477
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Toxicology and human health assessment of decabromodiphenyl ether

, &
Pages 1-44 | Received 11 Feb 2009, Accepted 24 Aug 2009, Published online: 29 Oct 2009

References

  • Ahrens M (2008). Home Fires that Began with Upholstered Furniture. Quincy, MA, USA: National Fire Protection Association. Available at http://www.arfireprevention.org/pdf/Home_Fires_that_began_with_Upholstered_Furniture.pdf (accessed on February 2, 2009).
  • ATSDR (2004). Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Atlanta, GA, USA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
  • Banasik M, Hardy M, Muro-Cacho C, Hover CG, Stedeford T (2009). Developmental immunotoxicity and the importance of controlling for litter effects. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.08.003 (available at http://www.doi.org).
  • Birnbaum LS, Culpepper BT (1999). Research integrity: a government perspective. Prof Ethics 7:59–68.
  • Carlson GP (1980). Induction of xenobiotic metabolism in rats by short-term administration of brominated diphenyl ethers. Toxicol Lett 5:19–25.
  • CPTC (1978). A Dermal LD50 Study in Albino Rabbits and an Inhalation LD50 Study in Albino Rats. Experiment Reference No.: 78385-2. Fairfield, NJ, USA: Consumer Product Testing Company, Inc.
  • ECHA (2008). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment. Chapter R.4: Evaluation of available information. Guidance for the implementation of REACH. European Chemicals Agency, 1-23. Available at http://guidance.echa.europa.eu/docs/guidance_document/information_requirements_r4_en.pdf?vers=20_08_08 (accessed on February 2, 2009).
  • El Dareer SM, Kalin JR, Tillery KF, Hill DL (1987). Disposition of decabromobiphenyl ether in rats dosed intravenously or by feeding. J Toxicol Environ Health 22:405–415.
  • EPA (1995). MEMORANDUM—Subject: Guidelines for study rejection based on GLP considerations. From: Dan Barolo, Director, Office of Pesticide Programs; to: All Division Directors, Office of Pesticide Programs. Washington, DC, USA: Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances.
  • EPA (1998a). OPPTS 870.3700 Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study. EPA 712-C-98-207.
  • EPA (1998b). OPPTS 870.4200 Carcinogenicity. EPA 712-C-98-211.
  • EPA (1998c). OPPTS 870.4300 Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity. EPA 712-C-98-212.
  • EPA (1998d). OPPTS 870.6200 Neurotoxicity Screening Battery. EPA 712-C-98-238.
  • EPA (1998e). OPPTS 870.6300 Developmental Neurotoxicity Study. EPA 712-C-98-239.
  • EPA (2000). Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance Document. EPA/630/R-00/001.
  • EPA (2003). A Summary of General Assessment Factors for Evaluating the Quality of Scientific and Technical Information. EPA 100/B-03/001.
  • EPA (2007a). External Peer Review, Toxicological Review for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), Human Health Assessment, FINAL REPORT. Note: the panel Chair’s name and comments were later removed in their entirety from the FINAL REPORT because of nondisclosure of conflicts of interest. See: IRIS Toxicological Review and Summary Documents for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (External Peer Review). Available at http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=468479 (updated document with panel Chair’s name and comments removed) (accessed on February 2, 2009).
  • EPA (2007b). External Peer Review, Toxicological Review for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), Human Health Assessment, FINAL REPORT. With the panel Chair’s name and comments.
  • EPA (2007c). Reference Dose (RfD), IRIS Glossary. Integrated Risk Information System. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/help_gloss.htm#r (accessed on February 2, 2009).
  • EPA (1989). Good Laboratory Practice Standards. 40 Code of Federal Regulations FR Part 792.
  • EPA (1994). Methods for Derivation of Inhalation Reference Concentrations and Application of Inhalation Dosimetry. EPA/600/8-90/066F.
  • EPA (1996). Good Laboratory Practice Standards. 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 160.
  • EPA (1998f). Assessment of Thyroid Follicular Cell Tumors. EPA/630/R-97/002.
  • EPA (2002). A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes. EPA/630/P-02/002F.
  • EPA (2006). Harmonization in Interspecies Extrapolation: Use of BW3/4 as Default Method in Derivation of the Oral RfD. EPA/630/R-06/001.
  • EPA (2008). Toxicological Review of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) (CAS No. 1163-19-5). In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-07/008F.
  • Eriksson P, von Rosen D, Viberg H, Fredriksson A (2005). Developmental toxicology in the neonatal mouse: the use of randomly selected individuals as statistical unit compared to the litter in mice neonatally exposed to PBDE 99. Toxicologist 84:219–220 (Abstract No. 1074).
  • Eriksson P, Viberg H (2005). 5. Tiered Testing in Mammals—The Neonatal Animal Model. In: Hansson SO, Rudén C, eds. Science for a Safe Chemical Environment. Stockholm, Sweden: US-AB Universitetsservice AB, 103–133.
  • FDA (2002). Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies. 21 Code of Federal Regulations. Part 58.
  • Festing MFW (2006). Design and statistical methods in studies using animal models of development. ILAR J 47:5–14.
  • Fischer C, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P (2008). Co-exposure of neonatal mice to a flame retardant PBDE 99 (2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether) and methyl mercury enhances developmental neurotoxic defects. Toxicol Sci 101:275–285. Comment in: Toxicol Sci (2008) 103:409–410, author reply 411–413.
  • FOAA (2007). Subject: RE: FOIA request for Individual Animal Data for Rice et al. Study. From: Andrew E. Smith; to: Marek Banasik; cc: Vincent Markowski, Nancy Bearsdley, Marina Thibeau, Deborah Rice, Paul Gauvreau. E-mail communication sent on August 15, 2007 at 6:01 pm (copy available on request).
  • FOIA (2007). Freedom of Information Act Request: HQ-RIN-01639-07. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency. August 15, 2007 (copy available on request).
  • FOIA (2008). Re: Freedom of Information Act Appeal HQ-RIN-00404-08-A [HQ-APP-00068-08]. December 19, 2008. Washington, DC, USA; US Environmental Protection Agency (copy available on request).
  • Gebbink WA, Sonne C, Kirkegaard M, Riget FF, Born EW, Letcher RJ (2006). Chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their metabolic/degradation products: bioaccumulation and distribution in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida). Presented at The 26th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants—DIOXIN2006, Oslo, Norway, August 21 – 25, 2006. Available at http://www.dioxin2006.org (accessed on February 2, 2009).
  • GLCC (1974). Toxicity data on DBDPO (DE-83). Acute Inhalation Toxicity in the Male Albino Rat. Unpublished laboratory report. West Lafayette, IN, USA: Great Lakes Chemical Corporation.
  • Goodman DG, Boorman GA, Strandberg JD (1994). 17. Selection and use of the B6C3F1 mouse and F344 rat in long-term bioassays for carcinogenicity. In: Milman HA, Weisburger EK, eds. Handbook of Carcinogen Testing. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ, USA: Noyes Publications, 347–390.
  • Goodman JE (2009). Neurodevelopmental effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and implications for the reference dose. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 54:91–104.
  • Hanley TR Jr (1985). Decabromodiphenyloxide: A Summary of an Oral Teratology Study in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Midland, MI, USA: The Dow Chemical Company.
  • Hardy M, Ranken P, Hsu C-H, Stedeford T (2008). van der Ven et al (2008): Deriving risks based on model parameters rather than experimental data (Toxicol Lett 179:6–14). Toxicol Lett 182:127–129, author reply 130–132.
  • Hardy ML (2002). The toxicology of the three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide (ether) flame retardants. Chemosphere 46:757–777.
  • Hardy ML, Schroeder R, Biesemeier J, Manor O (2002). Prenatal oral (gavage) developmental toxicity study of decabromodiphenyl oxide in rats. Int J Toxicol 21:83–91.
  • Holson RR, Pearce B (1992). Principles and pitfalls in the analysis of prenatal treatment effects in multiparous species. Neurotoxicol Teratol 14:221–228.
  • Holson RR, Freshwater L, Maurissen JPJ, Moser VC, Phang W (2008). Statistical issues and techniques appropriate for developmental neurotoxicity testing: a report from the ILSI Research Foundation/Risk Science Institute expert working group on neurodevelopmental endpoints. Neurotoxicol Teratol 30:326–348.
  • Huff JE, Eustis SL, Haseman JK (1989). Occurrence and relevance of chemically induced benign neoplasms in long-term carcinogenicity studies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 8:1–21. Erratum in: Cancer Metastasis Rev (1989) 8:281.
  • Hughes MF, Edwards BC, Mitchell CT, Bhooshan B (2001). In vitro dermal absorption of flame retardant chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 39:1263–1270.
  • Huwe JK, Smith DJ (2007). Accumulation whole-body depletion and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether in male Sprague-Dawley rats following dietary exposure. Environ Sci Technol 41:2371–2377. Erratum in: Environ Sci Technol 41:4486.
  • Huwe JK, Hakk H, Smith DJ, Diliberto JJ, Richardson V, Stapleton HM, Birnbaum LS (2008). Comparative absorption and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers following ingestion via dust and oil in male rats. Environ Sci Technol 42:2694–2700.
  • IARC (1990). Some Flame Retardants and Textile Chemicals, and Exposures in the Textile Manufacturing Industry. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 48:73–84.
  • IBTL (1975). Human Repeated Insult Patch Test with DBDO-1 and XD8186.02. IBT No. 636-06545. Northbrook, IL, USA: Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc.
  • Johansson N, Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P (2008). Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice. Neurotoxicology 29:911–919.
  • Kierkegaard A, Asplund L, de Wit CA, McLachlan MS, Thomas GO, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC (2007). Fate of higher brominated PBDEs in lactating cows. Environ Sci Technol 41:417–423.
  • Klasson Wehler E, Hovander L, Lund B-O (1996). 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl: comparative metabolism in mink (Mustela vison) and mouse. Chem Res Toxicol 9:1340–1349.
  • Klimisch HJ, Andreae M, Tillmann U (1997). A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25:1–5.
  • Kociba RJ, Frauson LO, Humiston CC, Norris JM, Wade CE, Lisowe RW, Quast JF, Jersey CC, Jewett GL (1975a). Initial Submission: Results of a Two-Year Dietary Feeding Study with Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) in Rats. EPA/OTS 0794-1103. Midland, MI, USA: Dow Chemical.
  • Kociba RJ, Frauson LO, Humiston CG, Norris JM, Wade CE, Lisowe RW, Quast JF, Jersey CC, Jewett GL (1975b). Results of a two-year dietary feeding study with decabromodiphenyl Oxide (DBDPO) in rats. JFF/Combust Toxicol 2:267–285.
  • Makris SL, Raffaele K, Allen S, Bowers WJ, Hass U, Alleva E, Calamandrei G, Sheets L, Amcoff P, Delrue N, Crofton KM (2009). A retrospective performance assessment of the developmental neurotoxicity study in support of OECD test guideline 426. Environ Health Perspect 117:17–25.
  • Malmberg T, Athanasiadou M, Marsh G, Brandt I, Bergman A (2005). Identification of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in blood plasma from polybrominated diphenyl ether exposed rats. Environ Sci Technol 39:5342–5348.
  • Maronpot RR, Montgomery CA Jr, Boorman GA, McConnell EE (1986). National Toxicology Program nomenclature for hepatoproliferative lesions of rats. Toxicol Pathol 14:263–273.
  • McGregor DB, Brown A, Cattanach P, Edwards I, McBride D, Riach C, Caspary WJ (1988). Responses of the L5178Y tk+/tk− mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay: III. 72 coded chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen 12:85–154. Erratum in: Environ Mol Mutagen (1988) 12:345.
  • Mörck A, Hakk H, örn U, Klasson Wehler E (2003). Decabromodiphenyl ether in the rat: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drug Metab Dispos 31:900–907.
  • Moser VC, Walls I, Zoetis T (2005). Direct dosing of preweaning rodents in toxicity testing and research: deliberations of an ILSI RSI Expert Working Group. Int J Toxicol 24:87–94.
  • Mullins R (2006). Fire Hazard Prompts Gigantic Dell Laptop Battery Recall. Available at http://www.pcworld.com/printable/article/id,126735/printable.html (accessed on February 2, 2009).
  • Norris JM, Ehrmantraut JW, Gibbons CL, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA, Rose JQ, Humiston CG, Jewett GL, Crummett WB, Gehring PJ, Tirsell JB, Brosier JS (1973). Toxicological and environmental factors involved in the selection of decabromodiphenyl oxide as a fire retardant chemical. Appl Pol Symp 22:195–219.
  • Norris JM, Ehrmantraut JW, Gibbons CL, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA, Rose JQ, Humiston CG, Jewett GL, Crummett WB, Gehring PJ, Tirsell JB, Brosier JS (1974). Toxicological and environmental factors involved in the selection of decabromodiphenyl oxide as a fire retardant chemical. JFF/Combust Toxicol 1:52–77.
  • Norris JM, Kociba RJ, Schwetz BA, Rose JQ, Humiston CG, Jewett GL, Gehring PJ, Mailhes JB (1975). Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide. Environ Health Perspect 11:153–161.
  • NRC (2000). 5. Decabromodiphenyl oxide. In: Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals. National Research Council. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press, 72–98.
  • NTP (1986). Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Decabromodiphenyl Oxide (CAS No. 1163-19-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Toxicology Program. Technical Report Series No. 309.
  • NTP (2005). 11th Report on Carcinogens—Factsheet. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Toxicology Program. Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=C93A7BFD-F1F6-975E-79175836BE119887 (accessed on February 2, 2009).
  • OECD (1981a). OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Carcinogenicity Studies. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 451.
  • OECD (1981b). OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 453.
  • OECD (1998). OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring. Number 1. OECD Principles on Good Laboratory Practice (as revised in 1997). Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. ENV/MC/CHEM(98)17.
  • OECD (2001). OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD/OCDE 414.
  • OECD (2007). OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Developmental Neurotoxicity Study. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD/OCDE 426.
  • OSHA (2008). 13 Carcinogens (4-Nitrobiphenyl, etc.). 29 Code of Federal Regulations Standard 1910.1003. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
  • Pacyniak EK, Cheng X, Cunningham ML, Crofton K, Klaassen CD, Guo GL (2007). The flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, are pregnane X receptor activators. Toxicol Sci 97:94–107.
  • Rice DC, Reeve EA, Herlihy A, Zoeller RT, Thompson WD, Markowski VP (2007). Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether. Neurotoxicol Teratol 29:511–520.
  • Riu A, Cravedi J-P, Debrauwer L, Garcia A, Canlet C, Jouanin I, Zalko D (2008). Disposition and metabolic profiling of [14C]-Decabromodiphenyl ether in pregnant Wistar rats. Environ Int 34:318–329.
  • Sandholm A, Emanuelsson B-M, Klasson Wehler E (2003). Bioavailability and half-life of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in rat. Xenobiotica 33:1149–1158.
  • Schwetz BA, Smith FA, Nitschke KD, Humiston CG, Jersey GC, Kociba RJ (1975). Results of a Reproduction Study in Rats Maintained on Diets Containing Decabromodiphenyl Oxide. Midland, MI, USA: Dow Chemical.
  • Silberberg H, Jacobi S, Stedeford T, Biesemeier J, Ariano J, Beck M (2009). An oral developmental neurotoxicity study of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in rats. Presented at BFR2009, 11th Annual Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants, May 19-20, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Stapleton HM, Kelly SM, Pei R, Letcher RJ, Gunsch C (2009). Metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by human hepatocytes in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 117:197-202.
  • Stedeford T, Zhao QJ, Dourson ML, Banasik M, Hsu C-H (2007). The application of non-default uncertainty factors in the US EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Part I: UFL, UFS, and “other uncertainty factors.” J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 25:245–279.
  • Thomas GO, Moss SEW, Asplund L, Hall AJ (2005). Absorption of decabromodiphenyl ether and other organohalogen chemicals by grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Environ Pollut 133:581–586.
  • Tseng L-H, Lee C-W, Pan M-H, Tsai S-S, Li M-H, Chen J-R, Lay J-J, Hsu P-C (2006). Postnatal exposure of the male mouse to 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabrominated diphenyl ether: decreased epididymal sperm functions without alterations in DNA content and histology in testis. Toxicology 224:33–43.
  • Tseng L-H, Li M-H, Tsai S-S, Lee C-W, Pan M-H, Yao W-J, Hsu P-C (2008). Developmental exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209): effects on thyroid hormone and hepatic enzyme activity in male mouse offspring. Chemosphere 70:640–647.
  • Van der Ven LT, van de Kuil T, Leonards PE, Slob W, Canton RF, Germer S, Visser TJ, Litens S, Hakansson H, Schrenk D, van den Berg M, Piersma AH, Vos JG, Opperhuizen A (2008). A 28-day oral dose study in Wistar rats enhanced to detect endocrine effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). Toxicol Lett 179:6–14.
  • Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Jakobsson E, örn U, Eriksson P (2003). Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development. Toxicol Sci 76:112–120. Comment in: Toxicol Sci (2004) 79:205–206, author reply 207–208; comment in: Toxicol Sci (2004) 81:528–529.
  • Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P (2007). Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209). Neurotoxicology 28:136–142.
  • Viberg H, Mundy W, Eriksson P (2008). Neonatal exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) results in changes in BDNF, CaMKII and GAP-43, biochemical substrates of neuronal survival, growth, and synaptogenesis. Neurotoxicology 29:152–159.
  • Vijverberg HPM, van den Berg M (2004). Letter to the Editor regarding Viberg et al. (2003): Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development (Toxicol Sci 76:112–120). Toxicol Sci 79:205–206, author reply: 207–208.
  • von Meyerinck L, Hufnagel B, Schmoldt A, Benthe HF (1990). Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 by the pentabromo diphenyl ether Bromkal 70 and half-lives of its components in the adipose tissue. Toxicology 61:259–274.
  • Wagner VO III, Klug ML (1998). Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay: Decabromodiphenyl Oxide. Final Report. Rockville, MD, USA: MA BioServices, Inc. MA Study No. G98AV87.503.
  • Watanabe W, Shimizu T, Kurokawa M (2008). Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 26:315–319.
  • Zhou T, Ross DG, DeVito MJ, Crofton KM (2001). Effects of short-term in vivo exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers on thyroid hormones and hepatic enzyme activities in weanling rats. Toxicol Sci 61:76–82.
  • Zoetis T, Walls I (2003). Principles & Practices for Direct Dosing of Pre-Weaning Mammals in Toxicity Testing and Research. A Report of the ILSI Risk Science Institute Expert Working Group. Washington, DC, USA: ILSI Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.