Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in males

References

• Abbasi AA, Prasad AS, Rabbani PR. (1979). Experimental zinc deficiency in man: effect on spermatogenesis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 92, 292–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ablake M, Itoh M, Terayama H, Hayashi S, Shoji S, Naito M, et al. (2004). Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces severe aspermatogenesis in mice, however, subsequent antioxidant vitamins supplementation accelerates regeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Int J Androl, 27, 274–81.
   Google Scholar
• Adibi JJ, Whyatt RM, Williams PL, Calafat AM, Camann D, Herrick R, et al. (2008). Characterization of phthalate exposure among pregnant women assessed by repeat air and urine samples. Environ Health Perspect, 116, 467–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal DK, Eustis S, Lamb JC, Reel JR, Kluwe WM. (1986). Effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on the gonadal pathophysiology, sperm morphology, and reproductive performance of male rats. Environ Health Perspect, 65, 343–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akingbemi BT, Ge R, Klinefelter GR, Zirkin BR, Hardy MP. (2004). Phthalate-induced Leydig cell hyperplasia is associated with multiple endocrine disturbances. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 775–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akingbemi BT, Youker RT, Sottas CM, Ge R, Katz E, Klinefelter GR, et al. (2001). Modulation of rat Leydig cell steroidogenic function by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Biol Reprod, 65, 1252–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam MS, Ohsako S, Tay TW, Tsunekawa N, Kanai Y, Kurohmaru M. (2010a). Di(n-butyl) phthalate induces vimentin filaments disruption in rat sertoli cells: a possible relation with spermatogenic cell apoptosis. Anat Histol Embryol, 39, 186–93.
   Google Scholar
• Alam MS, Ohsako S, Matsuwaki T, Zhu XB, Tsunekawa N, Kanai Y, et al. (2010b). Induction of spermatogenic cell apoptosis in prepubertal rat testes irrespective of testicular steroidogenesis: a possible estrogenic effect of di(n-butyl) phthalate. Reproduction, 139, 427–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GD. (2005). Sex and racial differences in pharmacological response: where is the evidence? Pharmacogenetics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 14, 19–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson WA, Castle L, Hird S, Jeffery J, Scotter MJ. (2011). A twenty-volunteer study using deuterium labelling to determine the kinetics and fractional excretion of primary and secondary urinary metabolites of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate and di-iso-nonylphthalate. Food Chem Toxicol, 49, 2022–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson WA, Castle L, Scotter MJ, Massey RC, Springall C. (2001). A biomarker approach to measuring human dietary exposure to certain phthalate diesters. Food Addit Contam, 18, 1068–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade AJ, Grande SW, Talsness CE, Gericke C, Grote K, Golombiewski A, et al. (2006a). A dose response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): reproductive effects on adult male offspring rats. Toxicology, 228, 85–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade AJ, Grande SW, Talsness CE, Grote K, Golombiewski A, et al. (2006b). A dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): effects on androgenic status, developmental landmarks and testicular histology in male offspring rats. Toxicology, 225, 64–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aso S, Ehara H, Miyata K, Hosyuyama S, Shiraishi K, Umano T, Minobe Y. (2005). A two-generation reproductive toxicity study of butyl benzyl phthalate in rats. J Toxicol Sci, 30, 39–58.
   Google Scholar
• Arcadi FA, Costa C, Imperatore C, Marchese A, Rapisarda A, Salemi M, et al. (1998). Oral toxicity of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during pregnancy and suckling in the Long-Evans rat. Food Chem Toxicol, 36, 963–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auharek SA, de Franca LR, McKinnell C, Jobling MS, Scott HM, Sharpe RM. (2010). Prenatal plus postnatal exposure to Di(n-Butyl) phthalate and/or flutamide markedly reduces final sertoli cell number in the rat. Endocrinology, 151, 2868–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awal MA, Kurohmaru M, Andriana BB, Kanai Y, Hayashi Y. (2005). Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induces testicular alterations in male guinea pigs at prepubertal stage. Tissue Cell, 37, 167–75.
   Google Scholar
• Bao AM, Man XM, Guo XJ, Dong HB, Wang FQ, Sun H, et al. (2011). Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on male rat reproduction following pubertal exposure. Asian J Androl, 13, 702–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow NJ, Phillips SL, Wallace DG, Sar M, Gaido KW, Foster PM. (2003). Quantitative changes in gene expression in fetal rat testes following exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol Sci, 73, 431–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr DB, Silva MJ, Kato K, Reidy JA, Malek NA, Hurtz D, et al. (2003). Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. Environ Health Perspect, 111, 1148–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom MS, Schisterman EF, Hediger ML. (2007). The use and misuse of matching in case-control studies: the example of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril, 88, 707–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blount BC, Silva MJ, Caudill SP, Needham LL, Pirkle JL, Sampson EJ, et al. (2000). Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect, 108, 979–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blystone CR, Kissling GE, Bishop JB, Chapin RE, Wolfe GW, Foster PM. (2010). Determination of the di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate NOAEL for reproductive development in the rat: importance of the retention of extra animals to adulthood. Toxicol Sci, 116, 640–6.
   Google Scholar
• Boberg J, Christiansen S, Axelstad M, Kledal TS, Vinggaard AM, Dalgaard M, et al. (2011). Reproductive and behavioral effects of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) in perinatally exposed rats. Reprod Toxicol, 31, 200–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boberg J, Metzdorff S, Wortziger R, Axelstad M, Brokken L, Vinggaard AM, et al. (2008). Impact of diisobutyl phthalate and other PPAR agonists on steroidogenesis and plasma insulin and leptin levels in fetal rats. Toxicology, 250, 75–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boekelheide K, Kleymenova E, Liu K, Swanson C, Gaido KW. (2009). Dose-dependent effects on cell proliferation, seminiferous tubules, and male germ cells in the fetal rat testis following exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Microsc Res Tech, 72, 629–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borch J, Ladefoged O, Hass U, Vinggaard AM. (2004). Steroidogenesis in fetal male rats is reduced by DEHP and DINP, but endocrine effects of DEHP are not modulated by DEHA in fetal, prepubertal and adult male rats. Reprod Toxicol, 18, 53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borch J, Axelstad M, Vinggaard AM, Dalgaard M. (2006). Diisobutyl phthalate has comparable anti-androgenic effects to di-n-butyl phthalate in fetal rat testis. Toxicol Lett, 163, 183–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botelho GG, Bufalo AC, Boareto AC, Muller JC, Morais RN, Martino-Andrade AJ, et al. (2009a). Vitamin C and resveratrol supplementation to rat dams treated with di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: impact on reproductive and oxidative stress end points in male offspring. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 57, 785–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botelho GG, Golin M, Bufalo AC, Morais RN, Dalsenter PR, Martino-Andrade AJ. (2009b). Reproductive effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in immature male rats and its relation to cholesterol, testosterone, and thyroxin levels. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 57, 777–84.
   Google Scholar
• Braun JM, Smith KW, Williams PL, Calafat AM, Berry K, Ehrlich S, Hauser R. (2012). Variability of urinary phthalate metabolite and bisphenol a concentrations before and during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect, 120, 739–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck Louis GM, Lynch CD, Cooney MA. (2006). Environmental influences on female fecundity and fertility. Semin Reprod Med, 24, 147–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calafat AM, McKee RH. (2006). Integrating biomonitoring exposure data into the risk assessment process: phthalates [diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] as a case study. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1783–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammack JN, White RD, Gordon D, Gass J, Hecker L, Conine D, et al. (2003). Evaluation of reproductive development following intravenous and oral exposure to DEHP in male neonatal rats. Int J Toxicol, 22, 159–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. (1992). Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ, 305, 609–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cater BR, Cook MW, Gangolli SD. (1976). Zinc metabolism and dibutyl phthalate-induced testicular atrophy in the rat. Biochem Soc Trans, 4, 652–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cater BR, Cook MW, Gangolli SD, Grasso P. (1977). Studies on dibutyl phthalate-induced testicular atrophy in the rat: effect on zinc metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 41, 609–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. (2013). Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals - Updated Tables, September 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA, U.S.
   Google Scholar
• Chapin RE, Gulati D, Barnes L. (1997). Reproductive toxicology. Di-n-butylphthalate, rats. Environ Health Perspect, 105, 249–50.
   Google Scholar
• Chauvigne F, Plummer S, Lesne L, Cravedi JP, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Fostier A, Jegou B. (2011). Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate directly alters the expression of Leydig cell genes and CYP17 lyase activity in cultured rat fetal testis. PLoS One, 6, e27172.
   Google Scholar
• Chen X, An H, Ao L, Sun L, Liu W, Zhou Z, et al. (2011). The combined toxicity of dibutyl phthalate and benzo(a)pyrene on the reproductive system of male Sprague Dawley rats in vivo. J Hazard Mater, 186, 835–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevrier C, Petit C, Philippat C, Mortamais M, Slama R, Rouget F, et al. (2012). Maternal urinary phthalates and phenols and male genital anomalies. Epidemiology, 23, 353–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba K, Kondo Y, Yamaguchi K, Miyake H, Fujisawa, M. (2012). Inhibition of claudin-11 and occludin expression in rat Sertoli cells by mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate through p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Androl, 33, 368–74.
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen S, Boberg J, Axelstad M, Dalgaard M, Vinggaard AM, Metzdorff SB, Hass U. (2010). Low-dose perinatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces anti-androgenic effects in male rats. Reprod Toxicol, 30, 313–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarnette TD, Sugita Y, Hutson JM. (1997). Genital anomalies in human and animal models reveal the mechanisms and hormones governing testicular descent. Br J Urol, 79, 99–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohn BA, Overstreet JW, Fogel RJ, Brazil CK, Baird DD, Cirillo PM. (2002). Epidemiologic studies of human semen quality: considerations for study design. Am J Epidemiol, 155, 664–71.
   Google Scholar
• Cooney MA, Buck Louis GM, Sundaram R, McGuiness BM, Lynch CD. (2009). Validity of self-reported time to pregnancy. Epidemiology, 20, 56–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxford TP, McCormick NH, Kelleher SL. (2011). Moderate zinc deficiency reduces testicular Zip6 and Zip10 abundance and impairs spermatogenesis in mice. J Nutr, 141, 359–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culty M, Thuillier R, Li W, Wang Y, Martinez-Arguelles DB, Benjamin CG, et al. (2008). In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exerts both short-term and long-lasting suppressive effects on testosterone production in the rat. Biol Reprod, 78, 1018–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgaard M, Nellemann C, Lam HR, Sorensen IK, Ladefoged O. (2001). The acute effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) on testes of prepubertal Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett, 122, 69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgaard M, Ostergaard G, Lam HR, Hansen EV, Ladefoged O. (2000). Toxicity study of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in combination with acetone in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol, 86, 92–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalsenter PR, Santana GM, Grande SW, Andrade AJ, Araujo SL. (2006). Phthalate affect the reproductive function and sexual behavior of male Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol, 25, 297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David RM, Moore MR, Finney DC, Guest D. (2000a). Chronic toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in mice. Toxicol Sci, 58, 377–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David RM, Moore MR, Finney DC, Guest D. (2000b). Chronic toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in rats. Toxicol Sci, 55, 433–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desdoits-Lethimonier C, Albert O, Le Bizec B, Perdu E, Zalko D, Courant F, et al. (2012). Human testis steroidogenesis is inhibited by phthalates. Hum Reprod, 27, 1451–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrzynska MM, Tyrkiel EJ, Pachocki KA. (2011). Developmental toxicity in mice following paternal exposure to Di-N-butyl-phthalate (DBP). Biomed Environ Sci, 24, 569–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostal LA, Chapin RE, Stefanski SA, Harris MW, Schwetz BA. (1988). Testicular toxicity and reduced Sertoli cell numbers in neonatal rats by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and the recovery of fertility as adults. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 95, 104–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle TJ, Bowman JL, Windell VL, McLean DJ, Kim KH. (2013). Transgenerational effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on testicular germ cell associations and spermatogonial stem cells in mice. Biol Reprod, 88, 112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouillet P, Forhan A, De Lauzon-Guillain B, Thiébaugeorges O, Goua V, Magnin G, et al. (2009). Maternal fatty acid intake and fetal growth: Evidence for an association in overweight women. The ‘EDEN mother-child’ cohort (study of pre- and early postnatal determinants of the child's development and health). Br J Nutr, 101, 583–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durmaz E, Ozmert EN, Erkekoglu P, Giray B, Derman O, Hincal F, Yurdakok K. (2010). Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia. Pediatrics, 125, e122–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duty SM, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Brock JW, Ryan L, Chen Z, et al. (2004). The relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and computer-aided sperm analysis motion parameters. J Androl, 25, 293–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duty SM, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Ryan L, Hauser R. (2005). Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in adult men. Hum Reprod, 20, 604–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duty SM, Silva MJ, Barr DB, Brock JW, Ryan L, Chen Z, et al. (2003a). Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters. Epidemiology, 14, 269–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duty SM, Singh NP, Silva MJ, Barr DB, Brock JW, Ryan L, et al. (2003b). The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay. Environ Health Perspect, 111, 1164–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg ML, Hsieh MH, Walters RC, Krasnow R, Lipshultz LI. (2011). The relationship between anogenital distance, fatherhood, and fertility in adult men. PLoS One, 6, e18973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg ML, Jensen TK, Walters RC, Skakkebaek NE, Lipshultz LI. (2012a). The relationship between anogenital distance and reproductive hormone levels in adult men. J Urol, 187, 594–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg ML, Shy M, Chanc WR, Lipshultz LI. (2012b). The relationship between anogenital distance and azoospermia in adult men. Int J Androl, 35, 126–730.
   Google Scholar
• Ema M, Miyawaki E, Hirose A, Kamata E. (2003). Decreased anogenital distance and increased incidence of undescended testes in fetuses of rats given monobenzyl phthalate, a major metabolite of butyl benzyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 17, 407–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkekoglu P, Rachidi W, Yuzugullu OG, Giray B, Favier A, Ozturk M, Hincal F. (2010). Evaluation of cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damaging effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and mono(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP) on MA-10 Leydig cells and protection by selenium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 248, 52–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euling SY, White LD, Kim AS, Sen B, Wilson VS, Keshava C, et al. (2013). Use of genomic data in risk assessment case study: II. Evaluation of the dibutyl phthalate toxicogenomic data set. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 271, 349–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkekoglu P, Zeybek ND, Giray B, Asan E, Arnaud J, Hincal F. (2011). Reproductive toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in selenium-supplemented and selenium-deficient rats. Drug Chem Toxicol, 34, 379–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkekoglu P, Zeybek ND, Giray B, Asan E, Hincal F. (2012). The effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exposure and selenium nutrition on sertoli cell vimentin structure and germ-cell apoptosis in rat testis. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 62, 539–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eustache F, Auger J, Cabrol D, Jouannet P. (2004). Are volunteers delivering semen samples in fertility studies a biased population?Hum Reprod, 19, 2831–7.
   Google Scholar
• Foster PM, Foster JR, Cook MW, Thomas LV, Gangolli SD. (1982). Changes in ultrastructure and cytochemical localization of zinc in rat testis following the administration of di-n-pentyl phthalate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 63, 120–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster PMD, Gray E, Leffers H, Skakkebæk NE. (2006). Disruption of reproductive development in male rat offspring following in utero exposure to phthalate esters. Int J Androl, 29, 140–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster PM, Lake BG, Thomas LV, Cook MW, Gangolli SD. (1981). Studies on the testicular effects and zinc excretion produced by various isomers of monobutyl-o-phthalate in the rat. Chem Biol Interact, 34, 233–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster PM, Thomas LV, Cook MW, Gangolli SD. (1980). Study of the testicular effects and changes in zinc excretion produced by some n-alkyl phthalates in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 54, 392–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii S, Yabe K, Furukawa M, Hirata M, Kiguchi M, Ikka T. (2005). A two-generation reproductive toxicity study of diethyl phthalate (DEP) in rats. J Toxicol Sci, 30, 97–116.
   Google Scholar
• Gallavan RH Jr, Holson JF, Stump DG, Knapp JF, Reynolds VL. (1999). Interpreting the toxicologic significance of alterations in anogenital distance: potential for confounding effects of progeny body weights. Reprod Toxicol, 13, 383–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlantézec R, Monfort C, Rouget F, Cordier S. (2009). Maternal occupational exposure to solvents and congenital malformations: A prospective study in the general population. Occup Environ Med, 66, 456–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge RS, Chen GR, Dong Q, Akingbemi B, Sottas CM, Santos M, et al. (2007). Biphasic effects of postnatal exposure to diethylhexylphthalate on the timing of puberty in male rats. J Androl, 28, 513–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giammona CJ, Sawhney P, Chandrasekaran Y, Richburg JH. (2002). Death receptor response in rodent testis after mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 185, 119–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso P, Heindel JJ, Powell CJ, Reichert LE Jr. (1993). Effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a testicular toxicant, on follicle-stimulating hormone binding to membranes from cultured rat Sertoli cells. Biol Reprod, 48, 454–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray LE Jr, Barlow NJ, Howdeshell KL, Ostby JS, Furr JR, Gray CL. (2009). Transgenerational effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the male CRL:CD(SD) rat: added value of assessing multiple offspring per litter. Toxicol Sci, 110, 411–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray LE Jr, Ostby J, Furr J, Price M, Veeramachaneni DN, Parks L. (2000). Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol Sci, 58, 350–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray TJ, Butterworth KR, Gaunt IF, Grasso GP, Gangolli SD. (1977). Short-term toxicity study of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol, 15, 389–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray LE Jr, Wilson VS, Stoker T, Lambright C, Furr J, Noriega N, et al. (2006). Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals. Int J Androl, 29, 96–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson D, Leffler P, Ekwurtzel E, Martinsson G, Liu K, Selstam G. (2008). Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate stimulates basal steroidogenesis by a cAMP-independent mechanism in mouse gonadal cells of both sexes. Reproduction, 135, 693–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han X, Cui Z, Zhou N, Ma M, Li L, Li Y, et al. (2013). Urinary phthalate metabolites and male reproductive function parameters in Chongqing general population, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 217, 271–278.
   Google Scholar
• Hannas BR, Furr J, Lambright CS, Wilson VS, Foster PM, Gray LE Jr. (2011a). Dipentyl phthalate dosing during sexual differentiation disrupts fetal testis function and postnatal development of the male Sprague-Dawley rat with greater relative potency than other phthalates. Toxicol Sci, 120, 184–93.
   Google Scholar
• Hannas BR, Lambright CS, Furr J, Howdeshell KL, Wilson VS, Gray LE Jr. (2011b). Dose-response assessment of fetal testosterone production and gene expression levels in rat testes following in utero exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisoheptyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate. Toxicol Sci, 123, 206–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser R. (2008). Urinary phthalate metabolites and semen quality: a review of a potential biomarker of susceptibility. Int J Androl, 31, 112–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser R, Calafat AM. (2005a). Phthalates and human health. Occup Environ Med, 62, 806–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser R, Meeker JD, Duty S, Silva MJ, Calafat AM. (2006). Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Epidemiology, 17, 682–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser R, Meeker JD, Singh NP, Silva MJ, Ryan L, Duty S, Calafat AM. (2007). DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Hum Reprod, 22, 688–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser R, Williams P, Altshul L, Calafat AM. (2005b). Evidence of interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls and phthalates in relation to human sperm motility. Environ Health Perspect, 113, 425–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heger NE, Hall SJ, Sandrof MA, McDonnell EV, Hensley JB, McDowell EN, et al. (2012). Human fetal testis xenografts are resistant to phthalate-induced endocrine disruption. Environ Health Perspect, 120, 1137–43.
   Google Scholar
• Heindel JJ, Chapin RE. (1989). Inhibition of FSH-stimulated cAMP accumulation by mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in primary rat Sertoli cell cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 97, 377–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heindel JJ, Powell CJ. (1992). Phthalate ester effects on rat Sertoli cell function in vitro: effects of phthalate side chain and age of animal. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 115, 116–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heindel JJ, Gulati DK, Mounce RC, Russell SR, Lamb JC. (1989). Reproductive toxicity of three phthalic acid esters in a continuous breeding protocol. FundamAppl Toxicol, 12, 508–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herr C, zur Nieden A, Koch HM, Schuppe HC, Fieber C, Angerer J, Eikmann T, Stilianakis NI. (2009). Urinary di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)–metabolites and male human markers of reproductive function. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 212, 648–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi TT, Palmer JS, Gray LE Jr, Veeramachaneni DN. (2003). Effects of dibutyl phthalate in male rabbits following in utero, adolescent, or postpubertal exposure. Toxicol Sci, 72, 301–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogberg J, Hanberg A, Berglund M, Skerfving S, Remberger M, Calafat AM, et al. (2008). Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood or serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations. Environ Health Perspect, 116, 334–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshi H, Ohtsuka T. (2009). Adult rats exposed to low-doses of di-n-butyl phthalate during gestation exhibit decreased grooming behavior. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 83, 62–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hoshino N, Iwai M, Okazaki Y. (2005). A two-generation reproductive toxicity study of dicyclohexyl phthalate in rats. J Toxicol Sci, 30, 79–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howdeshell KL, Furr J, Lambright CR, Rider CV, Wilson VS, Gray LE Jr. (2007). Cumulative effects of dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate on male rat reproductive tract development: altered fetal steroid hormones and genes. Toxicol Sci, 99, 190–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howdeshell KL, Wilson VS, Furr J, Lambright CR, Rider CV, Blystone CR, et al. (2008). A mixture of five phthalate esters inhibits fetal testicular testosterone production in the sprague-dawley rat in a cumulative, dose-additive manner. Toxicol Sci, 105, 153–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh MH, Breyer BN, Eisenberg ML, Baskin LS. (2008). Associations among hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anogenital distance, and endocrine disruption. Curr Urol Rep, 9, 137–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang LP, Lee CC, Hsu PC, Shih TS. (2011). The association between semen quality in workers and the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in polyvinyl chloride pellet plant air. Fertil Steril, 96, 90–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang PC, Kuo PL, Chou YY, Lin SJ, Lee CC. (2009). Association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and the health of newborns. Environ Int, 35, 14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes IA. (2001). Minireview: sex differentiation. Endocrinology, 142, 3281–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hushka LJ, Waterman SJ, Keller LH, Trimmer GW, Freeman JJ, Ambroso JL, et al. (2001). Two-generation reproduction studies in Rats fed di-isodecyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 15, 153–69.
   Google Scholar
• Hutson JM. (1985). A biphasic model for the hormonal control of testicular descent. Lancet, 2, 419–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichimura T, Kawamura M, Mitani A. (2003). Co-localized expression of FasL, Fas, Caspase-3 and apoptotic DNA fragmentation in mouse testis after oral exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Toxicology, 194, 35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Nakajima T. (2008). PPARalpha- and DEHP-induced cancers. PPAR Res, 2008, 759716.
   Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Yamanoshita O, Kurata Y, Kamijima M, Aoyama T, Nakajima T. (2007). Induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)-related enzymes by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) treatment in mice and rats, but not marmosets. Arch Toxicol, 81, 219–26.
   Google Scholar
• Janjua NR, Mortensen GK, Andersson AM, Kongshoj B, Skakkebaek NE, Wulf HC. (2007). Systemic uptake of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and butyl paraben following whole-body topical application and reproductive and thyroid hormone levels in humans. Environ Sci Technol, 41, 5564–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarfelt K, Dalgaard M, Hass U, Borch J, Jacobsen H, Ladefoged O. (2005). Antiandrogenic effects in male rats perinatally exposed to a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate. Reprod Toxicol, 19, 505–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J, Ma L, Yuan L, Wang X, Zhang W. (2007). Study on developmental abnormalities in hypospadiac male rats induced by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Toxicology, 232, 286–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang JT, Sun WL, Jing YF, Liu SB, Ma Z, Hong Y, et al. (2011). Prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate induces anorectal malformations in male rat offspring. Toxicology, 290, 322–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jirtle RL, Skinner MK. (2007). Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nat Rev Genet, 8, 253–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobling MS, Hutchison GR, van den Driesche S, Sharpe RM. (2011). Effects of di(n-butyl) phthalate exposure on foetal rat germ-cell number and differentiation: identification of age-specific windows of vulnerability. Int J Androl, 34, e386–96.
   Google Scholar
• Joffe M. (1985). Biases in research on reproduction and women's work. Int J Epidemiol, 14, 118–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe M, Villard L, Li Z, Plowman R, Vessey M. (1995). A time to pregnancy questionnaire designed for long term recall: validity in Oxford, England. J Epidemiol Community Health, 49, 314–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson KJ, McDowell EN, Viereck MP, Xia JQ. (2011). Species-specific dibutyl phthalate fetal testis endocrine disruption correlates with inhibition of SREBP2-dependent gene expression pathways. Toxicol Sci, 120, 460–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson KJ, McCahan SM, Si X, Campion L, Herrmann R, Barthold JS. (2008). The orl rat with inherited cryptorchidism has increased susceptibility to the testicular effects of in utero dibutyl phthalate exposure. Toxicol Sci, 105, 360–7.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson BA, Richthoff J, Rylander L, Giwercman A, Hagmar L. (2005). Urinary phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of reproductive function in young men. Epidemiology, 16, 487–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Sobala W, Ligocka D, Radwan P, Bochenek M, et al. (2013). Human urinary phthalate metabolites level and main semen parameters, sperm chromatin structure, sperm aneuploidy and reproductive hormones. Reprod Toxicol, 42, 232–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang KS, Lee YS, Kim HS, Kim SH. (2002). DI-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced cell proliferation is involved in the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication and blockage of apoptosis in mouse Sertoli cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 65, 447–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato K, Silva MJ, Reidy JA, Hurtz D III, Malek NA, Needham LL, et al. (2004). Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ Health Perspect, 112, 327–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavlock R, Barr D, Boekelheide K, Breslin W, Breysse P, Chapin R, et al. (2006). NTP-CERHR expert panel update on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 22, 291–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, et al. (2002a). NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of butyl benzyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 16, 453–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, et al. (2002c). NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-isodecyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 16, 655–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, et al. (2002b). NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 16, 489–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, et al. (2002d). NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-hexyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 16, 709–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, et al. (2002e). NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-octyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol, 16, 721–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TS, Jung KK, Kim SS, Kang IH, Baek JH, Nam HS, et al. (2010). Effects of in utero exposure to DI(n-Butyl) phthalate on development of male reproductive tracts in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 73, 1544–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Niimi S, Kawanishi T, Fukuoka M, Hayakawa T. (2003). Changes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-regulated gene expression and inhibin/activin-follistatin system gene expression in rat testis after an administration of di-n-butyl phthalate. Toxicol Lett, 138, 215–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch HM, Calafat AM. (2009). Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 364, 2063–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch HM, Preuss R, Angerer J. (2006). Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP): human metabolism and internal exposure–an update and latest results. Int J Androl, 29, 155–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohno H, Suzuki R, Sugie S, Tsuda H, Tanaka T. (2004). Lack of modifying effects of 4-ter t-octylphenol and benzyl butyl phthalate on 3,2-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-induced prostate carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Sci, 95, 300–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kondo T, Shono T, Suita S. (2006). Age-specific effect of phthalate ester on testicular development in rats. J Pediatr Surg, 41, 1290–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhl AJ, Ross SM, Gaido KW. (2007). CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta, but not steroidogenic factor-1, modulates the phthalate-induced dysregulation of rat fetal testicular steroidogenesis. Endocrinology, 148, 5851–64.
   Google Scholar
• Kurahashi N, Kondo T, Omura M, Umemura T, Ma M, Kishi R. (2005). The effects of subacute inhalation of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the testes of prepubertal Wistar rats. J Occup Health, 47, 437–44.
   Google Scholar
• Kurata Y, Kidachi F, Yokoyama M, Toyota N, Tsuchitani M, Katoh M. (1998). Subchronic toxicity of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in common marmosets: lack of hepatic peroxisome proliferation, testicular atrophy, or pancreatic acinar cell hyperplasia. Toxicol Sci, 42, 49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurata Y, Makinodan F, Shimamura N, Katoh M. (2012a). Metabolism of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): comparative study in juvenile and fetal marmosets and rats. J Toxicol Sci, 37, 33–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurata Y, Shimamura N, Katoh M. (2012b). Metabolite profiling and identification in human urine after single oral administration of DEHP. J Toxicol Sci, 379, 401–14.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb JC, Gulati D, Chambers R, Shaver S, Poonacha KB, Russell S. (1997a). Reproductive toxicology. Di-n-propylphthalate. Environ Health Perspect, 105, 257–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb JC, Gulati DK, Mounce RC, Shaver S, Poonacha KB. (1997b). Reproductive toxicology. Di-n-pentylphthalate. Environ Health Perspect, 105, 255–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb JC, Reel J, Lawton AD, Myers CB. (1997c). Reproductive toxicology. Di-n-hexylphthalate. Environ Health Perspect, 105, 251–2.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb JC, Reel JR, Lawton AD. (1997d). Reproductive toxicology. Diethylphthalate. Environ Health Perspect, 105, 245–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb JC, Chapin RE, Teague J, Lawton AD, Reel JR. (1987). Reproductive effects of four phthalic acid esters in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 88, 255–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrot R, Muczynski V, Lecureuil C, Angenard G, Coffigny H, Pairault C, et al. (2009). Phthalates impair germ cell development in the human fetal testis in vitro without change in testosterone production. Environ Health Perspect, 117, 32–7.
   Google Scholar
• Latini G, De Felice C, Verrotti A. (2004). Plasticizers, infant nutrition and reproductive health. Reprod Toxicol, 19, 27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latini G, Scoditti E, Verrotti A, De FC, Massaro M. (2008). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as mediators of phthalate-induced effects in the male and female reproductive tract: epidemiological and experimental evidence. PPAR Res, 2008, 359267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YJ, Ahn MY, Kim HS, Kwack SJ, Park KL, Yoon S, Min D. (2011). Role of phospholipase D in regulation of testicular Leydig cell hyperplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Arch Toxicol, 85, 975–85.
   Google Scholar
• Lee KY, Shibutani M, Takagi H, Kato N, Takigami S, Uneyama C, Hirose M. (2004). Diverse developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate in both sexes of rat offspring after maternal exposure during the period from late gestation through lactation. Toxicology, 203, 221–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann KP, Phillips S, Sar M, Foster PM, Gaido KW. (2004). Dose-dependent alterations in gene expression and testosterone synthesis in the fetal testes of male rats exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol Sci, 81, 60–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li LH, Jester WF Jr, Laslett AL, Orth JM. (2000). A single dose of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in neonatal rats alters gonocytes, reduces sertoli cell proliferation, and decreases cyclin D2 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 166, 222–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li LH, Jester WF Jr, Orth JM. (1998). Effects of relatively low levels of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on cocultured Sertoli cells and gonocytes from neonatal rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 153, 258–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Dai J, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Chen B. (2011). An association of elevated serum prolactin with phthalate exposure in adult men. Biomed Environ Sci, 24, 31–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin H, Ge RS, Chen GR, Hu GX, Dong L, Lian QQ, et al. (2008). Involvement of testicular growth factors in fetal Leydig cell aggregation after exposure to phthalate in utero. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 7218–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin LC, Wang SL, Chang YC, Huang PC, Cheng JT, Su PH, Liao PC. (2011).Associations between maternal phthalate exposure and cord sex hormones in human infants. Chemosphere, 83, 1192–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin YC, Yao PL, Richburg JH. (2010). FasL gene-deficient mice display a limited disruption in spermatogenesis and inhibition of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced germ cell apoptosis. Toxicol Sci, 114, 335–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom P, Harris M, Ross M, Lamb JC, Chapin RE. (1988). Comparison of changes in serum androgen binding protein with germinal epithelial damage and infertility induced by di-n-pentyl phthalate. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 11, 528–39.
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Bao H, Liu F, Zhang J, Shen H. (2012). Phthalates exposure of Chinese reproductive age couples and its effect on male semen quality, a primary study. Environ Int, 42, 78–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungvall K, Karlsson P, Hulten F, Madej A, Norrgren L, Einarsson S, et al. (2005). Delayed effects on plasma concentration of testosterone and testicular morphology by intramuscular low-dose di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate or oestradiol benzoate in the prepubertal boar. Theriogenology, 64, 1170–84.
   Google Scholar
• Ljungvall K, Spjuth L, Hulten F, Einarsson S, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Andersson K, Magnusson U. (2006). Early post-natal exposure to low dose oral di(2ethylhexyl) phthalate affects the peripheral LH-concentration in plasma, but does not affect mating behavior in the post-pubertal boar. Reprod Toxicol, 21, 160–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ljungvall K, Veeramachaneni DN, Hou M, Hulten F, Magnusson U. (2008). Morphology and morphometry of the reproductive organs in prepubertal and postpubertal male pigs exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate before puberty: precocious development of bulbourethral glands. Theriogenology, 70, 984–91.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd SC, Foster PM. (1988). Effect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on follicle-stimulating hormone responsiveness of cultured rat Sertoli cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 95, 484–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowell Center for Subtainable Production. (2011). Technical Briefing. Phthalates and Their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns University of Massachusetts Lowell. www.sustainableproduction.org.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod DJ, Sharpe RM, Welsh M, Fisken M, Scott HM, Hutchison GR, et al. (2010). Androgen action in the masculinization programming window and development of male reproductive organs. Int J Androl, 33, 279–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahood IK, Scott HM, Brown R, Hallmark N, Walker M, Sharpe RM. (2007). In utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate and testicular dysgenesis: comparison of fetal and adult end points and their dose sensitivity. Environ Health Perspect, 115, 55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main KM, Mortensen GK, Kaleva MM, Boisen KA, Damgaard IN, Chellakooty M, et al. (2006). Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 270–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Arguelles DB, Culty M, Zirkin BR, Papadopoulos V. (2009). In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate decreases mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the adult testis. Endocrinology, 150, 5575–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino-Andrade AJ, Morais RN, Botelho GG, Muller G, Grande SW, Carpentieri GB, et al. (2009). Coadministration of active phthalates results in disruption of foetal testicular function in rats. Int J Androl, 32, 704–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masutomi N, Shibutani M, Takagi H, Uneyama C, Takahashi N, Hirose M. (2003). Impact of dietary exposure to methoxychlor, genistein, or diisononyl phthalate during the perinatal period on the development of the rat endocrine/reproductive systems in later life. Toxicology, 192, 149–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen GN Jr, Renner G. (2006). Validity of anogenital distance as a marker of in utero phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect, 114, A19–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee RH, Pavkov KL, Trimmer GW, Keller LH, Stump DG. (2006). An assessment of the potential developmental and reproductive toxicity of di-isoheptyl phthalate in rodents. Reprod Toxicol, 21, 241–52.
   Google Scholar
• McKinnell C, Mitchell RT, Walker M, Morris K, Kelnar CJ, Wallace WH, Sharpe RM. (2009). Effect of fetal or neonatal exposure to monobutyl phthalate (MBP) on testicular development and function in the marmoset. Hum Reprod, 24, 2244–54.
   Google Scholar
• Meeker JD, Calafat AM, Hauser R. (2009). Urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate are associated with decreased steroid hormone levels in adult men. J Androl, 30, 287–97.
   Google Scholar
• Mendiola J, Jorgensen N, Andersson AM, Calafat AM, Silva MJ, Redmon JB, et al. (2011a). Associations between urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormones in fertile men. Int J Androl, 34, 369–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendiola J, Meeker JD, Jorgensen N, Andersson AM, Liu F, Calafat AM, et al. (2012). Urinary concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites and serum reproductive hormones: pooled analysis of fertile and infertile men. J Androl, 33, 488–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendiola J, Stahlhut RW, Jorgensen N, Liu F, Swan SH. (2011b). Shorter anogenital distance predicts poorer semen quality in young men in Rochester, New York. Environ Health Perspect, 119, 958–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mieritz MG, Frederiksen H, Sorensen K, Aksglaede L, Mouritsen A, Hagen CP, et al. (2012). Urinary phthalate excretion in 555 healthy Danish boys with and without pubertal gynaecomastia. Int J Androl, 35, 227–35.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell RT, Childs AJ, Anderson RA, van den Driesche S, Saunders PT, McKinnell C, et al. (2012). Do phthalates affect steroidogenesis by the human fetal testis? Exposure of human fetal testis xenografts to di-n-butyl phthalate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 97, e341–8.
   Google Scholar
• Miura Y, Naito M, Ablake M, Terayama H, Yi SQ, Qu N, et al. (2007). Short-term effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on testes, liver, kidneys and pancreas in mice. Asian J Androl, 9, 199–205.
   Google Scholar
• Modigh CM, Bodin SL, Lillienberg L, Dahlman-Hoglund A, Akesson B, Axelsson G. (2002). Time to pregnancy among partners of men exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Scand J Work Environ Health, 28, 418–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RW, Rudy TA, Lin TM, Ko K, Peterson RE. (2001). Abnormalities of sexual development in male rats with in utero and lactational exposure to the antiandrogenic plasticizer Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ Health Perspect, 109, 229–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muczynski V, Cravedi JP, Lehraiki A, Levacher C, Moison D, Lecureuil C, et al. (2012). Effect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on human and mouse fetal testis: In vitro and in vivo approaches. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 261, 97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murature DA, Tang SY, Steinhardt G, Dougherty RC. (1987). Phthalate esters and semen quality parameters. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom, 14, 473–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mylchreest E, Cattley RC, Foster PM. (1998). Male reproductive tract malformations in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to Di(n-butyl) phthalate: an antiandrogenic mechanism?Toxicol Sci, 43, 47–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylchreest E, Sar M, Cattley RC, Foster PM. (1999). Disruption of androgen-regulated male reproductive development by di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation in rats is different from flutamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 156, 81–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylchreest E, Wallace DG, Cattley RC, Foster PM. (2000). Dose-dependent alterations in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to Di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation. Toxicol Sci, 55, 143–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabae K, Doi Y, Takahashi S, Ichihara T, Toda C, Ueda K, et al. (2006). Toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) under conditions of renal dysfunction induced with folic acid in rats: enhancement of male reproductive toxicity of DEHP is associated with an increase of the mono-derivative. Reprod Toxicol, 22, 411–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagao T, Ohta R, Marumo H, Shindo T, Yoshimura S, Ono H. (2000). Effect of butyl benzyl phthalate in Sprague-Dawley rats after gavage administration: a two-generation reproductive study. Reprod Toxicol, 14, 513–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nair N, Bedwal S, Kumari D, Bedwal S, Bedwal RS. (2008). Effect on histological and sperm kinetics in DBP exposed Wistar rats. J Environ Biol, 29, 769–72.
   Google Scholar
• Nassar N, Abeywardana P, Barker A, Bower C. (2010). Parental occupational exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals and risk of hypospadias in infants. Occup Environ Med, 67, 585–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academy of Sciences. (2008). Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Noriega NC, Howdeshell KL, Furr J, Lambright CR, Wilson VS, Gray LE Jr. (2009). Pubertal administration of DEHP delays puberty, suppresses testosterone production, and inhibits reproductive tract development in male Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats. Toxicol Sci, 111, 163–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi S. (1990). Effects of phthalic acid esters on testicular mitochondrial functions in the rat. Arch Toxicol, 64, 143–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi S. (1985). Reversibility of testicular atrophy induced by Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rats. Environ Res, 36, 160–9.
   Google Scholar
• Oishi S. (1986). Testicular atrophy induced by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: changes in histology, cell specific enzyme activities and zinc concentrations in rat testis. Arch Toxicol, 59, 290–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi S, Hiraga K. (1980). Testicular atrophy induced by phthalic acid esters: Effect on testosterone and zinc concentrations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 53, 35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onorato TM, Brown PW, Morris PL. (2008). Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate increases spermatocyte mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 3 and cyclooxygenase 2. J Androl, 29, 293–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormond G, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nelson P, Toledano MB, Iszatt N, Geneletti S, Elliott P. (2009). Endocrine disruptors in the workplace, hair spray, folate supplementation, and risk of hypospadias: case-control study. Environ Health Perspect, 117, 303–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovacik MA, Sen B, Euling SY, Gaido KW, Ierapetritou MG, Androulakis IP. (2013). Pathway modeling of microarray data: a case study of pathway activity changes in the testis following in utero exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 271, 386–94.
   Google Scholar
• Pan G, Hanaoka T, Yoshimura M, Zhang S, Wang P, Tsukino H, et al. (2006). Decreased serum free testosterone in workers exposed to high levels of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): a cross-sectional study in China. Environ Health Perspect, 114, 1643–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pant N, Pant A, Shukla M, Mathur N, Gupta Y, Saxena D. (2011). Environmental and experimental exposure of phthalate esters: the toxicological consequence on human sperm. Hum Exp Toxicol, 30, 507–14.
   Google Scholar
• Pant N, Shukla M, Kumar PD, Shukla Y, Mathur N, Kumar GY, Saxena DK. (2008). Correlation of phthalate exposures with semen quality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 231, 112–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JD, Habeebu SS, Klaassen CD. (2002). Testicular toxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology, 171, 105–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar D, Srivastava SP, Seth PK. (1986). Effect of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on spermatogenesis in adult rats. Toxicology, 42, 47–55.
   Google Scholar
• Peck JD, Sweeney AM, Symanski E, Gardiner J, Silva MJ, Calafat AM, Schantz SL. (2010). Intra- and inter-individual variability of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in Hmong women of reproductive age. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 20, 90–100.
   Google Scholar
• Perera F, Herbstman J. (2011). Prenatal environmental exposures, epigenetics, and disease. Reprod Toxicol, 31, 363–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philippat C, Mortamais M, Chevrier C, Petit C, Calafat AM, Ye X, et al. (2012). Exposure to phthalates and phenols during pregnancy and offspring size at birth. Environ Health Perspect, 120, 464–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips KP, Tanphaichitr N. (2008). Human exposure to endocrine disrupters and semen quality. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev, 11, 188–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocar P, Fiandanese N, Secchi C, Berrini A, Fischer B, Schmidt JS, et al. (2012). Exposure to di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in utero and during lactation causes long-term pituitary-gonadal axis disruption in male and female mouse offspring. Endocrinology, 153, 937–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon R, Lecavalier P, Mueller R, Valli VE, Procter BG, Chu I. (1997). Subchronic oral toxicity of di-n-octyl phthalate and di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol, 35, 225–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta MS, Ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pugh G Jr, Isenberg JS, Kamendulis LM, Ackley DC, Clare LJ, Brown R, et al. (2000). Effects of di-isononyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and clofibrate in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol Sci, 56, 181–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rais-Bahrami K, Nunez S, Revenis ME, Luban NL, Short BL. (2004). Follow-up study of adolescents exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Environ Health Perspect, 112, 1339–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richburg JH, Nanez A, Gao H. (1999). Participation of the Fas-signaling system in the initiation of germ cell apoptosis in young rat testes after exposure to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 160, 271–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rozati R, Reddy PP, Reddanna P, Mujtaba R. (2002). Role of environmental estrogens in the deterioration of male factor fertility. Fertil Steril, 78, 1187–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusyn I, Corton JC. (2011). Mechanistic considerations for human relevance of cancer hazard of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Mutat Res, 750, 141–58.
   Google Scholar
• Ryu JY, Lee E, Kim TH, Lee YJ, Lee J, Lee BM, et al. (2008). Time-response effects of testicular gene expression profiles in Sprague-Dawley male rats treated with di(n-butyl) phthalate. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 71, 1542–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu JY, Lee BM, Kacew S, Kim HS. (2007a). Identification of differentially expressed genes in the testis of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicology, 234, 103–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu JY, Whang J, Park H, Im JY, Kim J, Ahn MY, et al. (2007b). Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces apoptosis through peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma and ERK activation in testis of Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 70, 1296–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffarini CM, Heger NE, Yamasaki H, Liu T, Hall SJ, Boekelheide K. (2012). Induction and persistence of abnormal testicular germ cells following gestational exposure to Di-(n-Butyl) phthalate in p53-null mice. J Androl, 33, 505–13.
   Google Scholar
• Saillenfait AM, Sabate JP, Gallissot F. (2008). Diisobutyl phthalate impairs the androgen-dependent reproductive development of the male rat. Reprod Toxicol, 26, 107–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saillenfait AM, Sabate JP, Gallissot F. (2006). Developmental toxic effects of diisobutyl phthalate, the methyl-branched analogue of di-n-butyl phthalate, administered by gavage to rats. Toxicol Lett, 165, 39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saillenfait AM, Gallissot F, Sabate JP. (2009a). Differential developmental toxicities of di-n-hexyl phthalate and dicyclohexyl phthalate administered orally to rats. J Appl Toxicol, 29, 510–21.
   Google Scholar
• Saillenfait AM, Roudot AC, Gallissot F, Sabate JP. (2011a). Prenatal developmental toxicity studies on di-n-heptyl and di-n-octyl phthalates in Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod Toxicol, 32, 268–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saillenfait AM, Roudot AC, Gallissot F, Sabate JP, Chagnon MC. (2011b). Developmental toxic potential of di-n-propyl phthalate administered orally to rats. J Appl Toxicol, 31, 36–44.
   Google Scholar
• Saillenfait AM, Sabate JP, Gallissot F. (2009b). Effects of in utero exposure to di-n-hexyl phthalate on the reproductive development of the male rat. Reprod Toxicol, 28, 468–76.
   Google Scholar
• Sakkas D, Alvarez JG. (2010). Sperm DNA fragmentation: mechanisms of origin, impact on reproductive outcome, and analysis. Fertil Steril, 93, 1027–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar V, Castillo C, Ariznavarreta C, Campon R, Tresguerres JA. (2004). Effect of oral intake of dibutyl phthalate on reproductive parameters of Long Evans rats and pre-pubertal development of their offspring. Toxicology, 205, 131–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salazar-Martinez E, Romano-Riquer P, Yanez-Marquez E, Longnecker MP, Hernandez-Avila M. (2004). Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Environ Health, 3, 8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarraj MA, Drummond AE. (2012). Mammalian foetal ovarian development: Consequences for health and disease. Reproduction, 143, 151–63.
   Google Scholar
• Saxena DK, Srivastava SP, Chandra SV, Seth PK. (1985). Testicular effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): histochemical and histopathological alterations. Ind Health, 23, 191–8.
   Google Scholar
• Scarano WR, Toledo FC, Guerra MT, de Campos SG, Junior LA, Felisbino SL, et al. (2009). Long-term effects of developmental exposure to di-n-butyl-phthalate (DBP) on rat prostate: proliferative and inflammatory disorders and a possible role of androgens. Toxicology, 262, 215–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schisterman EF, Vexler A, Whitcomb BW, Liu A. (2006). The limitations due to exposure detection limits for regression models. Am J Epidemiol, 163, 374–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott HM, Hutchison GR, Jobling MS, McKinnell C, Drake AJ, Sharpe RM. (2008). Relationship between androgen action in the “male programming window,” fetal sertoli cell number, and adult testis size in the rat. Endocrinology, 149, 5280–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth PK, Srivastava SP, Agarwal DK, Chandra SV. (1976). Effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on rat gonads. Environ Res, 12, 131–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe RM. (2006). Pathways of endocrine disruption during male sexual differentiation and masculinization. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 20, 91–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirota M, Saito Y, Imai K, Horiuchi S, Yoshimura S, Sato M, et al. (2005). Influence of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on fetal testicular development by oral administration to pregnant rats. J Toxicol Sci, 30, 175–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shono T, Suita S. (2003). Dose-dependent effect of phthalate ester on testicular descent in pre-and post natal rats. Urol Res, 31, 293–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva MJ, Barr DB, Reidy JA, Malek NA, Hodge CC, Caudill SP, et al. (2004). Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000. Environ Health Perspect, 112, 331–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR, Schneider EL. (1988). A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp Cell Res, 175, 184–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjoberg P, Lindqvist NG, Ploen L. (1986). Age-dependent response of the rat testes to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ Health Perspect, 65, 237–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner MK.What is an epigenetic transgenerational phenotype? F3 or F2. Reprod Toxicol, 2008;25, 2–6. Epub 2007 Sep 11.
   Google Scholar
• Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM. (2001). Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: An increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod, 16, 972–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobarzo CM, Lustig L, Ponzio R, Denduchis B. (2006). Effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on N-cadherin and catenin protein expression in rat testis. Reprod Toxicol, 22, 77–86.
   Google Scholar
• Sobarzo CM, Lustig L, Ponzio R, Suescun MO, Denduchis B. (2009). Effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on gap and tight junction protein expression in the testis of prepubertal rats. Microsc Res Tech, 72, 868–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spjuth L, Gil MA, Caballero I, Cuello C, Alminana C, Martinez EA, et al. (2007a). Pre-pubertal di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure of young boars did not affect sperm in vitro penetration capacity of homologous oocytes post-puberty. Arch Androl, 53, 141–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spjuth L, Johannisson A, Lundeheim N, Rodriguez-Martinez H. (2007b). Early pre-pubertal exposure to low-dose oral di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate does not affect sperm plasma membrane stability, acrosomal integrity or chromatin structure in the post-pubertal boar. Theriogenology, 68, 186–95.
   Google Scholar
• Spjuth L, Ljungvall K, Saravia F, Lundeheim N, Magnusson U, Hulten F, Rodriguez-Martinez H. (2006a). Does exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in pre-pubertal boars affect semen quality post-puberty?Int J Androl, 29, 534–42.
   Google Scholar
• Spjuth L, Saravia F, Johannisson A, Lundeheim N, Rodriguez-Martinez H. (2006b). Effects of exposure of pre-pubertal boars to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on their frozen-thawed sperm viability post-puberty. Andrologia, 38, 186–94.
   Google Scholar
• Stroheker T, Regnier JF, Lassurguere J, Chagnon MC. (2006). Effect of in utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: distribution in the rat fetus and testosterone production by rat fetal testis in culture. Food Chem Toxicol, 44, 2064–9.
   Google Scholar
• Struve MF, Gaido KW, Hensley JB, Lehmann KP, Ross SM, Sochaski MA, et al. (2009). Reproductive toxicity and pharmacokinetics of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) following dietary exposure of pregnant rats. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 86, 345–54.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Yoshinaga J, Mizumoto Y, Serizawa S, Shiraishi H. (2012). Foetal exposure to phthalate esters and anogenital distance in male newborns. Int J Androl, 35, 236–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swan SH. (2008). Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environ Res, 108, 177–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F, Stewart SL, Kruse RL, Calafat AM, et al. (2005). Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect, 113, 1056–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay TW, Andriana BB, Ishii M, Choi EK, Zhu XB, Alam MS, et al. (2007a). An ultrastructural study on the effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on mice testes: cell death and sloughing of spermatogenic cells. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn, 83, 123–30.
   Google Scholar
• Tay TW, Andriana BB, Ishii M, Tsunekawa N, Kanai Y, Kurohmaru M. (2007b). Disappearance of vimentin in Sertoli cells: a mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate effect. Int J Toxicol, 26, 289–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teirlynck O, Kaufman JM, Bogaert MG, Roels H. (1988). Testicular toxicity induced by single dosing of di- and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the rat. Toxicol Lett, 40, 85–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thankamony A, Ong KK, Dunger DB, Acerini CL, Hughes IA. (2009). Anogenital distance from birth to 2 years: a population study. Environ Health Perspect, 117, 1786–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomonari Y, Kurata Y, David RM, Gans G, Kawasuso T, Katoh M. (2006). Effect of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on genital organs from juvenile common marmosets: I. Morphological and biochemical investigation in 65-week toxicity study. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 69, 1651–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toppari J, Haavisto AM, Alanen M. (2002). Changes in male reproductive health and effects of endocrine disruptors in Scandinavian countries. Cad Saude Publica, 18, 413–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toppari J, Virtanen HE, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE. (2010). Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS): environmental connection. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 88, 910–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toshima H, Suzuki Y, Imai K, Yoshinaga J, Shiraishi H, Mizumoto Y, et al. (2012). Endocrine disrupting chemicals in urine of Japanese male partners of subfertile couples: a pilot study on exposure and semen quality. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 215, 502–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranfo G, Caporossi L, Paci E, Aragona C, Romanzi D, De CC, et al. (2012). Urinary phthalate monoesters concentration in couples with infertility problems. Toxicol Lett, 213, 15–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsutsumi T, Ichihara T, Kawabe M, Yoshino H, Asamoto M, Suzuki S, Shirai T. (2004). Renal toxicity induced by folic acid is associated with the enhancement of male reproductive toxicity of di(n-butyl)phthalate in rats. Reprod Toxicol, 18, 35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyl RW, Myers CB, Marr MC, Fail PA, Seely JC, Brine DR, et al. (2004). Reproductive toxicity evaluation of dietary butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) in rats. Reprod Toxicol, 18, 241–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Driesche S, Kolovos P, Platts S, Drake AJ, Sharpe RM. Inter-relationship between testicular dysgenesis and Leydig cell function in the masculinization programming window in the rat. PLoS One. 2012;7, e30111. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030111. Epub 2012 Jan 11.
   Google Scholar
• Vo TT, Jung EM, Dang VH, Jung K, Baek J, Choi KC, Jeung EB. (2009). Differential effects of flutamide and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on male reproductive organs in a rat model. J Reprod Dev, 55, 400–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss C, Zerban H, Bannasch P, Berger MR. (2005). Lifelong exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate induces tumors in liver and testes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology, 206, 359–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrijheid M, Armstrong B, Dolk H, van Tongeran M, Botting B. (2003). Risk of hypospadias in relation to maternal occupational exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicalsOccup Environ Med, 60, 543–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner-Mahler K, Kurzenne JY, Delattre I, Berard E, Mas JC, Bornebush L, et al. (2011). Prospective study on the prevalence and associated risk factors of cryptorchidism in 6246 newborn boys from Nice area, France. Int J Androl, 34, e499–510.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walvoord EC. (2010). The timing of puberty: is it changing? Does it matter?J Adolesc Health, 47, 433–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Song L, Hong X, Cui L, Zhang Z, Xiao H, et al. (2006). Low concentrations mono-butyl phthalate stimulates steroidogenesis by facilitating steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in mouse Leydig tumor cells (MLTC-1). Chem Biol Interact, 164, 15–24.
   Google Scholar
• Wang YB, Song L, Cui LB, Hong X, Zhang ZD, Wang XR. (2007). Monobutyl phthalate inhibits steroidogenesis by downregulating steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in mouse Leydig tumor cells (MLTC-1). J Toxicol Environ Health A, 70, 947–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward JM, Peters JM, Perella CM, Gonzalez FJ. (1998). Receptor and nonreceptor-mediated organ-specific toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-null mice. Toxicol Pathol, 26, 240–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss B. (2006). Anogenital distance: defining “normal”. Environ Health Perspect, 114, A399.
   Google Scholar
• Werler MM, Pober BR, Nelson K, Holmes LB. (1989). Reporting accuracy among mothers of malformed and nonmalformed infants. Am J Epidemiol, 129, 415–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2010). WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, 5th edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox A. (2010). Fertility and Pregnancy: An Epidemiologic Perspective. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Willoughby CR, Fulcher SM, Creasy DM, Heath JA, Priston RA, Moore NP. (2000). Two-generation reproduction toxicity studies of di-(C(7)-C(9) alkyl) phthalate and di-(C(9)-C(11) alkyl) phthalate in the rat. Reprod Toxicol, 14, 427–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson VS, Howdeshell KL, Lambright CS, Furr J, Earl GL Jr. (2007). Differential expression of the phthalate syndrome in male Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats after in utero DEHP exposure. Toxicol Lett, 170, 177–84.
   Google Scholar
• Wine RN, Li LH, Barnes LH, Gulati DK, Chapin RE. (1997). Reproductive toxicity of di-n-butylphthalate in a continuous breeding protocol in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ Health Perspect, 105, 102–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth JJ, Rossano MG, Potter R, Puscheck E, Daly DC, Paneth N, et al. (2008). A pilot study associating urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and semen quality. Syst Biol Reprod Med, 54, 143–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittassek M, Koch HM, Angerer J, Bruning T. (2011). Assessing exposure to phthalates – the human biomonitoring approach. Mol Nutr Food Res, 55, 7–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S, Zhu J, Li Y, Lin T, Gan L, Yuan X, et al. (2010a). Dynamic epigenetic changes involved in testicular toxicity induced by di-2-(ethylhexyl) phthalate in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 106, 118–23.
   Google Scholar
• Wu S, Zhu J, Li Y, Lin T, Gan L, Yuan X, et al. (2010b). Dynamic effect of di-2-(ethylhexyl) phthalate on testicular toxicity: epigenetic changes and their impact on gene expression. Int J Toxicol, 29, 193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao-feng Z, Nai-qiang Q, Jing Z, Zi L, Yang Z. (2009). Di (n-butyl) phthalate inhibits testosterone synthesis through a glucocorticoid-mediated pathway in rats. Int J Toxicol, 28, 448–56.
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi S, Miura C, Kikuchi K, Celino FT, Agusa T, Tanabe S, Miura T. (2009). Zinc is an essential trace element for spermatogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 10859–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki K, Okuda H, Takeuchi T, Minobe Y. (2009). Effects of in utero through lactational exposure to dicyclohexyl phthalate and p,p’-DDE in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett, 189, 14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao PL, Lin YC, Richburg JH. (2011). Transcriptional suppression of Sertoli cell Timp2 in rodents following mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure is regulated by CEBPA and MYC. Biol Reprod, 85, 1203–15.
   Google Scholar
• Yao PL, Lin YC, Richburg JH. (2010). Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced disruption of junctional complexes in the seminiferous epithelium of the rodent testis is mediated by MMP2. Biol Reprod, 82, 516–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Yu KF. (1998). What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. JAMA, 280, 1690–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YH, Lin L, Liu ZW, Jiang XZ, Chen BH. (2008). Disruption effects of monophthalate exposures on inter-Sertoli tight junction in a two-compartment culture model. Environ Toxicol, 23, 302–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YH, Zheng LX, Chen BH. (2006). Phthalate exposure and human semen quality in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study. Biomed Environ Sci, 19, 205–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Jiang X, Chen B. (2004). Reproductive and developmental toxicity in F1 Sprague-Dawley male rats exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate in utero and during lactation and determination of its NOAEL. Reprod Toxicol, 18, 669–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Ao H, Chen L, Sottas CM, Ge RS, Li L, Zhang Y. (2012). Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate affects the steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells through provoking ROS perturbation. Toxicol In Vitro, 26, 950–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D, Wang H, Zhang J. (2011). Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) exposure induces oxidative stress in epididymis of adult rats. Toxicol Ind Health, 27, 65–71.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou D, Wang H, Zhang J, Gao X, Zhao W, Zheng Y. (2010). Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) exposure induces oxidative damage in testes of adult rats. Syst Biol Reprod Med, 56, 413–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu XB, Tay TW, Andriana BB, Alam MS, Choi EK, Tsunekawa N, et al. (2010). Effects of di-iso-butyl phthalate on testes of prepubertal rats and mice. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn, 86, 129–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar