973
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Caspofungin: Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and treatment outcomes

&
Pages 813-846 | Received 13 Mar 2015, Accepted 29 Jun 2015, Published online: 15 Sep 2015

References

  • Aliff TB, Maslak PG, Jurcic JG, et al. (2003). Refractory Aspergillus pneumonia in patients with acute leukemia. Cancer 97:1025–32
  • Antachopoulos C, Meletiadis J, Sein T, et al. (2007). Concentration-dependent effects of caspofungin on the metabolic activity of Aspergillus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:881–7
  • Antachopoulos C, Meletiadis J, Sein T, et al. (2008). Comparative in vitro pharmacodynamics of caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin against germinated and nongerminated Aspergillus conidia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:321–8
  • Arendrup MC, Garcia-Effron G, Lass-Florl C, et al. (2010). Echinocandin susceptibility testing of Candida species: comparison of EUCAST EDef 7.1 CLSI M27-A3, Etest, disk diffusion, and agar dilution methods with RPMI and IsoSensitest media. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:426–39
  • Arendrup MC, Perkhofer S, Howard SJ, et al. (2008). Establishing in vitro–in vivo correlations for Aspergillus fumigatus: the challenge of azoles versus echinocandins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3504–11
  • Arikan S, Lozano-Chiu M, Paetznick V, Rex JH. (2002). In vitro synergy of caspofungin and amphotericin B against Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:245–7
  • Balani SK, Xu X, Arison BH, et al. (2000). Metabolites of caspofungin acetate, a potent antifungal agent, in human plasma and urine. Drug Metab Dispos 28:1274–8
  • Beauvais A, Fontaine T, Aimanianda V, Latge JP. (2014). Aspergillus cell wall and biofilm. Mycopathologia 178:371–7
  • Beauvais A, Schmidt C, Guadagnini S, et al. (2007). An extracellular matrix glues together the aerial-grown hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Microbiol 9:1588–600
  • Bernard M, Latge JP. (2001). Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall: composition and biosynthesis. Med Mycol 39:9–17
  • Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, et al. (2009). A multicenter, double-blind trial of high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 48:1676–84
  • Beyda ND, John J, Kilic A, et al. (2014). FKS mutant Candida glabrata: risk factors and outcomes in patients with candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 59:819–25
  • Bink A, Kucharikova S, Neirinck B, et al. (2012). The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac potentiates the in vivo activity of caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms. J Infect Dis 206:1790–7
  • Bizerra FC, Melo AS, Katchburian E, et al. (2011). Changes in cell wall synthesis and ultrastructure during paradoxical growth effect of caspofungin on four different Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:302–10
  • Caillot D, Thiebaut A, Herbrecht R, et al. (2007). Liposomal amphotericin B in combination with caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized pilot study (Combistrat Trial). Cancer 110:2740–6
  • Caspofungin Acetate. (2014a). FDA advisory committee meeting background. Available from: http://www.fda/gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/briefing/3676b1_02.pdf [last accessed 29 Sep 2014]
  • Caspofungin (Cancidas®) Package Insert. (2014b). Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc.; 2014 September
  • Chamilos G, Lewis RE, Albert N, Kontoyiannis DP. (2007). Paradoxical effect of echinocandins across Candida species in vitro: evidence for echinocandin-specific and Candida species-related differences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2257–9
  • Chandrasekar PH, Sobel JD. (2006). Micafungin: a new echinocandin. Clin Infect Dis 42:1171–8
  • Chiller T, Farrokhshad K, Brummer E, Stevens DA. (2001). The interaction of human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils with caspofungin (MK-0991), an echinocandin, for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 39:99–103
  • Chryssanthou E, Cuenca-Estrella M. (2002). Comparison of the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing proposed standard and the E-test with the NCCLS broth microdilution method for voriconazole and caspofungin susceptibility testing of yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 40:3841–4
  • Clancy CJ, Huang H, Cheng S, et al. (2006). Characterizing the effects of caspofungin on Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata isolates by simultaneous time-kill and postantifungal-effect experiments. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:2569–72
  • Cleary JD, Garcia-Effron G, Chapman SW, Perlin DS. (2008). Reduced Candida glabrata susceptibility secondary to an FKS1 mutation developed during candidemia treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:2263–5
  • Clemons KV, Espiritu M, Parmar R, Stevens DA. (2006). Assessment of the paradoxical effect of caspofungin in therapy of candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1293–7
  • Clemons KV, Martinez M, Chen V, et al. (2011a). Efficacy of anidulafungin and caspofungin against a caspofungin-resistant isolate of Candida albicans in a murine model. 21st European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and 27th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Milan, Italy, Abstracts no. O483
  • Clemons KV, Schwartz JA, Stevens DA. (2011b). Therapeutic and toxicologic studies in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Med Mycol 49:834–47
  • Clemons KV, Schwartz JA, Stevens DA. (2012). Experimental central nervous system aspergillosis therapy: efficacy, drug levels and localization, immunohistopathology, and toxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:4439–49
  • Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, et al. (2012). ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(Suppl. 7):19–37
  • Cornely OA, Lasso M, Betts R, et al. (2007). Caspofungin for the treatment of less common forms of invasive candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:363–9
  • Cornely OA, Vehreschild JJ, Vehreschild MJ, et al. (2011). Phase II dose escalation study of caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:5798–803
  • Cota J, Carden M, Graybill JR, et al. (2006). In vitro pharmacodynamics of anidulafungin and caspofungin against Candida glabrata isolates, including strains with decreased caspofungin susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3926–8
  • Cota JM, Grabinski JL, Talbert RL, et al. (2008). Increases in SLT2 expression and chitin content are associated with incomplete killing of Candida glabrata by caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:1144–6
  • Cuenca-Estrella M, Gomez-Lopez A, Garcia-Effron G, et al. (2005). Combined activity in vitro of caspofungin, amphotericin B, and azole agents against itraconazole-resistant clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1232–5
  • Dannaoui E, Lortholary O, Dromer F. (2004). In vitro evaluation of double and triple combinations of antifungal drugs against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:970–8
  • Denning DW. (1997). Echinocandins and pneumocandins – a new antifungal class with a novel mode of action. J Antimicrob Chemother 40:611–14
  • De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al., European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. (2008). Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis 46:1813–21
  • Deresinski SC, Stevens DA. (2003). Caspofungin. Clin Infect Dis 36:1445–57
  • Di Bonaventura G, Spedicato I, Picciani C, et al. (2004). In vitro pharmacodynamic characteristics of amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole against bloodstream isolates of infrequent Candida species from patients with hematologic malignancies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:4453–6
  • Dimopoulou D, Hamilos G, Tzardi M, et al. (2014). Anidulafungin versus caspofungin in a mouse model of candidiasis caused by anidulafungin-susceptible Candida parapsilosis isolates with different degrees of caspofungin susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:229–36
  • Douglas C. (2001). Fungal beta (1,3)-d-glucan synthesis. Med Mycol 39(Suppl. 1):55–66
  • Douglas CM, Foor F, Marrinan JA, et al. (1994). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKS1 (ETG1) gene encodes an integral membrane protein which is a subunit of 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:12907–11
  • Douglas CM, D’Ippolito JA, Shei GJ, et al. (1997). Identification of the FKS1 gene of Candida albicans as the essential target of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2471–9
  • Dowell JA, Knebal W, Ludden T, et al. (2004). Population pharmacokinetic analysis of anidulafungin, an echinocandin antifungal. J Clin Pharmacol 44:590–8
  • Eggimann P, Garbino J, Pittet D. (2003). Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infect Dis 3:685–702
  • Elefanti A, Mouton JW, Verweij PE, et al. (2013). Amphotericin B-and voriconazole–echinocandin combinations against Aspergillus spp.: effect of serum on inhibitory and fungicidal interactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:4656–63
  • Ernst EJ, Klepser ME, Pfaller MA. (2000). Postantifungal effects of echinocandin, azole, and polyene antifungal agents against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:1108–11
  • Espinel-Ingroff A. (1998). Comparison of in vitro activities of the new triazole SCH56592 and the echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 36:2950–6
  • Espinel-Ingroff A. (2003). In vitro antifungal activities of anidulafungin and micafungin, licensed agents and the investigational triazole posaconazole as determined by NCCLS methods for 12,052 fungal isolates: review of the literature. Rev Iberoam Micol 20:121–36
  • Espinel-Ingroff A, Fothergill A, Fuller J, et al. (2011). Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for caspofungin and Aspergillus spp. for the CLSI broth microdilution method (M38-A2 Document). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:2855–9
  • Fattinger K, Cattori V, Hagenbuch B, et al. (2000). Rifamycin SV and rifampicin exhibit differential inhibition of the hepatic rat organic anion transporting polypeptides Oatp1 and Oatp2. Hepatology 32:82–6
  • Fink M, Zerlauth U, Kaulfersch C, et al. (2013). A severe case of haemodynamic instability during anidulafungin administration. J Clin Pharm Ther 38:241–2
  • Fiori B, Posteraro B, Torelli R, et al. (2011). In vitro activities of anidulafungin and other antifungal agents against biofilms formed by clinical isolates of different Candida and Aspergillus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:3031–5
  • Fleischhacker M, Radecke C, Schulz B, Ruhnke M. (2008). Paradoxical growth effects of the echinocandins caspofungin and micafungin, but not of anidulafungin, on clinical isolates of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27:127–31
  • Fortwendel JR, Juvvadi PR, Perfect BZ, et al. (2010). Transcriptional regulation of chitin synthases by calcineurin controls paradoxical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in response to caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1555–63
  • Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. (2011). Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 52:e56–93
  • Garcia-Agudo L, Garcia-Martos P, Martos-Canadas J, et al. (2012). Evaluation of the Sensititre Yeast One microdilution method for susceptibility testing of Candida species to anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin. Rev Esp Quimioter 25:256–60
  • Gauthier GM, Nork TM, Prince R, Andes D. (2005). Subtherapeutic ocular penetration of caspofungin and associated treatment failure in Candida albicans endophthalmitis. Clin Infect Dis 41:e27–8
  • Gonzalez GM, Tijerina R, Najvar LK, et al. (2001). Correlation between antifungal susceptibilities of Coccidioides immitis in vitro and antifungal treatment with caspofungin in a mouse model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1854–9
  • Graybill JR, Bocanegra R, Najvar LK, et al. (2003). Addition of caspofungin to fluconazole does not improve outcome in murine candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2373–5
  • Hakki M, Staab JF, Marr KA. (2006). Emergence of a Candida krusei isolate with reduced susceptibility to caspofungin during therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:2522–4
  • Hall RG 2nd, Swancutt MA, Meek C, et al. (2013). Weight drives caspofungin pharmacokinetic variability in overweight and obese people: fractal power signatures beyond two-thirds or three-fourths. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:2259–64
  • Herbrecht R, Maertens J, Baila L, et al. (2010). Caspofungin first-line therapy for invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: an European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer study. Bone Marrow Transplant 45:1227–33
  • Hohl TM, Feldmesser M, Perlin DS, Pamer EG. (2008). Caspofungin modulates inflammatory responses to Aspergillus fumigatus through stage-specific effects on fungal β-glucan exposure. J Infect Dis 198:176–85
  • Hope WW, Castagnola E, Groll AH, et al. for the ESCMID Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) (2012). ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: prevention and management of invasive infections in neonates and children caused by Candida spp. Clin Microbiol Infect 18:38–52
  • Joubert L-M., Ferreira JAG, Stevens DA, et al. (2015). Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms: a comparison of processing techniques for scanning electron microscopy of fungal mycelium and extracellular matrix. Microsc Microanal 21, in press
  • Jullien V, Blanchet B, Benyamina M, et al. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in two patients with burn injuries. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:4550–1
  • Kahn JN, Garcia-Effron G, Hsu MJ, et al. (2007). Acquired echinocandin resistance in a Candida krusei isolate due to modification of glucan synthase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:1876–8
  • Kartsonis N, Killar J, Mixson L, et al. (2005). Caspofungin susceptibility testing of isolates from patients with esophageal candidiasis or invasive candidiasis: relationship of MIC to treatment outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3616–23
  • Kim T, Hong H-L, Lee Y-M, et al. (2013). Is caspofungin really an effective treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection? Experiences at a single center and a literature review. Scand J Infect Dis 45:484–8
  • Kirkpatrick WR, Perea S, Coco BJ, Patterson TF. (2002). Efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with voriconazole in a guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:2564–8
  • Klis FM, de Groot P, Hellingwerf K. (2001). Molecular organization of the cell wall of Candida albicans. Med Mycol 39(Suppl. 1):1–8
  • Koch C, Uhle F, Wolff M, et al. (2015). Cardiac effects of echinocandins after central venous administration in adult rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:1612–19
  • Kontoyiannis DP, Hachem R, Lewis RE, et al. (2003). Efficacy and toxicity of caspofungin in combination with liposomal amphotericin B as primary or salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer 98:292–9
  • Kucharikova S, Tournu H, Lagrou K, et al. (2011). Detailed comparison of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms under different conditions and their susceptibility to caspofungin and anidulafungin. J Med Microbiol 60:1261–9
  • Kucharikova S, Sharma N, Spriet I, et al. (2013). Activities of systemically administered echinocandins against in vivo mature Candida albicans biofilms developed in a rat subcutaneous model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:2365–8
  • Lafaurie M, Lapalu J, Raffoux E, et al. (2010). High rate of breakthrough invasive aspergillosis among patients receiving caspofungin for persistent fever and neutropenia. Clin Micro Infect 16:1191–6
  • Lamaris GA, Lewis RE, Chamilos G, et al. (2008). Caspofungin-mediated β-glucan unmasking and enhancement of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity against Aspergillus and non-Aspergillus hyphae. J Infect Dis 198:186–92
  • Lee KK, Maccallum DM, Jacobsen MD, et al. (2012). Elevated cell wall chitin in Candida albicans confers echinocandin resistance in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:208–17
  • Lepak A, Castanheira M, Diekema D, et al. (2012). Optimizing echinocandin dosing and susceptibility breakpoint determination via in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation against Candida glabrata with and without fks mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:5875–82
  • Lewis RE, Albert ND, Kontoyiannis DP. (2008). Comparison of the dose-dependent activity and paradoxical effect of caspofungin and micafungin in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:1140–4
  • Lichtenstern C, Wolff M, Arens C, et al. (2013). Cardiac effects of echinocandin preparations: three case reports. J Clin Pharm Ther 38:429–31
  • Louie A, Deziel M, Liu W, et al. (2005). Pharmacodynamics of caspofungin in a murine model of systemic candidiasis: importance of persistence of caspofungin in tissues to understanding drug activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:5058–68
  • Loussert C, Schmitt C, Prevost MC, et al. (2010). In vivo biofilm composition of Aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Microbiol 12:405–10
  • Madureira A, Bergeron A, Lacroix C, et al. (2007). Breakthrough invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients treated with caspofungin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30:551–4
  • Maertens J, Glasmacher A, Herbrecht R, et al. (2006). Multicenter, noncomparative study of caspofungin in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy in adults with invasive aspergillosis. Cancer 107:2888–97
  • Maertens J, Raad I, Petrikkos G, et al. (2004). Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis 39:1563–71
  • Maertens JA, Madero L, Reilly AF, et al. (2010). A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empiric antifungal therapy in pediatric patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 29:415–20
  • Manavathu EK, Ramesh MS, Baskaran I, et al. (2004). A comparative study of the post-antifungal effect (PAFE) of amphotericin B, triazoles and echinocandins on Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 53:386–9
  • Marr KA, Boeckh M, Carter RA, et al. (2004a). Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 39:797–802
  • Marr KA, Hachem R, Papanicolaou G, et al. (2004b). Retrospective study of the hepatic safety profile of patients concomitantly treated with caspofungin and cyclosporine A. Transpl Infect Dis 6:110–16
  • Mavridou E, Meletiadis J, Rijs A, et al. (2015). The strength of synergistic interaction between posaconazole and caspofungin depends on the underlying azole resistance mechanism of Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:1738–44
  • Mazur P, Morin N, Baginsky W, et al. (1995). Differential expression and function of two homologous subunits of yeast 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase. Mol Cell Biol 15:5671–81
  • Melo AS, Colombo AL, Arthington-Skaggs BA. (2007). Paradoxical growth effect of caspofungin observed on biofilms and planktonic cells of five different Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:3081–8
  • Migoya EM, Mistry GC, Stone JA, et al. (2011). Safety and pharmacokinetics of higher doses of caspofungin in healthy adult participants. J Clin Pharmacol 51:202–11
  • Mistry GC, Migoya E, Deutsch PJ, et al. (2007). Single-and multiple-dose administration of caspofungin in patients with hepatic insufficiency: implications for safety and dosing recommendations. J Clin Pharmacol 47:951–61
  • Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C, et al. (2002). Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 347:2020–9
  • Moudgal V, Little T, Boikov D, Vazquez JA. (2005). Multiechinocandin-and multiazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis isolates serially obtained during therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:767–9
  • Mowat E, Lang S, Williams C, et al. (2008). Phase-dependent antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus developing multicellular filamentous biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 62:1281–4
  • Munro CA, Selvaggini S, de Bruijn I, et al. (2007). The PKC, HOG, and Ca2+ signaling pathways co-ordinately regulate chitin synthesis in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 63:1399–413
  • Nagappan V, Boikov D, Vazquez JA. (2010). Assessment of the in vitro kinetic activity of caspofungin against Candida glabrata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:522–5
  • Neely M, Jafri HS, Seibel N, et al. (2009). Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in older infants and toddlers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:1450–6
  • Ngai AL, Bourque MR, Lupinacci RJ, et al. (2011). Overview of safety experience with caspofungin in clinical trials conducted over the first 15 years: a brief report. Int J Antimicrob Agents 38:540–4
  • Nguyen KT, Ta P, Hoang BT, et al. (2009). Anidulafungin is fungicidal and exerts a variety of postantifungal effects against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:3347–52
  • Nguyen TH, Hoppe-Tichy T, Geiss HK, et al. (2007). Factors influencing caspofungin plasma concentrations in patients of a surgical intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:100–6
  • Nivoix Y, Velten M, Letscher-Bru V, et al. (2008). Factors associated with overall and attributable mortality in invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 47:1176–84
  • Odio CM, Araya R, Pinto LE, et al. (2004). Caspofungin therapy of neonates with invasive candidiasis. Pediat Infect Dis 23:1093–7
  • O’Shaughnessy EM, Meletiadis J, Stergiopoulou T, et al. (2006). Antifungal interactions within the triple combination of amphotericin B, caspofungin and voriconazole against Aspergillus species. J Antimicrob Chemother 58:1168–76
  • Osherov N, May GS, Albert ND, Kontoyiannis DP. (2002). Overexpression of Sbe2p, a Golgi protein, results in resistance to caspofungin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:2462–9
  • Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH, Pappas PG, et al. (2003). Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3149–54
  • Paderu P, Park S, Perlin DS. (2004). Caspofungin uptake is mediated by a high-affinity transporter in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:3845–9
  • Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, et al. (2009). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 48:503–35
  • Pappas PG, Rotstein CM, Betts RF, et al. (2007). Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 45:883–93
  • Park S, Kelly R, Kahn JN, et al. (2005). Specific substitutions in the echinocandin target Fks1p account for reduced susceptibility of rare laboratory and clinical Candida spp. isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3264–73
  • Pasquale T, Tomada JR, Ghannoun MA, et al. (2008). Emergence of Candida tropicalis resistant to caspofungin [letter]. J Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:219
  • Perea S, Gonzalez G, Fothergill AW, et al. (2002). In vitro interaction of caspofungin acetate with voriconazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3039–41
  • Perlin DS. (2007). Resistance to echinocandin-class antifungal drugs. Drug Resist Updat 10:121–30
  • Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, et al. (2006). In vitro susceptibilities of Candida spp. to caspofungin: four years of global surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 44:760–3
  • Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, et al. (2008a). In vitro susceptibility of invasive isolates of Candida spp. to anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin: six years of global surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 46:150–6
  • Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, et al. (2009). In vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. to anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin: a head-to-head comparison using the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution method. J Clin Microbiol 47:3323–5
  • Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, et al. (2010). Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for the echinocandins and Candida spp. J Clin Microbiol 48:52–6
  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Andes D, et al. (2011). Clinical breakpoints for the echinocandins and Candida revisited: integration of molecular, clinical, and microbiological data to arrive at species-specific interpretive criteria. Drug Resist Updat 14:164–76
  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. (2008b). Correlation of MIC with outcome for Candida species tested against caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin: analysis and proposal for interpretive MIC breakpoints. J Clin Microbiol 46:2620–9
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, et al. (2004). Further standardization of broth microdilution methodology for in vitro susceptibility testing of caspofungin against Candida species by use of an international collection of more than 3000 clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 42:3117–19
  • Pham CD, Iqbal N, Bolden CB, et al. (2014). Role of FKS mutations in Candida glabrata: MIC values, echinocandin resistance, and multidrug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:4690–6
  • Popolo L, Gualtieri T, Ragni E. (2001). The yeast cell-wall salvage pathway. Med Mycol 39(Suppl. 1):111–21
  • Powles MA, Liberator P, Anderson J, et al. (1998). Efficacy of MK-991 (L-743,872), a semisynthetic pneumocandin, in murine models of Pneumocystis carinii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1985–9
  • Prabhu RM, Orenstein R. (2004). Failure of caspofungin to treat brain abscesses secondary to Candida albicans prosthetic valve endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis [letter] 39:1253–4
  • Raad II, Hanna HA, Boktour M, et al. (2008). Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin. Leukemia 22:496–503
  • Ramage G, VandeWalle K, Bachmann SP, et al. (2002). In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of three antifungal agents against preformed Candida albicans biofilms determined by time-kill studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3634–6
  • Reed C, Bryant R, Ibrahim AS, et al. (2008). Combination polyene-caspofungin treatment of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis 47:364–71
  • Reichhardt C, Ferreira JAG, Joubert L, et al. (2015). Analysis of the Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm extracellular matrix by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Eukaryotic Cell. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1128/EC.00050-15
  • Reminiac F, Sonneville R, Massias L, et al. (2014). Very-high-dose caspofungin combined with voriconazole to treat central nervous system aspergillosis: substantial penetration of caspofungin into cerebrospinal fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:3568–9
  • Ricciardi A, Maffongelli G, Di Veroli A, et al. (2013). Caspofungin as salvage treatment in immunocompromised patients with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. 53rd Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother, abstract no. M-240
  • Rocha EM, Garcia-Effron G, Park S, Perlin DS. (2007). A Ser678Pro substitution in Fks1p confers resistance to echinocandin drugs in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:4174–6
  • Rueda C, Cuenca-Estrella M, Zaragoza O. (2014). Paradoxical growth of Candida albicans in the presence of caspofungin is associated with multiple cell wall rearrangements and decreased virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:1071–83
  • Ryan DM, Lupinacci RJ, Kartsonis NA. (2011). Efficacy and safety of caspofungin in obese patients. Med Mycol 49:748–54
  • Saez-Llorens X, Macias M, Maiya P, et al. (2009). Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in neonates and infants less than 3 months of age. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:869–75
  • Sandhu P, Lee W, Xu X, et al. (2005). Hepatic uptake of the novel antifungal agent caspofungin. Drug Metab Dispos 33:676–82
  • Saner F, Gensicke J, Rath P, et al. (2006). Safety profile of concomitant use of caspofungin and cyclosporine or tacrolimus in liver transplant patients. Infection 34:328–32
  • Sanz-Rodriguez C, Lopez-Duarte M, Jurado M, et al. (2004). Safety of the concomitant use of caspofungin and cyclosporin A in patients with invasive fungal infections. Bone Marrow Transplant 34:13–20
  • Sarkar S, Uppuluri P, Pierce CG, Lopez-Ribot JL. (2014). In vitro study of sequential fluconazole and caspofungin treatment against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:1183–6
  • Schuetzer-Muehlbauer M, Willinger B, Krapf G, et al. (2003). The Candida albicans Cdr2p ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter confers resistance to caspofungin. Mol Microbiol 48:225–35
  • Seidler MJ, Salvenmoser S, Muller FMC. (2008). Aspergillus fumigatus forms biofilms with reduced antifungal drug susceptibility on bronchial epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:4130–6
  • Shen Y-C, Liang C-Y, Wang C-Y, et al. (2014). Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravitreal caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:7234–9
  • Shields RK, Nguyen MH, Du C, et al. (2011). Paradoxical effect of caspofungin against Candida bloodstream isolates is mediated by multiple pathways but eliminated in human serum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:2641–7
  • Shields RK, Nguyen MH, Press E, Clancy CJ. (2014). Abdominal candidiasis is a hidden reservoir of echinocandin resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:7601–5
  • Shinde RB, Chauhan NM, Raut JS, Karuppayil SM. (2012). Sensitization of Candida albicans biofilms to various antifungal drugs by cyclosporine A. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 11:27--34
  • Simitsopoulou M, Peshkova P, Tasina E, et al. (2013). Species-specific and drug-specific differences in susceptibility of Candida biofilms to echinocandins: characterization of less common bloodstream isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:2562–70
  • Singh G, Imai J, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. (2005). Efficacy of caspofungin against central nervous system Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice determined by Taqman polymerase chain reaction and colony forming units methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1369–76
  • Singh N, Limaye AP, Forrest G, et al. (2006). Combination of voriconazole and caspofungin as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Transplantation 81:320–6
  • Staab JF, Kahn JN, Marr KA. (2010). Differential Aspergillus lentulus echinocandin susceptibilities are Fksp independent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4992–8
  • Steinbach WJ, Schell WA, Blankenship JR, et al. (2004). In vitro interactions between antifungals and immunosuppressants against Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:1664–9
  • Stevens DA. (2002). Drug interaction of caspofungin with conventional agents against pathogens of endemic mycoses. 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, Abstracts, no. M-863
  • Stevens DA. (2008). A possible mechanism for synergy between antifungal therapy and immune defenses. J Infect Dis 198:159–62
  • Stevens DA. (2013). Reflections on the approach to treatment of a mycologic disaster. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:1567–72
  • Stevens DA, Espiritu M, Parmar R. (2004). Paradoxical effect of caspofungin: reduced activity against Candida albicans at high drug concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:3407–11
  • Stevens DA, Ichinomiya M, Koshi Y, Horiuchi H. (2006a). Escape of Candida from caspofungin inhibition at concentrations above the MIC (paradoxical effect) accomplished by increased cell wall chitin; evidence for β-1,6-glucan synthesis inhibition by caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3160–1
  • Stevens DA, McCullough MJ, Clemons KV, Martinez MC. (2006b). Candida dubliniensis, a species with an extremely high frequency of paradoxical effect with caspofungin. 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, Abstracts, no. M-1756
  • Stevens DA, White TC, Perlin DS, Selitrennikoff CP. (2005). Studies of the paradoxical effect of caspofungin at high drug concentrations. Diagn Micro Infect Dis 51:173–8
  • Stone JA, Holland SD, Wickersham PJ, et al. (2002). Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in healthy men. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:739–45
  • Stone JA, Migoya EM, Hickey L, et al. (2004a). Potential for interactions between caspofungin and nelfinavir or rifampin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:4306–14
  • Stone JA, Xu X, Winchell GA, et al. (2004b). Disposition of caspofungin: role of distribution in determining pharmacokinetics in plasma. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:815–23
  • Sun P, Tong Z. (2014). Efficacy of caspofungin, a 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase inhibitor, on Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats. Med Mycol 52:798–803
  • Tawara S, Ikeda F, Maki K, et al. (2000). In vitro activities of a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, FK463, against a variety of clinically important fungi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:57–62
  • Thompson GR 3rd, Wiederhold NP, Vallor AC, et al. (2008). Development of caspofungin resistance following prolonged therapy for invasive candidiasis secondary to Candida glabrata infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3783–5
  • Utili R, Durante-Mangoni E, Basilico C, et al. (2007). Efficacy of caspofungin addition to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment for severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 84:1–4
  • Ullmann AJ, Akova M, Herbrecht R, et al. (2012). ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: adults with haematological malignancies and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Clin Microbiol Infect 18:53–67
  • van Asbeck EC, Hoepelman AI, Scharringa J, Verhoef J. (2008). The echinocandin caspofungin impairs the innate immune mechanism against Candida parapsilosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 33:21–6
  • Venisse N, Gregoire N, Marliat M, Couet W. (2008). Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models of in vitro fungistatic and fungicidal effects against Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:937–43
  • Villanueva A, Gotuzzo E, Arathoon EG, et al. (2002). A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am J Med 113:294–9
  • Viscoli C, Herbrecht R, Akan H, et al. (2009). An EORTC phase II study of caspofungin as first-line therapy of invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 64:1274–81
  • Vitale RG, de Hoog GS, Schwarz P, et al. (2012). Antifungal susceptibility and phylogeny of opportunistic members of the order Mucorales. J Clin Microbiol 50:66–75
  • Walker LA, Gow NA, Munro CA. (2013). Elevated chitin content reduces the susceptibility of Candida species to caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:146–54
  • Walsh TJ, Adamson PC, Seibel NL, et al. (2005). Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of caspofungin in children and adolescents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:4536–45
  • Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, et al. (2008). Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Disease Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 46:327–60
  • Walsh TJ, Teppler H, Donowitz GR, et al. (2004). Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. New Engl J Med 351:1391–402
  • Wang JL, Chang CH, Young-Xu Y, Chan KA. (2010). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the tolerability and hepatotoxicity of antifungals in empirical and definitive therapy for invasive fungal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:2409–19
  • Weiler S, Seger C, Pfisterer H, et al. (2013). Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:4053–7
  • Wiederhold NP. (2009). Paradoxical echinocandin activity: a limited in vitro phenomenon? Med Mycol 47(Suppl. 1):5369–75
  • Wiederhold NP, Grabinski JL, Garcia-Effron G, et al. (2008). Pyrosequencing to detect mutations in FKS1 that confer reduced echinocandin susceptibility in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:4145–8
  • Wiederhold NP, Kontoyiannis DP, Chi J, et al. (2004). Pharmacodynamics of caspofungin in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: evidence of concentration-dependent activity. J Infect Dis 190:1464–71
  • Wiederhold NP, Kontoyiannis DP, Prince RA, Lewis RE. (2005). Attenuation of the activity of caspofungin at high concentrations against Candida albicans: possible role of cell wall integrity and calcineurin pathways. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:5146–8
  • Wurthwein G, Cornely OA, Trame MN, et al. (2013). Population pharmacokinetics of escalating doses of caspofungin in a phase II study of patients with invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:1664–71
  • Zaoutis TE, Jafri HS, Huang LM, et al. (2009a). A prospective, multicenter, study of caspofungin for the treatment of documented Candida or Aspergillus infections in pediatric patients. Pediatrics 123:877–84
  • Zaoutis T, Lehrnbecher T, Groll AH, et al. (2009b). Safety experience with caspofungin in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:1132–5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.