., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Transformation of Clostridium acetobutylicum protoplasts with bacteriophage DNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983; 45: 305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oultram J. D., Young M. Conjugal transfer of plasmid pAMBl from Streptococcus lactis and Bacillus subtilis to Clostridium acetobutylicum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1985; 27: 129
   Google Scholar
• Reysset G., Sebald M. Conjugal transfer of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance from streptococci to Clostridium acetobutylicum. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 1985; 136B: 275
   Google Scholar
• Jones D. T., Jones W. A., Woods D. R. Production of recombinants after protoplast fusion in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1985; 131: 1213
   Google Scholar
• Allcock E. R., Reid S. J., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Clostridium acetobutylicum protoplast formation and regeneration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 43: 719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urano N., Karube I., Suzoki S., Yamada T. Isolation and partial characterization of large plasmids in hydrogen-evolving bacterium Clostridium butyricum. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1983; 17: 349
   Google Scholar
• Luczak H., Schwarzmoser H., Staudenbauer W. L. Construction of Clostridium butyricum hybrid plasmids and transfer to Bacillus subtilis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1985; 23: 114
   Google Scholar
• Trnffaut N., Sebald M. Plasmid detection and isolation in strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum and related species. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1983; 189: 178
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minton N., Morris J. G. Isolation and partial characterization of three cryptic plasmids from strains of Clostridium butyricum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1981; 127: 325
   Google Scholar
• Collins M. E., Oultram J. D., Young M. Identification of restriction fragments from two cryptic Clostridium butyricum plasmids that promote the establishment of a replication-defective plasmid in Bacillus subtilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1985; 131: 2097
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopwood D. A. Genetic studies with bacterial protoplasts. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1981; 35: 237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii K., Kudo T., Honda H., Horikoshi K. Molecular cloning of β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene from Clostridium butyricum M588. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1983; 47: 2313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karube I., Urano N., Yamada T., Hirschika H., Sakaguchi K. Cloning and expression of the hydrogenase gene from Clostridium butyricum in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 1983; 158: 119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graves M. C., Mullenbach G. T., Rabinowitz J. C. Cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985; 82: 1653
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millet J., Petre D., Beguin P., Raynaud O., Aubert J.-P. Cloning often distinct DNA fragments of Clostridium thermocellum coding for cellulases. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1985; 29: 145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaschek H. P. Customized microbes for the chemical industry. Ill. J. Res. 1983; 25: 14
   Google Scholar
• Lund B. M., Brocklehurst T. F., Wyatt G. M. Characterization of strains of Clostridium puniceum sp. nov., a pink-pigmented, pectolytic bacterium. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1981; 122: 17
   Google Scholar
• Detroy R. W., St. Julian G. Biomass conversion: fermentation chemicals and fuels. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1983; 10: 203
   Google Scholar
• Griffith W. L., Compere A. L., Googin J. M. Novel neutral solvent fermentations. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 1983; 24: 347
   Google Scholar
• Volesky B., Szczesny T. Bacterial conversion of pentose sugars to acetone and butanol. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 1983; 27: 101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibbs D. F. The rise and fall ( …, and rise?) of acetone-butanol fermentations. Trends Biotechnol. 1983; 1: 12
   Google Scholar
• Yu E. K. C., Chan M. K. H., Saddler J. N. Butanol production from cellulosic substrates by sequential co-culture of Clostridium thermocellum and C. acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Lett. 1985; 7: 509
   Google Scholar
• Schoutens G. H., Nieuwenhuizen M. C. H., Kossen N. W. F. Butanol from whey ultrafiltrate: batch experiments with Clostridium beijerinckii LMD 276. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1984; 19: 203
   Google Scholar
• Schoutens G. H., Groot W. J. Economic feasibility of the production of iso-propanol-butanol-ethanol fuels from whey permeate. Process Biochem. 1985; 20: 117
   Google Scholar
• Wassink Groot J. W. D., Hewitt G. M. Inducible and constitutive formation of β-fructofuranosidase (inulase) in batch and continuous cultures of the yeast Kluyveromyces fragilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1983; 129: 31
   Google Scholar
• Moreira A. R., Dale B. E., Doremus M. G. Utilization of the fermentor off-gases from an acetone-butanol fermentation. Proc. Ann. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 1982; 12: 263
   Google Scholar
• Cooney C. L. Bioreactors: design and operation. Science 1983; 219: 728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Brunt J. Fermentation economics. Biotechnology 1986; 4: 395
   Google Scholar
• Monot F., Engasser J.-M., Petitdemange H. Regulation of acetone butanol production in batch and continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Proc. Ann. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 1983; 13: 207
   Google Scholar
• Gottschal J. C., Morris J. G. Continuous production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum growing in turbidostat culture. Biotechnol. Lett. 1982; 4: 477
   Google Scholar
• Stephens G. M., Holt R. A., Gottschal J. C., Morris J. G. Studies on the stability of solvent production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in continuous culture. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1985; 59: 597
   Google Scholar
• Afschar A. S., Biebl H., Schaller K., Schugerl K. Production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum in continuous culture with cell recycle. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1985; 22: 394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fick M., Pierrot P., Engasser J. M. Optimal conditions for long-term stability of acetone-butanol production by continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol. Lett. 1985; 7: 503
   Google Scholar
• Gray G. C., Wallis D. A. Analysis of the acetone-butanol fermentation relative to bioreactor characteristics. Proc. Ann. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 1983; 13: 371
   Google Scholar
• Kolot F. B. Immobilized cells for solvent production. Process Biochem. 1984; 19: 7
   Google Scholar
• Haggstrom L. Immobilized cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum for butanol production. Adv. Biotechnol. 1980; 2: 79
   Google Scholar
• Largier S. T., Long S., Santangelo J. D., Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 mutants for solvent production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985; 50: 477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forberg C., Enfors S. O., Haggstrom L. Control of immobilized, non-growing cells for continuous production of metabolites. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1983; 17: 143
   Google Scholar
• Krouwel P. G., Groot W. J., Kossen N. W. F. Continuous IBE fermentation by immobilized cells in a stirred tank reactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1983; 25: 281
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krouwel P. G., Groot W. J., Kossen N. W. F., van der Laan W. F. M. Continuous isopropanol-butanol-ethanol fermentation by immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii cells in a packed bed fermenter. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 1983; 5: 46
   Google Scholar
• Forberg C., Haggstrom L. Control of cell adhesion and activity during continuous production of acetone and butanol with adsorbed cells. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 1986; 7: 231
   Google Scholar
• Asther M., Khan A. W. Conversion of cellobiose and xylose to ethanol by immobilized growing cells of Clostridium saccharolyticum on charcoal support. Biotechnol. Lett. 1984; 6: 809
   Google Scholar
• Bucke C. Immobilized cells. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 1983; 300: 369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chibata I., Tosa T., Fujimura M. Immobilized living microbial cells. Ann. Rep. Ferment. Proc. 1983; 6: 1
   Google Scholar
• Forberg C., Haggstrom L. Adsorbed cell systems controlled by the nutrient dosing technique. Third Eur. Congr. Biotechnol. Verlag-Chimie, Basel 1984; Vol. 2: 115
   Google Scholar
• Chibata I., Tosa T. Transformations of organic compounds by immobilized microbial cells. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 1977; 22: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagashima M., Azuma M., Naguchi S., Inuzuka K., Samejima H. Continuous ethanol fermentation using immobilized yeast cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1984; 26: 992
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leeper S. A. Membrane separations in the production of alcohol fuels by fermentation. Membrane Separations in Biotechnology, W. C. McGregor. Marcel Dekker, New York 1986; Vol. 1: 161
   Google Scholar
• Taya M., Ishii S., Kobayashi T. Monitoring and control for extractive fermentation of Clostridium acetobutylicum. J. Ferm. Technol. 1985; 63: 181
   Google Scholar
• Mattiasson B., Suominen M., Andersson E., Haggstrom L., Albertsson P. A., Hahn-Hagerdal B. Solvent production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in aqueous two-phase systems. Enzyme Engineering, I. Chibata, S. Fukui, L. B. Wingard. Plenum Press, New York 1981; Vol. 6: 153
   Google Scholar
• Noon R. Power grade butanol recovery and utilization. Fuel Alcohol U.S.A. 1982; 4: 15
   Google Scholar
• Larsson M., Hoist O., Mattiasson B. Butanol fermentation using a selective adsorbent for product recovery. Third Eur. Cong. Biotechnol. Verlag-Chimie, Basel 1984; Vol. 2: 313
   Google Scholar
• Groot W. J., Schoutens G. H., Van Beelen P. N., van der Oever C. E., Kossen N. W. F. Increase of substrate conversion by pervaporation in the continuous butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Lett. 1984; 6: 789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groot W. J., van der Oever C. E., Kossen N. W. F. Pervaporation for simultaneous product recovery in the butanol-isopropanol batch fermentation. Biotechnol. Lett. 1984; 6: 709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minier M., Goma G. Ethanol production by extractive fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1982; 24: 1565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones D. T., Woods D. R. Acetone-butanol fermentation revisited. Microbiol. Rev. 1986; 50: 484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ennis B. M., Gutierrez N. A., Maddox I. S. The acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation. A current assessment. Process Biochem. 1986; 21: 131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris J. G., personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Kropinski A. M. B., personal communication
   Google Scholar