The nickel ion bioavailability model of the carcinogenic potential of nickel-containing substances in the lung

References

• Abbracchio MP, Evans RM, Heck JD, Cantoni O, Costa M. (1982a). The regulation of ionic nickel uptake and cytotoxicity by specific amino acids and serum components. Biol Trace Elements Res 4:289–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbracchio MP, Heck JD, Costa M. (1981). Differences in surface properties of amorphous and crystalline metal sulfides may explain their toxicological potency. Chemosphere 10:897–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbracchio MP, Heck JD, Costa M. (1982b). The phagocytosis and transforming activity of crystalline metal sulfide particles are related to their negative surface charge. Carcinogen 3(2):175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbracchio MP, Simmons-Hansen J, Costa M. (1982c). Cytoplasmic dissolution of phagocytized crystalline nickel sulfide particles: A prerequisite for nuclear uptake of nickel. J Toxicol Environ Health 9(4):663–676.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen A, Berge SR, Engeland A, Norseth T. (1996). Exposure to nickel compounds and smoking in relation to incidence of lung and nasal cancer among nickel refinery workers. Occup Environ Med 53(10):708–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anttila A, Pukkala E, Aitio A, Rantanen T, Karjalainen S. (1998). Update of cancer incidence among workers at a copper/nickel smelter and nickel refinery. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 71:245–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena VC, Costantino JP, Sussman NB, Redmond CK. (1999). Issues and findings in the evaluation of occupational risk among women high nickel alloys workers. Am J Ind Med 36:114–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena VC, Sussman NB, Redmond CK, Costantino JP, Trauth JM. (1998). Using alternative comparison populations to assess occupation-related mortality risk: Results for the high nickel alloys workers cohort. J Occup Environ Med 40:907–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson JM, Barr EB, Bechtold WE, Cheng Y-S. (1994). Fate of inhaled nickel oxide and nickel subsulfide in F344/N rats. Inhal Toxicol 6:167–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson JM, Brooks AL, Henderson RF. (1992). Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of nickel compounds to pulmonary alveolar macrophages and rat lung epithelial cells. In: Nieboer E, Nriagu JO, eds. Nickel and Human Health: Current Perspectives. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 319–330.
   Google Scholar
• Benson JM, Burt DG, Cheng YS, Hahn FF, Haley PJ, Henderson RF, Hobbs CH, Pickrell JA, Dunnick JK. (1989). Biochemical responses of rat and mouse lung to inhaled nickel compounds. Toxicology 57(3):255–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson JM, Chang IY, Cheng YS, Hahn FF, Kennedy CH, Barr EB, Maples KR, Snipes MB. (1995a). Particle clearance and histopathology in lungs of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice inhaling nickel oxide or nickel sulfate. Fundam Appl Toxicol 28:232–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benson JM, Cheng YS, Eidson AF, Hahn FF, Henderson RF, Pickrell JA. (1995c). Pulmonary toxicity of nickel subsulfide in F344/N rats exposed for 1–22 days. Toxicology 103:9–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson JM, Henderson RF, McClellan RO, Hanson RL, Rebar AH. (1986). Comparative acute toxicity of four nickel compounds to F344 rat lung. Fundam Appl Toxicol 7(2):340–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benson JM, Maples KR, Hahn FF, Chang LY, Cheng YS. (1995b). Final Report. Report to Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association, Inc., Durham, NC.
   Google Scholar
• Benson JM, March TH, Hahn FF, Seagrave J, Divine KK, Belinsky SA. (2002). Final Report for Short-Term Inhalation Study with Nickel Compounds. Report to Nickel Producers’ Producers’ Environmental Research Association, Inc., Durham, NC., 93 p., p., June.
   Google Scholar
• Beyersmann D, Hartwig A. (2008). Carcinogenic metal compounds: Recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 82:493–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt HM, Huici-Montagud A. (2008). Strategy of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure limits for carcinogens and mutagens. Arch Toxicol 82(1):61–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boobis AR, Cohen SM, Dellarco V, McGregor D, Meek ME, Vickers C, Willcocks D, Farland W. (2006). IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a cancer mode of action for humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 36(10):781–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Air Resources Board (CARB). (1991). Initial Statement of Reasons for Rulemaking: Proposed Identification of Nickel as a Toxic Air Contaminant: Technical Support Document, Part B. Sacramento, CA: California Dept. of Health Services. 159 pp., July.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho SMM, Ziemer PL. (1982). Distribution and clearance of 63Ni administered as 63NiCl2 in the rat: Intratracheal study. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 11:245–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M. (1983). Approaches toward studying genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity of metal compounds in vitro. J Parenter Sci Technol 37(6):231–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa M; Abbracchio MP, Simmons-Hansen J. (1981a). Factors influencing the phagocytosis, neoplastic transformation, and cytotoxicity of particulate nickel compounds in tissue culture systems. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 60(2):313–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Davidson TL, Chen H, Ke Q, Zhang P, Yan Y, Huang C, Kluz T. (2005). Nickel carcinogenesis: Epigenetics and hypoxia signaling. Mutat Res 592(1-2):79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Heck JD, Robison SH. (1982). Selective phagocytosis of crystalline metal sulfide particles and DNA strand breaks as a mechanism for the induction of cellular transformation. Cancer Res 42(7):2757–2763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Heck JD. (1982). Specific nickel compounds as carcinogens. Trends Pharmacol Sci 3:408–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Mollenhauer HH. (1980a). Carcinogenic activity of particulate nickel compounds is proportional to their cellular uptake. Science 209(4455):515–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Mollenhauer HH. (1980b). Phagocytosis of nickel subsulfide particles during the early stages of neoplastic transformation in tissue culture. Cancer Res 40(8 Pt 1):2688–2694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Nye JS, Sunderman FW, Allpass PR, Gondos B. (1979). Induction of sarcomas in nude mice by implantation of Syrian hamster fetal cells exposed in vitro to nickel subsulfide. Cancer Res 39:3591–3597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Simmons-Hansen J, Bedrossian CW, Bonura J, Caprioli RM. (1981b). Phagocytosis, cellular distribution, and carcinogenic activity of particulate nickel compounds in tissue culture. Cancer Res 41(7):2868–2876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M, Yan Y, Zhao D, Salnikow K. (2003). Molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis: Gene silencing by nickel delivery to the nucleus and gene activation/inactivation by nickel-induced cell signaling. J Environ Monit 5:222–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox, JE, Doll R, Scott WA, Smith S. (1981). Mortality of nickel workers: Experience of men working with metallic nickel. Br J Ind Med 38(3):235–239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cragle DL, Hollis DR, Newport TH. (1984). A retrospective cohort mortality study among workers occupationally exposed to metallic nickel powder at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. IARC Scientific Publication No. 53. In: Sunderman FW, ed. Nickel in the Human Environment: Proceedings of a Joint Symposium held at IARC, Lyon, France, 8–11 March 1983. IARC Scientific Publication No. 53. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, 57–63.
   Google Scholar
• Doll R. (1958). Cancer of the lung and nose in nickel workers. Br J Ind Med 15:217–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunnick JK, Benson JM, Hobbs CH, Hahn FF, Cheng YS, Edison AF. (1988). Comparative toxicity of nickel oxide, nickel sulfate hexahydrate, and nickel subsulfide after 12 days of inhalation exposure to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxicology 50(2):145–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunnick JK, Elwell MR, Benson JM, Hobbs CH, Hahn FF, Haly PJ, Cheng YS, Edison AF. (1989). Lung toxicity after 13-week inhalation exposure to nickel oxide, nickel subsulfide, or nickel sulfate hexahydrate in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 12(3):584–594.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunnick JK, Elwell MR, Radovsky AE, Benson JM, Hahn FF, Nikula KJ, Barr EB, Hobbs CH. (1995). Comparative carcinogenic effects of nickel subsulfide, nickel oxide, or nickel sulfate hexahydrate on chronic exposures in the lung. Cancer Res 55:5251–5256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easton DF, Peto J, Morgan LG, Metcalfe LP, Usher V, Doll R. (1992). Respiratory cancer mortality in Welsh nickel refiners: Which nickel compounds are responsible? In: Nieboer E, Nriagu JO, eds. Nickel and Human Health: Perspectives. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 603–619.
   Google Scholar
• Edelman D, Roggli V. (1989). The accumulation of nickel in human lungs. Environ Health Perspect 81:221–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egedahl R, Carpenter M, Lundell D. (2001). Mortality experience among employees at a hydrometallurgical nickel refinery and fertiliser complex in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta (1954–95). Occup Environ Med 58(11):711–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egedahl RD, Collins MJ. (2009). Vital Status of Sherritt Nickel Refinery Workers (1954 – 2003). In: Budac J, Fraser R, Mihaylov I, Papangelakis V, Robinson D, eds. Hydrometallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt (Nickel and Cobalt Symposium, 48th Annual Conference of Metallurgists, held August 23– 26, 2009). Montreal, Canada. 689–699.
   Google Scholar
• English J, Parker R, Sharma R, Oberg SD. (1981). Toxicokinetics of nickel in rats after intratracheal administration of a soluble and insoluble form. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 42:486–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2008). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Part B: Hazard assessment. Version 1.1. May. [Online] Available at: http://guidance.echa.europa.eu/docs/guidance_document/information_requirements_part_b_en.pdf?vers=20_10_08. Accessed on 04 October 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Evans RM, Davies PJ, Costa M. (1982). Video time-lapse microscopy of phagocytosis and intracellular fate of crystalline nickel sulfide particles in cultured mammalian cells. Cancer Res 42(7):2729–2735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch GL, Fisher GL, Hayes TL. (1987). The pulmonary effects and clearance of intratracheally instilled Ni3S2 and TiO2 in mice. Environ Res 42:83–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher GG, Rossetto FE, Turnbull JD, Nieboer E. (1994). Toxicity, uptake, and mutagenicity of particulate and soluble nickel compounds. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl. 3):69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funakoshi T, Inoue T, Shimada H, Kojima S. (1997). The mechanisms of nickel uptake by rat primary hepatocyte cultures: Role of calcium channels. Toxicology 124(1):21–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg M, Goldberg P, Leclerc A, Chastang JF, Marne MJ, Dubourdieu D. (1994). A 10-year incidence survey of respiratory cancer and a case-control study within a cohort of nickel mining and refining workers in New Caledonia. Cancer Causes Control 5(1):15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman JE, Prueitt RL, Dodge DG, Thakali S. (2009). Carcinogenicity assessment of water-soluble nickel compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol 39:365–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimsrud TK, Berge SR, Haldorsen T, Andersen A. (2002). Exposure to different forms of nickel and risk of lung cancer. Am J Epidemiol 156(12):1123–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimsrud TK, Berge SR, Resman F, Norseth T., Andersen A. (2000). Assessment of historical exposures in a nickel refinery in Norway. Scand J Work Environ Health 26(4):338–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimsrud TK, Berge SR, Martinsen JI, Andersen A. (2003). Lung cancer incidence among Norwegian nickel-refinery workers 1953–2000. J Environ Monit 5:190–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haber LT, Erdreicht L, Diamond GL, Maier AM, Ratney R, Zhao Q, Dourson ML. (2000). Hazard identification and dose response of inhaled nickel-soluble salts. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 31:210–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack CE, Covington TR, Lawrence G, Shipp AM, Gentry R, Yager J, Clewell HJ. (2007). A pharmacokinetic model of the intracellular dosimetry of inhaled nickel. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 70:445–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen KS, Lauritsen JM, Skytthe A. (1996). Cancer incidence among mild steel and stainless steel welders and other metal workers. Am J Ind Med 30(4):373–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen K, Stern RM. (1983). In vitro toxicity and transformation potency of nickel compounds. Environ Health Perspect 51:223–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen K, Stern RM. (1984). Toxicity and transformation potency of nickel compounds in BHK cells in vitro. IARC Scientific Publication No. 53. In: Sunderman FW, ed. Nickel in the Human Environment: Proceedings of a Joint Symposium held at IARC, Lyon, France, 8–11 March 1983. IARC Scientific Publication No. 53. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, 193–200.
   Google Scholar
• Harnett PB, Robison SH, Swartzendruber DE, Costa M. (1982). Comparison of protein, RNA, and DNA binding and cell-cycle-specific growth inhibitory effects of nickel compounds in cultured cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 64(1):20–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayman PB, Goodgame DML, Snook RD. (1984). Studies of nickel absorption in rats using inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting. Analyst 109:1593–1595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck JD, Costa M. (1982). Surface reduction of amorphous Nickel sulfide particles potentiates their phagocytosis and subsequent induction of morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Cancer Lett 15(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim KE, Bates HK, Rush RE, Oller AR. (2007). Oral carcinogenicity study with nickel sulfate hexahydrate in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 224(2):126–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengstler JG, Bogdanffy MS, Bolt HM, Oesch F. (2003). Challenging dogma: Thresholds for genotoxic carcinogens? The case of vinyl acetate. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 43:485–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrand HF, Decaestecker AM, Arrouijal FZ, Martinez R. (1991). In vitro and in vivo uptake of nickel sulfides by rat lymphocytes. Arch Toxicol 65(4):324–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrand HF, D′Hooghe MC, Shirali P, Bailly C, Kerckaert JP. (1990). Uptake and biological transformation of beta Nickel sulfide and alpha Nickel subsulfide by human embryonic pulmonary epithelial cells (L132) in culture. Carcinogen 11(11):1943–1950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochrainer D, Oberdörster G, Mihm U. (1980). Generation of NiO aerosols for studying lung clearance of Ni and its effect on lung function. Gesellschaft fur Aerosolforschung 8:259–264.
   Google Scholar
• Hong YC, Paik SR, Lee HJ, Lee HK, Jang SM. (1997). Magnesium inhibits nickel-induced genotoxicity and formation of reactive oxygen. Environ Health Perspect 105(7):744–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh T, Yu C, Oberdörster G. (1999). A dosimetry model of nickel compounds in the rat lung. Inhal Toxicol 11:229–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueper WC. (1958). Experimental studies in metal cancerigenesis: IX. Pulmonary lesions in guinea pigs and rats exposed to prolonged inhalation of powdered metallic nickel. AMA Arch Pathol 65:600–607.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hueper WC, Payne WW. (1962). Experimental studies in metal carcinogenesis. Chromium, nickel, iron, arsenic. Arch Environ Health 5:445–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man (ICNCM). (1990). Report of the International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man. Scand J Work Environ Health 16(1):1–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishimatsu S, Kawamoto T, Matsuno K, Kodama Y. (1995). Distribution of various nickel compounds in rat organs after oral administration. Biol Trace Elem Res 49(1):43–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson K, Mikoczy Z, Skerfving S. (1997). Deaths and tumours among workers grinding stainless steel: A follow up. Occup Environ Med 54(11):825–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke Q, Davidson T, Kluz T, Oller A, Costa M. (2007). Fluorescent tracking of nickel ions in human cultured cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 219(1):18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn K, Fraser CB, Sunderman FW. (1982). Phagocytosis of particulate nickel compounds by rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Carcinogenesis 3(3):321-326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landolph JR. (1994). Molecular mechanisms of transformation of C3H/10T1/2 C1 8 mouse embryo cells and diploid human fibroblasts by carcinogenic metal compounds. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 3):119–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Løken AC. (1950). Lungecarcinom hos nikkelarbeidere. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 70:376–378. ([In Norwegian)]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medinsky MA, Benson JM, Hobbs CH. (1987). Lung clearance and disposition of 63Ni in F344/N rats after intratracheal instillation of nickel sulfate solutions. Environ Res 43(1):168–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menvielle G, Luce D, Févotte J, Bugel I, Salomon C, Goldberg P., Billon-Galland MA, Goldberg M. (2003). Occupational exposures and lung cancer in New Caledonia. Occup Environ Med 60(8):584–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzel D, Deal D, Tayyeb M, Wolpert RL, Boger JR, Shoaf CR, Sandy J, Wilkinson K, Francovitch RJ. (1987). Pharmacokinetic modeling of the lung burden from repeated inhalation of nickel aerosols. Toxicol Lett 38:33–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura T, Patierno SR, Sakuramoto T, Landolph JR. (1989). Morphological and neoplastic transformation of C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 mouse embryo cells by insoluble carcinogenic nickel compounds. Environ Mol Mutagen 14:65–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulin JJ, Clavel T, Roy D, Danache B, Marquis N, Fevotte J, Fontana JM. (2000). Risk of lung cancer in workers producing stainless steel and metallic alloys. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 73:171–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulin JJ, Portefaix P, Wild P, Mur JM, Smagghe G., Mantout B. (1990). Mortality study among workers producing ferroalloys and stainless steel in France. Br J Ind Med 47(8):537–543.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1996a). Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate (CAS No. 10101-97-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Bethesda MD: U.S. DHHS. NTP Technical Report 454. NIH Publication No. 96–3370.
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1996b). Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Subsulfide (CAS No. 12035-72-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Bethesda, MD: U.S. DHHS. NTP Technical ReportTR 453. NIH Publication No. 96–3369.
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1996c). Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Oxide (CAS No. 1313-99-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Bethesda MD: U.S. DHHS. NTP Technical ReportTR 451. NIH Publication No. 96–3367.
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1998). Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Cobalt Sulfate Heptahydrate (CAS No. 10026-24-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). U.S. DHHS. NTP Technical Report 471. NIH Publication No. 98-3961.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdörster G. (1989). Dosimetric principles for extrapolating results of rat inhalation studies to humans, using an inhaled Ni compound as an example. Health Phys 57:213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oller AR. (2002). Respiratory carcinogenicity assessment of soluble nickel compounds. Environ Health Perspect 110(Suppl. 5):841–844.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oller AR, Capellini D, Henderson R, Bates HK. (2009). Comparison of nickel release in solutions used for the identification of water-soluble nickel exposures and in synthetic lung fluids. J Environ Monit 11:823–829.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oller AR, Costa M, Oberdörster G. (1997). Carcinogenicity assessment of selected nickel compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 143:152–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oller AR, Kirkpatrick DT, Radovsky A, Bates HK. (2008). Inhalation carcinogenicity study with nickel metal powder in Wistar rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 233:262–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oller AR, Oberdörster G. (2010). Incorporation of particle size differences between animal studies and human workplace aerosols for deriving exposure limit values. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 57:181–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottolenghi AD, Haseman JK, Payne WW, Falk HL, MacFarland HN. (1975). Inhalation studies of nickel sulfide in pulmonary carcinogenesis of rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 54(5):1165–1172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozaki K, Haseman JK, Hailey JR, Maronpot RR, Nyska A. (2002). Association of adrenal pheochromocytoma and lung pathology in inhalation studies with particulate compounds in the male F344 rat - the National Toxicology Program experience. Toxicol Pathol 30:263-270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang D, Burges DC, Sorahan T. (1996). Mortality study of nickel platers with special reference to cancers of the stomach and lung, 1945–1993. Occup Environ Med 53:714–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pott F, Rippe RM, Roller M, Csicsaky M, Rosenbruch M, Huth F. (1992). Carcinogenicity of nickel compounds and nickel alloys in rats by I.P. injection. In: Nieboer E, Nriagu JO, eds. Nickel and Human Health: Current Perspectives. New York,: John Wiley and Sons, 491–502.
   Google Scholar
• Refsvik T, Andreassen T. (1995). Surface binding and uptake of nickel(II) in human epithelial kidney cells: Modulation by ionomycin, nicardipine and metals. Carcinogen 16(5):1107–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revie RW, Uhlig HH. (2008). Corrosion and Corrosion Control. Fourth 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ,: Wiley-Interscience.
   Google Scholar
• Saito K, Menzel DB. (1986). Accumulation and efflux of nickel from cultured pneumocytes. Tohoku J Exp Med 148(3):295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwerdtle T, Hartwig A. (2006). Bioavailability and genotoxicity of soluble and particulate nickel compounds in cultured human lung cells. Mat-wiss U Werkstofftech 37(6):521–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seilkop SK, Oller AR. (2003). Respiratory cancer risks associated with low-level nickel exposure: An integrated assessment based on animal, epidemiological, and mechanistic data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 37:173-190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen P, Costa M. (1985). Induction of chromosomal damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells by soluble and particulate nickel compounds: Preferential fragmentation of the heterochromatic long arm of the X-chromosome by carcinogenic crystalline NiS particles. Cancer Res 45(5):2320–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen P, Costa M. (1986). Pathway of nickel uptake influences its interaction with heterochromatic DNA. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 84(2):278–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivulka DJ. (2005). Assessment of respiratory carcinogenicity associated with exposure to metallic nickel: A review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 43:117–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivulka DJ, Conard BR, Hall GW, Vincent JH. (2007). Species-specific inhalable exposures in the nickel industry: A new approach for deriving inhalation occupational exposure limits. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 48:19–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivulka DJ, Selikop SK. (2009). Reconstruction of historical exposures in the U.S. nickel alloy industry and the implications for carcinogenic hazard and risk assessments. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 53:174–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonich-Mullin C, Fielder R, Wiltse J, Baetcke K, Dempsey J, Fenner-Crisp P, Grant D, Hartley M, Knaap A, Kroese D, Mangelsdorf I, Meek E, Rice JM, Younes M. (2001). IPCS conceptual framework for evaluating a mode of action for chemical carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:146–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorahan T. (2004). Mortality of workers at a plant manufacturing nickel alloys, 1958–2000. Occup Med (Lond) 54(1):28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorahan T, Burges DC, Waterhouse JAH. (1987). A mortality study of nickel/chromium platers. Br J Ind Med 44(4):250–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorahan T, Williams SP. (2005). Mortality of workers at a nickel carbonyl refinery, 1958–2000. Occup Environ Med 62:80–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stopford W, Turner J, Cappellini D, Brock T. (2003). Bioaccessibility testing of cobalt compounds. J Environ Monit 5:675–680.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sunderman FW, Hopfer SM, Knight JA, McCully KS, Cecutti AG, Thornhill PG, Conway K, Miller C, Patierno SR, Costa M. (1987). Physiochemical characteristics and biological effects of nickel oxides. Carcinogen 8(2):305–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunderman FW, Hopfer SM, Plowman MC, Knight JA. (1990). Carcinogenesis bioassays of nickel oxides and nickel-copper oxides by intramuscular administration to Fischer-344 rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 70(1):103–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sunderman FW, Maenza RM. (1976). Comparisons of carcinogenicities of nickel compounds in rats. Res. Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 14:319–330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutherland RB. (1959). Summary of Report on Respiratory Cancer Mortality 1930–1957. Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada. International Nickel Company (INCO) of Canada, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson BG, Englander V, Akesson B, Attewell R, Skerfving S, Ericson A, Moller T. (1989). Deaths and tumors among workers grinding stainless steel. Am J Ind Med 15(1):51–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka I, Horie A, Haratake J, Kodama Y, Tsuchiya K. (1988). Lung burden of green nickel oxide aerosol and histopathological findings in rats after continuous inhalation. Biol Trace Elem Res 16(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka I, Ishimatsu S, Matsuno K, Kodama Y, Tsuchiya K. (1995). Biological half time of deposited nickel oxide aerosol in rat lung by inhalation. Biol Trace Elem Res 8:203–210.
   Google Scholar
• Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA). (1999). Toxicological Review of Soluble Nickel Salts. Prepared for Metal Finishing Association of Southern California, Inc.; US EPA; Health Canada. [Online] Available at: http://www.tera.org/vera/Nickel%20Doc%20page.htm. Accessed on 04 October 2010.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. (1986). Health Assessment Document for Nickel and Nickel Compounds (Final). Washington, DC: US EPA, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (Washington, DC). EPA-600/8-83-012FF. 438 pp.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. (2005). Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Final). EPA/630/P-03/001B. [Online] Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid = 116283. Accessed on 04 October 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Valentine R, Fisher GL. (1984). Pulmonary clearance of intratracheally administered 63Ni3S2 in strain A/J mice. Environ Res 34:328–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehner AP, Dagle GE, Busch RH. (1984). Pathogenicity of inhaled nickel compounds in hamsters. IARC Sci. Publ. 53:143–51.
   Google Scholar
• WIL. (2004). A 13-week Inhalation Toxicity Study (with Recovery) of Nickel Metal in Albino Rats. Study number WIL-437002. Ashland, OH: WIL Research Laboratories, Inc., Ashland, OH.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (1991). Environmental Health Criteria 108: Nickel. Report to World Health Organization (WHO) (Geneva, Switzerland); United Nations Environment Programme; International Labour Organisation. Environmental Health Criteria 108. 383 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Yu CP, Hsieh TH, Oller AR, Oberdörster G. (2001). Evaluation of the human nickel retention model with workplace data. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 33:165–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatka VJ, Warner JS, Maskery D. (1992). Chemical speciation of nickel in airborne dusts: Analytical method and results of an interlaboratory test program. Environ Sci Technol 26:138-144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar