The Effect of Diet on the Mammalian Gut Flora and Its Metabolic Activities

References

• Drasar B.S., Hill M.J. Human Intestinal Flora. Academic Press, London 1974
   Google Scholar
• Hudson M.J., Borriello S.P., Hill M.J. Elemental diets and the bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract. Elemental Diets, R.I. Russell. C.R.C. Press, Boca Raton, Fla 1981, Chap. 9
   Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Walker R. The gastrointestinal tract in food toxicology. Toxic Hazards in Food, D.M. Conning, A.B.G. Lansdown. Croom Helm, London and Canberra 1983, Chap. 6
   Google Scholar
• Moore W.E.C., Cato E.P., Holdeman L.V. Some current concepts in intestinal bacteriology. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978; 31: 533
   Google Scholar
• Brown J.P. Role of gut bacterial flora in nitrition and health; a review of recent advances in bacteriological techniques, metabolism and factors affecting flora composition. Crit. Rev. Fd. Sci. Nutr. 1977; 8: 229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsouka T. Recent trends in research on intestinal flora. Bifidobacteria Microflora 1982; 1: 3
   Google Scholar
• Evaldson G., Heimdahl A., Kager L., Nord C.E. The normal human anaerobic microflora. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., Suppl. 1982; 35: 9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drasar B.S., Hill M.J., Williams R.E.O. The significance of the gut flora in safety testing of food additives. Metabolic Aspects of Food Safety, F.J.C. Roe. Blackwell, Oxford 1970; 245
   Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R. Metabolism of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by the contents of the alimentary tract of the rat. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1974; 12: 293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sykes P.A., Boulter K.H., Schofield P.F. Alterations in small-bowel microflora in acute intestinal obstruction. J. Med. Microbiol. 1976; 9: 13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drasar B.S., Shiner M. Studies on the intestinal flora. II. Bacterial flora of the small intestine in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Gut 1969; 10: 812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage D.C., McAllister J.S., Davis C.P. Anaerobic bacteria on the mucosal epithelium of the murine large bowel. Inf. Immun. 1971; 4: 492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage D.C. Interactions between the host and its microbes. Microbial Ecology of the Gut, R.T.J. Clark, T. Bauchop. Academic Press, London 1977; 277
   Google Scholar
• Lee A., Phillips M. Isolation and cultivation of spirochetes and other spiral-shaped bacteria associated with the cecal mucosa of rats and mice. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1978; 35: 610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson D.P., Mata L.J. Bacterial flora associated with the human gastrointestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 1970; 58: 56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdeman L.V., Moore W.E.C. Roll-tube techniques for anaerobic bacteria. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1972; 25: 1314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore W.E.C., Holdeman L.V. Special problems associated with the isolation and identification of intestinal bacteria in fecal flora studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27: 1450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdeman L.V., Moore W.E.C. Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, 3rd Ed. V.P.I. Anaerobe Laboratory, Blacksburg, Va 1975
   Google Scholar
• Holdeman L.V., Good I.J., Moore W.E.C. Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1976; 31: 359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerkawski J.W. Methods for determining 2,6,diaminopimelic acid and 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid in gut contents. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 1974; 25: 45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling J.R., Buttery P.J. The simultaneous use of ribonucleic acid,35S, 2–6 diaminopimelic acid and 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid as markers of microbial nitrogen entering the duodenum of the sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 1978; 39: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gausserés B., Fauconneau G. Evaluation quantitative, a l'aide de la teneur en acides nucleiques de la population microbienne du tube digestif des ruminants, 1. Annales de Biologie animale. Biochim. Biophys. 1965; 5: 5a
   Google Scholar
• Smith R.H. Nitrogen metabolism and the rumen. J. Dairy Res. 1969; 36: 313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith R.H., McAllan A.B. Nucleic acid metabolism in the ruminant. II. Formation of microbial nucleic acids in the rumen in relation to the digestion of food nitrogen and the fate of dietary nucleic acids. Br. J. Nutr. 1970; 24: 545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson P.N., Summers R. ATP pool and growth yield in Selenomonas ruminantium. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1972; 70: 351
   Google Scholar
• Wolstrup J., Jensen K. Adenosine triphosphate and dexoyribonucleic acid in the alimentary tract of cattle fed different nitrogen sources. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1978; 45: 49
   Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Davies M.J., Evans J.G. Tissue content of mercury in rats given methylmercuric chloride orally. Influence of intestinal flora. Arch. Environ. Health 1980; 35: 155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remmel R.P., Pohl L.R., Elmer G.W. Influence of the intestinal microflora on the elimination of warfarin in the rat. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 1981; 9: 410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wostman B.S., Bruckner-Kardoss E. Oxidation-reduction potentials in cecal contents of germfree and conventional rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Med. 1966; 121: 1111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ford D.J. The effect of the microflora on gastrointestinal pH in the chick. Br. Poultry Sci. 1974; 15: 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates M.E., Fuller R. The gnotobiotic animal in the study of gut microbiology. Microbial Ecology of the Gut, R.T.J. Clarke, T. Bauchop. Academic Press, London 1977; 311
   Google Scholar
• Luckey T.L. Germfree Life and Gnotobiology. Academic Press, New York 1963
   Google Scholar
• Vince A., Down P.F., Murison J., Twig F.J., Wrong O.M. Generation of ammonia from non-urea sources in a fecal incubation system. Clin. Sci. Molec. Med. 1976; 51: 313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason R.P., Peterson F.J., Holtzman J.L. The formation of an azo anion free radical metabolite during the microsomal reduction of sulfonazo. III. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1977; 75: 532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason R.P., Holtzman J.L. The role of catalytic superoxide formation in the O2 inhibition of nitroreductase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1975; 67: 1267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vince A.J., Burridge S.M. Ammonia production by intestinal bacteria: the effects of lactose, lactulose and glucose. J. Med. Microbiol. 1980; 13: 177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin B.R., Lombardi P., Mayhew J., Gorbach S.L. Factors that affect intestinal bacterial activity: implications for colon carcinogenesis. Banbury Report 7: Gastrointestinal Cancer – Endogenous Factors, W.R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S.R. Tannenbaum, T.D. Wilkins. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1981; 41
   Google Scholar
• Leegwater D.C., deGroot A.P., Van Kalmthout-Kuypers M. The aetiology of cecal enlargement in the rat. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1974; 12: 687
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallett A.K., Wise A., Rowland I.R. Effect of dietary cellulose on the metabolic activity of the rat cecal microflora. Arch. Toxicol. 1983; 52: 311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker R. Some observations of the phenomenon of cecal enlargement in the rat. Chemical Toxicology of Food, C.L. Galli, R. Paoletti, G. Vettorazzi. Elsevier/North-Holland. 1978; 339
   Google Scholar
• Wise A., Rowland I.R., Mallett A.K. Microbial metabolism of xenobioticsin vitro by cecal contents from rats given different diets. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1983; 42: 113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallett A.K., Wise A., Rowland I.R. Hydrocolloid food additives and rat cecal microbial enzyme activities. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 1984; 22: 415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker R. The metabolism of azo compounds: a review of the literature. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1970; 8: 659
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drake J.J.P. Food colours – harmless aesthetics or epicurean luxuries?. Toxicology 1975; 5: 3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowland I. The influence of the gut microflora on food toxicity. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1981; 40: 67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radomski J.L., Mellinger T.J. The absorption, fate and excretion in rats of the water-soluble azo dyes, FD & C Red No. 2, FD & C Red No. 4 and FD & C Yellow No. 6. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 1962; 136: 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheline R.R., Longberg B. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of the sulphonated azo dye, Acid yellow, by rats. Acta Pharmac. Tox. 1965; 23: 1
   Google Scholar
• Jones R., Ryan A.J., Wright S.E. The metabolism and excretion of tartrazine in the rat, rabbit and man. Fd. Cosmet. Toxciol. 1964; 2: 447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grasso P., Golberg L. Problems confronted and lessons learnt in the safety evaluation of Brown FK. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1968; 6: 737
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker R., Grasso P., Gaunt I.F. Myotoxicity of amine metabolites from Brown FK. Fd. Cosmet. Toxciol. 1970; 8: 539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaunt I.F. Studies on the relationship between Heinz bodies and haemolysis in laboratory animals and the evaluation of Heinz body production in toxicological investigation. Ph.D. thesis, University of London. 1973
   Google Scholar
• Grice H.C., Mannell W.A., Allmark M.G. Liver tumors in rats fed Ponceau 3R. Toxic. Appl. Pharmac. 1961; 3: 509
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mannell W.A. Further investigations on production of liver tumors in rats by Ponceau 3R. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1964; 2: 169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grasso P., Lansdown A.B.G., Kiss I.S., Gaunt I.F., Gangolli S.D. Nodular hyperplasia in the rat liver following prolonged feeding of Ponceau MX. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1969; 7: 425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartman C.P., Andrews A.W., Chung K.T. Production of a mutagen from Ponceau 3R by a human intestinal anaerobe. Infect. Immunol. 1979; 23: 686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner R.C., Nutman C.A. Testing of some azo dyes and their reduction products for mutagenicity usingSalmonella typhimurium TA 1538. Mut. Res. 1977; 44: 9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman C.P., Fulk G.E., Andrews A.W. Azo reduction of trypan blue to a known carcinogen by a cell-free extract of a human intestinal anaerobe. Mut. Res. 1978; 58: 125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinde E., Troll W. Metabolic redction of benzidine azo dyes to benzidine in the rhesus monkey. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1975; 55: 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vennitt S., Bushell C.T. Mutagenicity of the food colour Brown FK and constituents in Salmonella typhimurium. Mut. Res. 1976; 40: 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchard M. Bioreduction of organic nitrogen. Xenobiotica 1971; 1: 469
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen S.M., Ertürk E., Von Esch A.M., Crovetti A.J., Bryan G.T. Carcinogenicity of 5-nitrofurans, 5-nitroimidazoles, 4-nitrobenzenes, and related compounds. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1973; 51: 403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu C.W., Lee L.H., Wang C.Y., Bryan G.T. Mutagenicity of some commercially available nitro compounds for Salmonella typhimurium. Mut. Res. 1978; 58: 11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirsalis J.C., Hamm T.E., Sherrill J.M., Butterworth B.E. Role of gut flora in genotoxicity of dinitrotoluene. Nature (London) 1982; 295: 322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindmark D.G., Müller M. Antitrichomonad action, mutagenicity, and reduction of metronidazole and other nitroimidazoles. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1976; 10: 476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCalla D.R., Voutsinos D. On the mutagenicity of nitrofurans. Mut. Res. 1974; 26: 3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy B.G., Pohl L.R., Krishna G. The requirement of the gut flora in nitrobenzene-induced methemoglobinemia in rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1976; 25: 1119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facchini V., Griffiths L.A. The involvement of the gastrointestinal microflora in the nitrocompound-induced methaemoglobinaemia in rats and its relationship to nitrogroup reduction. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1981; 30: 931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillette J.R., Kamm J.J., Sesame H.A. Mechanism of p-nitrobenzoate reduction in liver: the possible role of cytochrome p-450 in liver microsomes. Molec. Pharmacol. 1968; 4: 541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner D.M., Renwick A.G. The reduction of nitrobenzoic acids in the rat. Xenobiotica 1978; 8: 679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy E.C., Rosenkranz H.S., Mermelstein R. Evidence for the existence of a family of bacterial nitroreductases capable of activating nitrated polycyclics to mutagens. Environ. Mut. 1981; 3: 421
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenkranz E.J., McCoy E.C., Mermelstein R., Rosenkranz H.S. Evidence for the existence of distinct nitroreductases inSalmonella typhimurium: role in mutagenesis. Carcinogenesis 1982; 3: 121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillette J.R. Reductive enzymes. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, B.B. Brodie, J.R. Gillette. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1971, Chap. 42
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler L.A., Soderberg F.B., Goldman P. The relationship between nitro group reduction and the intestinal microflora. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1975; 194: 135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzniar E.J.A., James S.P. Influence of the gut microflora on the metabolism of 4-nitrobenzoic acid in the marmoset. Xenobiotica 1981; 11: 675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch R.L., Goldman P. The anaerobic metabolism of metronidazole formsN-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1979; 208: 406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch R.L., Chrystal E.J.T., Beaulieu B.B., Goldman P. Acetamide: a metabolite of metronidazole formed by the intestinal flora. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 3611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch R.L., Beaulieu B.B., Chrystal E.J.T., Goldman P. A metronidazole metabolite in human urine and its risk. Science 1981; 211: 398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch R.L., Beaulieu B.B., Goldman P. The role of the intestinal flora in the metabolism of misonidazole. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980; 29: 3281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. A twenty-four month study in Fisher 344 rats given dinitrotoluene. Research Triangle Park, N.C. 1979, CIIT Docket No. 327N8
   Google Scholar
• Couch D.B., Allen P.F., Abernethy D.J. The mutagenicity of dinitrotoluene in Salmonella typhimurium. Mut. Res. 1981; 90: 373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abernethy D.J., Couch D.B. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of dinitrotoluenes in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mut. Res. 1982; 103: 53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent J.G., Schnell S.R., Guest D. Metabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by rat hepatic microsomes and cecal flora. Biological Reactive Intermediates. II. Chemical Mechanisms and Biological Effects, R. Snyder, D.V. Parke, J.J. Kocsis, D.J. Jollow, G.G. Gibson, C.M. Witmer. Plenum Press, New York 1982; 431
   Google Scholar
• Rickert D.E., Long R.M., Krakowka S., Dent J.G. Metabolism and excretion of 2,4-[14C] dinitrotoluene in conventional and axenic Fischer-344 rats. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol. 1981; 59: 574
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doolittle D.J., Sherrill J.M., Butterworth B.E. Influence of intestinal bacteria, sex of animal, and position of the nitro group on the hepatic genotoxicity of nitrotoluene isomersin vivo. Cancer Res. 1983; 43: 2836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinouchi T., Manabe Y., Wakisaka K., Ohnishi Y. Biotransformation of 1-nitropyrene in intestinal anaerobic bacteria. Microbiol. Immunol. 1982; 26: 993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Mallett A.K., Wise A., Bailey E. Effect of dietary carrageenan and pectin on the reduction of nitro compounds by the rat cecal microflora. Xenobiotica 1983; 13: 251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker R., Ryan A.J. Some molecular parameters influencing rate of reduction of azo compounds by intestinal microflora. Xenobiotica 1971; 1: 483
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naumova R.P., Amerkanhova N.N., Belousova T.O. Bacterial reductive transformation of aromatic nitro compounds. Mikrobiologiya 1982; 51: 735
   Google Scholar
• Gomez R.F., Tannenbaum S.R., Saroca J., Ralt D., Rockwitz N. Heterotrophic nitrification by intestinal microorganisms. Cancer 1980; 45: 1066
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tannenbaum S.R., Young V.R., Green L., Ruiz de Luzuriaga R. Intestinal formation of nitrite andN-nitrosocompounds, in N-Nitrosocompounds – Analysis Formation and Occurrence. IARC Scientific Publication No. 31, E.A. Walker, L. Gricuite, M. Castegnara, M. Börzsönyi, M. Davis. IARC, Lyon 1980; 281
   Google Scholar
• Ralt D., Gomez R.F., Tannenbaum S.R. Conversion of acetohydroxamate and hydroxylamine to nitrite by intestinal microorganisms. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1981; 12: 226
   Google Scholar
• Witter J.P., Gatley S.J., Balish E. Evaluation of nitrate synthesis by intestinal microogamismsin vivo. Science 1981; 213: 449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner D.A., Tannenbaum S.R. Enhancement of nitrate biosynthesis byEschericia coli lipopolysaccharide. Banbury Report 12: Nitrosamines and Human Cancer, P.N. Magee. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1982; 437
   Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum S.R., Green L. Metabolism of Nitrate. Banbury Report 7: Gastrointestinal Cancer Endogenous Factors, W.R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S.R. Tannenbaum, T.D. Wilkins. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1981; 331
   Google Scholar
• Saul R.L., Kabir S.H., Cohen Z., Bruce W.R., Archer M.C. Reevaluation of nitrate and nitrite levels in the human intestine. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 2280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witter J.P., Balish E., Gatley S.J. Origin of excess urinary nitrate in the rat. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 3654
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green L.C., Tannenbaum S.R., Goldman P. Nitrate synthesis in the germfree and conventional rat. Science 1981; 212: 56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green L.C., Ralt D., Tannenbaum S.R. Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosocompounds: biochemistry, metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity. Human Nutrition, A. Neuberger, T.H. Jukes. MTP Press Ltd., Lancaster 1982; 87
   Google Scholar
• Hartman P.E. Nitrates and nitrites: ingestion, pharmacodynamics and toxicology. Chemical Mutagens – Principles and Methods for Their Detection, F.J. de Serres, A. Hollaender. Plenum Press, New York 1982; Vol. 7: 211
   Google Scholar
• Hasan S.M., Hall J.B. The physiological function of nitrate respiration in Clostridium perfringens. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1975; 87: 120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ota A. Phosphorylation coupled to nitrate respiration. Int. J. Biochem. 1982; 14: 341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallett A.K., Rowland I.R., Wise A. Interaction between pectin and rat hindgut microflora. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983; 45: 116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein D., Gaconnet N., Poullain B., Derby G. Effet d'une charge en nitrate sur le nitrite salivare et gastrique chez l'homme. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1978; 16: 111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill M.J., Hawksworth G. Bacterial production of nitrosamines ‘in vitro’ and ‘in vivo’. N-Nitroso Compounds – Formation and Analysis, P. Bogorski, R. Preussman, E.A. Walker, W. Davis. IARC Scientific Publication No. 3, IARC, Lyon 1972; 116
   Google Scholar
• Goaz P.W., Biswell H.A. Nitrate reduction in whole saliva. J. Dent. Res. 1961; 40: 355
   Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum S.R., Weisman M., Fett D. The effect of nitrate intake on nitrite formation in human saliva. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1976; 14: 549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spiegelhalder B., Eisenbrand G., Preussman R. Influence of dietary nitrate on the nitrite content of human saliva: possible relevance toin vivo formation of N-nitrosocompounds. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1976; 14: 545
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fridovich I., Handler P. Xanthine oxidase. V. differential inhibition of the reduction of various electron acceptors. J. Biol. Chem. 1962; 237: 916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopalan K.V., Fridovich I., Handler P. Hepatic aldehyde oxidase. I. purification and properties. J. Biol. Chem. 1962; 237: 922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin A. Biochemical Toxicology of Environmental Agents. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976; 1259
   Google Scholar
• Kosaka H., Imaizumi K., Ima K., Tyuma I. Stoichiometry of the reaction of oxyhaemoglobin with nitrite. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1979; 581: 184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling R.C., Roughton F.J.W. The effect of methemoglobin on the equilibrium between oxygen and haemoglobin. Am. J. Physiol. 1942; 44: 275
   Google Scholar
• Newberne P.M. Nitrite promotes lymphoma incidence in rats. Science 1979; 204: 1079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser P., Chilvers C., Beral V., Hill M.J. Nitrate and human cancer: a review of the evidence. Int. J. Epidem. 1980; 9: 3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum S.R., Archer M.C., Correa P., Cuello C., Haenszel W. Nitrate and the etiology of gastric cancer. Origins of Human Cancer, H.H. Hyatt, J.D. Watson, J.A. Winsten. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1977; 1609
   Google Scholar
• Gibson G.G., Ionnides C. Safety Evaluation of Nitrosatable Drugs and Chemicals. Taylor and Francis, London 1981
   Google Scholar
• Ruddell W.S., Bone E.S., Hill M.J., Blendis L.M., Walters C.L. Gastric-juice nitrite. A risk factor for cancer in the hypochlorhydric stomach?. Lancet 1976; ii: 1037
   Google Scholar
• Fine D.H., Ross P., Rounbehler D.P., Silvergleid A., Song L. Formationin vivo of volatileN-nitrosamines in man after ingestion of cooked bacon and spinach. Nature (London) 1977; 265: 753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski B., Miller C.T., Sen N.P. Studies on thein vivo formation of nitrosamines in rats and humans after various meals. N-Nitroso Compounds: Analysis, Formation and Occurrence, E.A. Walker, L. Griciute, M. Castegnara, M. Borzsonyi. IARC Scientific Publication No. 31, IARC, Lyon 1980; 467
   Google Scholar
• Mysliwy T.S., Wick E.L., Archer M.C., Shank R.C., Newberne P.M. Formation ofN-nitrosopyrrolidine in a dog's stomach. Br. J. Cancer 1974; 30: 279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter C.L., Carr F.P.A., Dyke C.S., Saxby M.J., Smith D.L.R. Nitrite sources and nitrosamine formationin vitro andin vivo. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1979; 17: 473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hashimoto S., Yokokura T., Kawai Y., Mutai M. Dimethylnitrosamine formation in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Fd. Cosmet. Toxciol. 1976; 14: 553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klubes P., Cerna I., Rabinowitz A.D., Jondorf W.R. Factors affecting dimethylnitrosamine formation from simple precursors by rat intestinal bacteria. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1972; 10: 757
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee L.-J., Archer M.C., Bruce W.R. Absence of volatile nitrosamines in human feces. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 3992
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallett A.K., Rowland I.R., Wise A. Diet-related production of mutagens by the rat gut flora. Toxcologist 1982; 2: 146
   Google Scholar
• Wang T., Kakizoe T., Dion P., Furrer R., Varghese A.J., Bruce W.R. Volatile nitrosamines in normal human feces. Nature, (London) 1978; 276: 280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K., Mitsuoka T. Increase in fecal nitrosamines in Japanese individuals given a Western diet. Nature (London) 1981; 294: 453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer C., Saul R.L., Lee L.-J., Bruce W.R. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines in human feces. Banbury Report 7: Gastrointestinal Cancer – Endogenous Factors, W.R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S.R. Tannenbaum, T.D. Wilkins. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1981; 321
   Google Scholar
• Eisenbrand G., Spiegelhalder B., Preussmann R. Analysis of human biological specimens for nitrosamine content. Banbury Report 7: Gastrointestinal Cancer – Endogenous Factors, W.R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S.R. Tannenbaum, T.D. Wilkins. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1981; 245
   Google Scholar
• Witter J.P., Balish E., Gatley S.J. Distribution of nitrogen - 13 from labelled nitrate (13NO3) and nitrite (13NO3) in germfree (GF) and conventional- flora (CV) rats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1979; 38: 870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnykowycz J., Johansson K.R. Formation of amines by intestinal microorganisms and the influence of chlortetracycline. J. Exp. Med. 1955; 101: 507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phear E.A., Reubner B. The in vitro production of ammonium and amines by intestinal bacteria in relation to nitrogen toxicity as a factor in hepatic coma. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1956; 37: 253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anonymous. Headache, tyramine, serotinin and migraine. Nutr. Rev. 1968; 26: 40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry T.L., Hestrin M., MacDougall L., Hansen S. Urinary amines of intestinal bacterial origin. Clin. Chim. Acta. 1966; 14: 116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bäkke O.M. Studies on the degradation of tyrosine by rat cecal contents. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1969; 4: 603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutwell R.K. Phenolic Compounds and Metabolic Regulation, B.J. Finkle, V.C. Runeckles. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1967
   Google Scholar
• Angel A., Rogers K.J. Convulsant action of polyphenols. Nature (London) 1968; 217: 84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M.J. Bacterial metabolism and human carcinogenesis. Br. Med. Bull. 1980; 36: 89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryan G.T. The role of urinary tryptophan metabolites in the etiology of bladder cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1971; 24: 841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrhart H., Stich W. Untersuchungen uber Experimentelle Leukamien: Die Indol Leukamie bei der weissen Maus. Klin. Wochenschr. 1957; 35: 504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunning W.F., Curtis M.R. The role of indole in incidence of 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced bladder cancer in rats. Proc. Soc. Biol. Med. 1958; 99: 91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandler M., Karoum F., Ruthven C.R.J., Calne D.B. c-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid formation from L-dopa in man: suppression by neomycin. Science 1969; 166: 1417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler M., Goodwin B.L., Ruthven C.R.J., Calne D.B. Therapeutic implications in Parkinsonism ofm-tyramine formation from L-dopa in man. Nature (London) 1971; 229: 414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman P., Peppercorn M.A., Goldin B.A. Metabolism of drugs by microorganisms in the intestine. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27: 1348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards T., McBride G.C. Biosynthesis and degradation of methylmercury in human feces. Nature (London) 1975; 253: 462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Grasso P., Davies M.J. The methylation of mercuric chloride by human intestinal bacteria. Experientia 1975; 31: 1064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowland I., Davies M., Grasso P. Biosynthesis of methylmercury compounds by the intestinal flora of the rat. Arch. Environ. Health. 1977; 32: 24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulla M., Arnesjo B., Ihse I. Methylation of inorganic mercury in experimental jejunal blind-loop. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1973; 8: 565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Davies M.J. In vitro metabolism of inorganic arsenic by the gastro-intestinal microflora of the rat. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1981; 1: 278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Davies M.J., Grasso P. Volatilisation of methylmercuric chloride by hydrogen sulphide. Nature (London) 1977; 265: 718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Davies M.J., Grasso P. Metabolism of methylmercuric chloride by the gastrointestinal flora of the rat. Xenobiotica 1978; 8: 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Robinson R.D., Doherty R.A. Demethylation of methylmercury by mouse gut flora in vitro. Toxicologist 1982; 2: 83
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura I., Hosokawa K., Tamura H., Miura T. Reduced mercury excretion with feces in germfree mice after oral administration of methyl mercury chloride. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1977; 17: 528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Robinson R.D., Doherty R.A., Landry T.D. Are developmental changes in methylmercury metabolism and excretion mediated by the intestinal microflora?. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, T.W. Clarkson, G.F. Nordberg, P.R. Sager. Plenum Press, New York 1983; 745
   Google Scholar
• Norseth T., Clarkson T.W. Intestinal transport of 203 Hg-labelled methylmercuric chloride. Role of biotransformation in rats. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 22: 568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith R.L. The biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of drugs and other organic compounds. Progressive Drug Research, J. Jucker. Birkhauser, Basel 1966
   Google Scholar
• Smith G.E., Griffiths L.A. Metabolism of a biliary metabolite of phenacetin and other acetanilides by the intestinal microflora. Experientia 1976; 32: 1556
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Hawari A.M., Plaa G.L. Role of the enterohepatic circulation in the elimination of phenytoin in the rat. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1978; 6: 59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams R.T., Millburn P., Smith R.L. The influence of enterohepatic circulation on the toxicity of drugs. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1965; 123: 110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith R.L. The role of the gut flora in the conversion of inactive compounds to active metabolites. Mechanisms of Toxicity, W.N. Aldridge. MacMillan, London 1971; 229
   Google Scholar
• Weisburger J.H., Grantham P.H., Horton R.E., Weisburger E.K. Metabolism of the carcinogenN-hydroxyN-2-fluorenylacetamide in germfree rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1970; 19: 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams J.R., Grantham P.H., Marsh H.H., Weisburger J.H., Weisburger E.K. Participation of liver fractions and of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism ofN-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1970; 19: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawksworth G.M., Drasar B.S., Hill M.J. Intestinal bacteria and the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. J. Med. Microbiol. 1971; 4: 451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wlash C.T., Feierabend J.F., Levine R.R. The effect of lincomycin on the excretion of diethylstilbestrol and its uterotrophic action in rats. Life Sci. 1975; 16: 1683
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chipman J.K. Bile as a source of potential reactive metabolites. Toxicology 1982; 25: 99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parke D.V., Rahman Kh.M.Q., Walker R. The absorption, distribution and excretion of linalool in the rat. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1974; 2: 612
   Google Scholar
• Ladomery L.G., Ryan A.J., Wright S.E. Excretion of14C butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the rat. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1967; 3: 547
   Google Scholar
• Weisburger J.H. Colon carcinogens, their metabolism and mode of action. Cancer 1971; 28: 60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita N., Gelboin H.V. β-Glucuronidase catalyzed hydrolysis of benzo[a]pyrene-3-glucuronide and binding to DNA. Science 1978; 199: 307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick A.G., Drasar B.S. Environmental carcinogens and large bowel cancer. Nature (London) 1976; 263: 234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiala E.S. Investigations into the metabolism and mode of action of the colon carcinogens 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and azoxymethane. Cancer 1977; 40: 2436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Weisburger J.H., Narisawa T., Wynder E.L. Colon carcinogenesis in germfree rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine andN-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Cancer Res. 1974; 34: 2368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada H., Hirooka T., Hiramatsu Y., Yamamoto M. Effect of β-glucuronidase inhibitor on azoxymethane-induced colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson A.M., Lee S.P., Lindop R., Stanley R.A., Thomsen L., Tasman-Jones C. Biliary control of β-glucuronidase activity in the luminal contents of the rat ileum, cecum and colon. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 5165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallett A.K., Bearne C., Rowland I.R. Metabolic activity and enzyme induction in rat fecal microflora maintained in continuous culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983; 46: 591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill H.Z., Backer R., Hill G.J. Blood cyanide levels in mice after administration of amygdalin. Biopharm. Drug Disposition 1980; 1: 211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laqueur G.L., Spatz M. Toxicology of cycasin. Cancer Res. 1968; 28: 2262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Cycad: the fruits of conversion. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1972; 10: 246
   Google Scholar
• Spatz M., Smith D.W.E., McDaniel E.G., Laqueur G.L. Role of intestinal microorganisms in determining cycasin toxicity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1967; 124: 691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laqueur G.L., Matsumoto H. Neoplasms in female Fisher rats following intraperitoneal injection of methylazoxymethanol. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1966; 37: 217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamura G., Gold C., Ferro-Luzzi A., Ames B.N. Fecalase: a model for activation of dietary glycosides to mutagens by intestinal flora. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1980; 77: 4961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J.P., Dietrich P.S. Mutagenicity of plant flavonols in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Activation of flavonol glycosides by mixed glycosidases from rat cecal bacteria and other sources. Mut. Res. 1979; 66: 223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagao M., Morita N., Yahagi T., Shimizu M., Kuroyanagi M., Fukuota M., Yoshihira K., Natori S., Fujino T., Sugimura T. Mutagenicities of 61 flavonoids and 11 related compounds. Environ. Mutagenesis 1981; 3: 401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price J.M., Biava C.G., Oser B.L., Vogin E.E., Steinfield J., Ley H.L. Bladder tumours in rats fed cyclohexylamine or high doses of a mixture of cyclamate and saccharin. Science 1970; 167: 1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oser B.L., Carson S., Cox G.E., Vogin E.E., Sternberg S.S. Chronic toxicity of cyclamate: saccharin (10:1) in rats. Toxicology 1975; 4: 315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick A.G. Microbial metabolism of drugs. Drug Metabolism – from Microbe to Man, P. Jenner, D.V. Parke. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London 1976; 169
   Google Scholar
• Gaunt I.F., Hardy J., Grasso P., Gangolli S.D., Butterworth K.R. Long term toxicity of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride in the rat. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1976; 14: 255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oser B.L., Carson S., Cox G.E., Vogin E.E., Sternberg S.S. Long-term and multigeneration toxicity studies on cyclohexylamine hydrochloride. Toxicology 1976; 6: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason P.L., Thompson G.R. Testicular effects of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride in the rat. Toxicology 1977; 8: 143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research in Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Some Non-Nutritive Sweetening Agents, IARC, Lyon 1980; Vol. 22
   Google Scholar
• Renwick A.G, Williams R.T. The fate of cyclamate in man and other species. Biochem. J. 1972; 129: 869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asahina M., Yamaha T., Sarrazin G., Watanabe K. Conversion of cyclmate to cyclohexylamine in guinea pig. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1972; 20: 102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickel M.H., Burkard B., Meier-Strasser E., Van den Broek-Boot M. Entero-bacterial formation of cyclohexylamine in rats ingesting cyclamate. Xenobiotica 1974; 4: 425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonders R.C., Newtwal J.C., Wiegand R.C. Site of conversion of cyclamate to cyclohexylamine. Pharmacologist 1969; 11: 241
   Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya T. Studies on the metabolism of sodium cyclamate by intestinal bacteria. Memoirs of the Tokyo University of Agriculture 1982; XXIII: 1
   Google Scholar
• Drasar B.S., Renwick A.G., Williams R.T. The role of the gut flora in the metabolism of cyclamate. Biochem. J. 1972; 129: 881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlinchey G., Coakley B., Gestataus-Tansey V., Gault J., Spillane W.J. In vivo andin vitro studies with sulphamate sweeteners. J. Pharm. Sci. 1982; 71: 661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxon J.J., Tesoriero A.A. Effect of cysteine on cyclamate metabolism by rat intestinal microorganisms. Aust. J. Pharm. Sci. 1974; NS3: 26
   Google Scholar
• Tesoriero A.A., Roxon J.J. [35S] Cyclamate metabolism: incorporation of35S into proteins of intestinal bacteriain vitro and production of volatile35S - containing compounds. Xenobiotica 1975; 5: 25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson M., Hill M.J. The role of bacterial metabolism in the gut in relation to large bowel cancer. Progress in Mutation Research, A. Kappas. Elsevier, Oxford 1981; Vol. 2: 41
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald I.A., Bokkenheuser V.D., Winter J., McLernon A.M., Mosbach E.H. Degradation of steroids in the human gut. J. Lipid Res. 1983; 24: 675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morotomi M., Kawai Y., Mutai M. Intestinal microflora and bile acids.In vitro cholic acid transformation by mixed fecal culture of rats. Microbiol. Immunol. 1979; 23: 839
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aries V., Hill M.J. Degradation of steroids by intestinal bacteria. II. Enzymes catalysing the oxido-reduction of the 3α-, 7α-, and 12α-hydroxy groups in cholic acid and the dehydroxylation of the 7α-hydroxyl group. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1970; 202: 535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald I.A., Singh G., Mahony D.E., Meier C.E. The effect of pH on bile salt degradation by mixed fecal cultures. Steroids 1978; 32: 245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano S., Masuda N., Oda H., Imamura T. Transformation of bile acids by mixed microbial cultures from human feces and bile acid transforming activities of isolated bacterial strains. Microbiol. Immunol. 1981; 25: 271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M.J. The role of colon anaerobes in the metabolism of bile acids and steroids and its relation to colon cancer. Cancer 1975; 36: 2387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson M.H. The role of the fecal microflora in colon carcinogenesis. Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, H. Autrup, G.M. Williams. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1983; 253
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez F., Hill M. A fecal hydrogen acceptor for clostridial 3-oxo steroid Δ4-dehydrogenase. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1978; 6: 376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lombardi P., Goldin B., Boutin E., Gorbach S.L. Metabolism of androgens and estrogens by human fecal microorganisms. J. Steroid Biochem. 1978; 9: 795
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill M.J., Drasar B.S., Williams R.E.O., Meade T.W., Cox A.G., Simpson J.E.P., Morson B.C. Faecal bile-acids and clostridia in patients with cancer of the large bowel. Lancet 1975; i: 535
   Google Scholar
• Finegold S.M., Flora D.J., Attebery H.R., Sutter V.L. Fecal bacteriology of colonic polyp patients and control patients. Cancer Res. 1975; 35: 3407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC Intestinal Microecology Group. Dietary fibre, transit-time, fecal bacteria, steroids and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. Lancet 1977; i: 107
   Google Scholar
• Crowther J.S., Drasar B.S., Hill M.J., MacLennan R., Magnin D., Peach S., Teoh-Chan C.H. Fecal steroids and bacteria and large bowel cancer in Hong Kong by socio-economic groups. Br. J. Cancer 1978; 34: 191
   Google Scholar
• Eyssen H.J., Parmentier G.G. Influence of the microflora of the rat on the metabolism of fatty acids, sterols and bile salts in the intestinal tract. Clin. Exper. Gnotobiotics, Zbl. Bakt. 1979; 39, Suppl. 7
   Google Scholar
• Kelsey M.I., Muschik G.M., Sexton S.A. The metabolism of lithocholic acid - 3α - sulphate by human intestinal microflora. Lipids 1978; 13: 152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gustafsson B., Bergstrom S., Lindstedt S., Norman A. Turnover and nature of fecal bile acids in germfree and infected rats fed cholic acid -24-C14. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1957; 94: 467
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kellogg T.F., Wostmann B.S. Fecal neutral steroids and bile acids from germfree rats. J. Lipid Res. 1969; 10: 495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelsey M.I. In vitro effect of bile acids. Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, H. Autrup, G.M. Williams. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1983; 241
   Google Scholar
• Palmer R.H. Bile acids, liver injury and liver disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 1972; 130: 606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autrup H., Harris C.C., Trump B.I., Jeffrey A.M. Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and identification of the major benzo(a)pyrene – DNA adducts in cultured human colon. Cancer Res. 1978; 38: 3689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman S.J., Andrews A.W. Bile acids: co-mutagenic activity in the Salmonelia-mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test: brief communication. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1977; 59: 1557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawalek J.C., Andrews A.W. The effect of bile acids on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and 2-aminoanthracene to mutagenic products. Fed. Proc. 1977; 36: 844
   Google Scholar
• Kelsey M.I., Pienta P.J. Transformation of hamster embryo cells by cholesterol-epoxide and lithocholic acid. Cancer Lett. 1979; 6: 143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachariah P.K., Slaga T.J., Berry D.L., Bracken W.M., Buty S.G., Martinsen C.M., Juchau M.R. The ability of enteric bacteria to catalyse the covalent binding of bile acids and cholesterol to DNA and their ability to metabolize benzo(a)pyrene to a binding product and to known metabolites. Cancer Lett. 1977; 3: 99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narisawa T., Magadia N.E., Weisburger J.H., Wynder E.L. Promoting effect of bile acids on colon carcinogenesis after intrarectal instillation of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1974; 53: 1093
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Watanabe K., Weisburger J.H., Wynder E. Promoting effect of bile acids in colon carcinogenesis in germ free and conventional F344 rats. Cancer Res. 1977; 37: 3238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigro N.D., Bhadrachari N., Chomchai C. A rat model for studying colonic cancer: effect of cholestyramine on induced tumors. Dis. Colon Rectum 1973; 16: 438
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chomchai C., Bhadrachari N., Nigro N.D. The effect of bile on the induction of experimental intestinal tumors in rats. Dis. Colon Rectum 1974; 17: 310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Narisawa T., Wright P., Vukusich D., Weisburger J.H., Wynder E.L. Colon carcinogenesis with azoxymethane and dimethylhydrazine in germ free rats. Cancer Res. 1975; 35: 287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumi Y., Miyakawa M. Gastrointestinal carcinogenesis in germ free rats given N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in drinking water. Cancer Res. 1979; 39: 2733
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadzikowski M.R., Sperry J.F., Wilkins T.D. Cholesterol-reducing bacterium from human feces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1977; 34: 355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikins T.D., Hackman A.S. Two patterns of neutral steroid conversion in feces of normal North Americans. Cancer Res. 1974; 34: 2250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crowther J.S., Drasar B.S., Goddard P., Hill M.J., Johnson K. The effect of a chemically defined diet on the faecal flora and faecal steroid concentration. Gut 1973; 14: 790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyssen H.J., Parmentier G.G., Compernolle F.C., Depauw G., Piessensdenef M. Biohydrogenation of sterols by Eubacterium ATCC 21, 408 Nova species. Eur. J. Biochem. 1973; 36: 412
   Google Scholar
• Hirano S., Nakama R., Tamaki M., Masuda N., Oda H. Isolation and characterization of thirteen intestinal microorganisms capable of 7α-dehydroxylating bile acids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1981; 41: 737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosemarin J., Vargo D., Floch M.H. Cholesterol - epoxide - triol: a possible important pathway of cholesterol metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1983; 37: 730
   Google Scholar
• Goddard P., Hill M.J. Thein vivo metabolism of cholesterol by gut bacteria in the rat and guinea pig. J. Steroid Biochem. 1974; 5: 569
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owen R.W., Tenneson M.E., Bilton R.F., Mason A.N. The degradation of cholesterol byEscherichia coli isolated from human faeces. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1978; 6: 377
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bischoff F. Carcinogenic effects of steroids. Adv. Lipid. Res. 1969; 7: 165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackburn G.M., Rashid A., Thompson M.H. Interaction of 5α, 6α-cholesterol oxide with DNA and other nucleophiles. J.C.S. Chem. Commun. 1979; 123: 420
   Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Martin C.W., Wynder E.L. Fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites of patients with ulcerative colitis, a high-risk group for development of colon cancer. Cancer Res. 1977; 37: 1697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M.J., Crowther J.S., Drasar B.S., Hawksworth G., Aries V.C., Williams R.E.O. Bacteria and etiology of cancer of the large bowel. Lancet 1971; i: 95
   Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Wynder E.L. Large-bowel carcinogenesis, Fecal constituents of populations with diverse incidence rates of colon cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1973; 50: 1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Mastromarino A., Wynder E.L. Further leads on metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer. Cancer Res. 1975; 35: 3403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Mastromarino A., Gustafson C., Lipkin M., Wynder E.L. Fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in patients with familial polyposis. Cancer 1976; 38: 1694
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Wynder E.L. Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer. Fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in colon cancer petients and patients with adenomatous polyps. Cancer 1977; 39: 2533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone E., Drasar B.S., Hill M.J. Gut bacteria and their metabolic activities in familial polyposis. Lancet 1975; i: 1117
   Google Scholar
• Watne A.L., Lai H.-Y.L., Mance T., Core S. Fecal steroids and bacterial flora in patients with polyposis coli. Am. J. Surg. 1976; 131: 42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipkin M., Reddy B.S., Weisburger J., Schechter L. Nondegradation of fecal cholesterol in subjects at high risk for cancer of the large intestine. J. Clin. Invest. 1981; 67: 304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruse J.P., Lewin M.R., Ferulano G.P., Clark C.G. Co-carcinogenic effects of dietary cholesterol in experimental colon cancer. Nature (London) 1978; 276: 822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broitman S.A., Vitale J.J., Vavrousek-Jakuba E., Gottleib L.S. Polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol and large bowel tumorigenesis. Cancer 1977; 40: 2455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen B.I., Raicht R.F., Fazzini E. Reduction of N-methly-N-nitrosourea-induced colon tumors in the rat by cholesterol. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 5050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao C.B.S. The Chemistry of Lignans. Anahra University Press, WaltairIndia 1978
   Google Scholar
• Setchell K.D.R., Lawson A.M., Conway E., Taylor N.F., Kirk D.N., Cooley B., Farrant R.D., Wynn S., Axelson M. The definitive identification of the lignans trans - 2,3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone and 2,3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol in human and animal urine. Biochem J. 1981; 197: 448
   Google Scholar
• Axelson M., Setchell K.D.R. Conjugation of lignans in human urine. FEBS Lett. 1980; 122: 49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelson M., Setchell K.D.R. The excretion of lignans in rats – evidence for an intestinal bacterial source for this new group of compounds. FEBS Lett. 1981; 123: 337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setchell K.D.R., Bull R., Adlercreutz H. Steroid excretion during the reproductive cycle and in pregnancy of the vervet monkey (Ceropithecus aethiopus pygerythrus). J. Steroid Biochem. 1980; 12: 375
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Heikkinen R., Dwyer J.T., Woods M., Goldin B.R., Golbach S.L. Excretion of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and of equol in ominivorous and vegetarian postmenopausal women and in women with breast cancer. Lancet 1982; ii: 1295
   Google Scholar
• Setchell K.D.R., Lawson A.M., Borriello S.P., Harkness R., Gordon H., Morgan D.M.L., Kirk D.N., Adlercreutz H., Anderson L.C., Axelson M. Lignan formation in man – microbial involvement and possible roles in relation to cancer. Lancet 1981; ii: 4
   Google Scholar
• Borriello S.P., Setchell K.D.R., Axelson M., Lawson A.M. Production and metabolism of lignans by the human faecal flora. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1985; 58: 37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartwell J.L. Types of anticancer agents isolated from plants. Cancer Treat. Rep. 1976; 60: 1031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owen R.W., Hill M.J. Cholesterol and carcinogenic fecal steroids. Animal Products in Human Nutrition, D.C. Beitz, R.G. Hansen. Academic Press, London 1982; 461
   Google Scholar
• Eyssen H., Parmetier G. Biohydrogenation of sterols and fatty acids by the intestinal microflora. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27: 1329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson H., Gustafsson J.-A., Sjövall J. Steroids in germfree and conventional rats. IV. Identification and bacterial formation of 17α-pregnane derivatives. Eur. J. Biochem. 1968; 6: 219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin F., Peltonen J., Laatikainen T., Pulkkinen M., Adlercreutz H. Excretion of progesterone metabolites and estriol in faeces from pregnant women during ampicillin administration. J. Steroid Biochem. 1975; 6: 1339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pulkkinen M.O., Willman K. Reduction of maternal estrogen excretion by neomycin. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1973; 115: 1153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey M.C. The enterohepatic circulation. The Liver, Biology and Pathobiology, I. Arias, H. Popper, D. Schachter, D.A. Shafritz. Raven Press, New York 1982; 429
   Google Scholar
• Aries V.C., Goddard P., Hill M.J. Degradation of steroids by intestinal bacteria III, 3-oxo-5β-steroid Δ-dehydrogenase and 3-oxo-5β-steroid Δ dehydrogenase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1971; 248: 482
   Google Scholar
• Goddard P., Hill M.J. Degradation of steroids by intestinal bacteria. IV. The aromatization of ring A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1972; 280: 336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Järvenpää P., Kosunen T., Fotsis T., Adlercreutz H. In vitro metabolism of estrogens by isolated intestinal microorganisms and human fecal microflora. J. Steroid Biochem. 1980; 13: 345
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bokkenheuser V.D., Winter J. Biotransformation of steroid hormones by gut bacteria. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1980; 33: 2502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter J., Cerone-McLernon A., O'Rourke S., Ponticorvo L., Bokkenheuser V.D. Formation of 20β-dihydrosteroids by anaerobic bacteria. J. Steroid Biochem. 1982; 17: 661
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bokkenheuser V.D., Winter J., Mosbach E.H. 21-dehydroxylation of corticoids in colorectal cancer. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Abstr. 1983; 123
   Google Scholar
• Mizutani T., Mitsouka T. Relationship between liver tumorigenesis and intestinal bacteria in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice. Recent Advances in Germfree Research, S. Sasaki. Tokai University Press, Tokai 1981; 639
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki K., Mitsouka T. Mutagenicity of intestinal bacteria. Mut. Res. 1978; 50: 295
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke H.E., Coates M.E., Eva J.K., Ford D.J., Milner C.K., O'Donoghue P.N., Scott P.P., Ward R.J. Dietary standards for laboratory animals: report of the Laboratory Animals Centre Diets Advisory Committee. Lab. Anim. 1977; 11: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wise A. Interaction of diet and toxicity - the future role of purified diet in toxicological research. Arch. Toxicol. 1982; 50: 287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieri J.G., Stoewsand G.S., Briggs G.M., Phillips R.W., Woodard J.C, Knapka J.J. Report of the American Institute of Nutritionad hoc committee on Standards for Nutritional Studies. J. Nutr. 1977; 107: 1340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen I., Meyer O.A. Note of the use of semisynthetic diet for SPF rodents in toxicological experiments. Toxicology 1975; 4: 203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rechcigl M. CRC Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food. CRC Press, Cleveland 1977; Vol. G/1
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell H.H. Comparative nutrition of man and domestic animals. Academic Press, New York 1962; Vol. 1 and 2
   Google Scholar
• Guilbert H.R., Howell C.E., Hart G.H. Minimum vitamin A and carotene requirements of mammalian species. J. Nutr. 1940; 19: 91
   Google Scholar
• Kleiber M. The Fire of Life: an Introduction to Animal Energetics, 2nd ed. Krieger, Huntingdon, New York 1975
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield H., Briggs G.M. Nutritional methodology in metabolic research with rats. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1971; 40: 549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quinn M.R., Chan M.M. Effect of vitamin B-6 deficiency on glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in rat olfactory bulb and brain. J. Nutr. 1979; 109: 1694
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bettger W.J., Reeves P.G., Moscatelli E.A., Reynolds G., Odell B.L. Interaction of zinc and essential fatty acids on the rat. J. Nutr. 1979; 109: 480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna M.C., Campagnoni A.T. Effect of pre- and post-natal essential fatty acid deficiency on brain development and myelination. J. Nutr. 1980; 109: 1195
   Google Scholar
• Leth T., Sondergaard H. Biological activity of vitamin E compounds and natural materials by the resorption-gestation test, and chemical determination of vitamin E activity in foods and feeds. J. Nutr. 1977; 107: 2236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott J.G., Lachange P.A. Effects of vitamin A and ascorbic acid onin vitro cholesterol biosynthesis in the rat. J. Nutr. 1980; 110: 1488
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hotzewi D., Barnes R.H. Contributions of the intestinal microflora to the nutrition of the host. Vitam. Horm. 1966; 24: 115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardie-Muncy D.A., Rasmussan A.I. Interrelationships between zinc and protein level and source in weanling rats. J. Nutr. 1979; 109: 321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris R.S. Biotin in The Vitamins: Chemistry, Physiology Pathology, Methods, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., W.H. Sebrell, R.S. Harris, 1968; 261
   Google Scholar
• Mason J.B., Gibson N., Kodicek E. The chemical nature of the bound nicotinic acid of wheat bran: studies of nicotinic acid-containing macromolecules. Br. J. Nutr. 1973; 30: 297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz K., Foltz C.M. Factor 3 activity of selenium compounds. J. Biol. Chem. 1958; 233: 245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bothwell T.H., Charlton R.W., Cook J.D., Finch C.A. Iron metabolism in man. Blackwell, Oxford 1979; 256
   Google Scholar
• Paul A.A., Southgate D.A.T. McCance and Widdowson'sThe Composition of Foods, 4th Ed. HMSO, London 1978; 10
   Google Scholar
• Wise A., Gilburt D.J. The variability of dietary fibre in laboratory animal diets and its relevance to the control of experimental conditions. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1980; 18: 643
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bright-See E., Rao A.V., Li S., Tang T. A system for studying the biological effects of dietary fibres. Nutr. Rep. Int. 1978; 18: 671
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox R.A., Balding J.L. Feed manufacturing problems: incomplete mixing and segregation. Feedstuffs Dec. 13, 1976; 33
   Google Scholar
• Navia J.M. Animal models in dental research. University of Alabama Press, University. 1977; 151
   Google Scholar
• Sauberlich H.E., Skala J.H., Dowdy R.P. Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status. CRC Press, Cleveland 1974
   Google Scholar
• Kellogg T.F., Wostmann B.S. Stock diet for colony production of germfree rats and mice. Lab. Anim. Care 1969; 19: 812
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Wostmann B.S., Pleasants J.R. Nutritionally adequate diets for germfree animals. The Germfree Animal in Research. Academic Press, New York 1968; 87
   Google Scholar
• Wostmann B.S. Nutrition and metabolism of the germfree mammal. Wld. Rev. Nutr. Diet. 1975; 22: 40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ford D.J. Influence of diet pellet hardness and particle size on food utilization by mice, rats and hamsters. Lab. Anim. 1977; 11: 241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ARC/MRC. Food and nutrition research. Report of the ARC/MRC, 1974
   Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Weisburger J.H., Wynder E.L. Effects of high risk and low risk diets for colon carcinogenesis on fecal microflora and steroids in man. J. Nutr. 1975; 105: 878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HMSO. Household food consumption and expenditure. HMSO, London 1981
   Google Scholar
• Beisel W.R. Metabolic balance studies – their continuing usefulness in nutritional research. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Wynder E. Large-bowel carcinogenesis: fecal constituents of populations with diverse rates of colon cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1973; 50: 1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J.H., Wiggins H.S., Jenkins D.J.A., Houston H., Jivraj T., Drasar B.S., Hill M.J. Influence of diets high and low in animal fat on bowel habit, gastrointestinal transit time, fecal microflora, bile acid and fat excretion. J. Clin. Invest. 1978; 61: 953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Hanson D., Mangat S., Mathews L., Sbaschnig M., Sharma C., Simi B. Effect of high-fat, high-beef diet and of mode of cooking of beef in the diet on fecal bacterial enzymes and fecal bile acids and neutral sterols. J. Nutr. 1980; 110: 1880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehle F.R., Robertson J.B., Van Soest P.J. Influence of dietary fibers on fermentation in the human large intestine. J. Nutr. 1982; 112: 158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller R.S., Hoskins L.C. Mucin degradation in human colon ecosystems. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum S.R., Young V.R. Endogenous nitrite formation in man. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1980; 3: 357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twombly J., Meyer J.H. Endogenous nitrogen secretion into the digestive tract. J. Nutr. 1961; 74: 453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman G. Influence of starvation and refeeding on mucosal size and epithelial renewal in the rat small intestine. Am. J. Anat. 1972; 133: 391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FAO/WHO. Report on a joint FAO/WHOad hoc expert group. Energy and protein requirements. Tech. Rep. Ser., WHO, Geneva 1973; 522
   Google Scholar
• Visek W.J., Clinton S.K., Truek C.R. Nutrition and experimental carcinogenesis. The Cornell Vet. 1977; 68: 3
   Google Scholar
• Salyers A.A., O'Brien M. Cellular location of enzymes involved in chondroitin sulfate breakdown by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. J. Bact. 1980; 143: 722
   Google Scholar
• Gibson J.A., Sladen G.E., Dawson A.M. Protein absorption and ammonia production: the effects of dietary protein and removal of the colon. Br. J. Nutr. 1976; 35: 61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corring T., Moreau C., Ducluzeau R. Comparative apparent digestibility of casein in holoxenic, axenic andClostridium bifermentens monoassociated rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 1231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell J.B. Fermentation of peptides byBacteroides ruminicola B14. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983; 45: 1566
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshida T., Pleasants J.R., Reddy B.S. Amino acid composition of cecal contents and feces in germfree and conventional rabbits. J. Nutr. 1971; 101: 1423
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bond H.J., Currier B.E., Buchwald H., Levitt M.D. Colonic conservation of malabsorbed carbohydrate. Gastroenterology 1980; 78: 444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson I.H., Leveine A.S., Levitt M.D. Incomplete absorption of the carbohydrate in all purpose wheat flour. New Engl. J. Med. 1981; 304: 891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Malabsorption of “absorbable” carbohydrates by normal individuals. Nutr. Rev. 1983; 41: 174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambuhl S., Williams V.J., Senior W. Effects of caecectomy in young adult female rat on digestibility of food offeredad libitum and in resticted amounts. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1979; 32: 205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams V.J., Senior W. Effects of caecectomy on the digestibility of food and rate of passage of digesta in the rat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1982; 35: 373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummings J.H., Stephen A.M., Branch W.J. Implications of dietary fiber breakdown in the human colon. Banbury Report 7: Gastrointestinal Cancer – Endogenous factors, W.R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S.R. Tannenbaum, T.D. Wilkins. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, New York 1981; 71
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest P. Some factors influencing the ecology of gut fermentation in man. Banbury Report 7: Gastrointestinal Cancer – Endogenous factors, W.R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S.R. Tannenbaum, T.D. Wilkins. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, New York 1981; 61
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery L., Macy J.M. Characterisation of rat cecum cellulolytic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44: 1435
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy N.R., Palmer J.K., Pierson M.D., Bothast R.J. Wheat starch hemicelluloses: composition and fermentation by human colon Bacteroides. J. Agric. Fd. Chem. 1983; 31: 1308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salyers A.A., O'Brien M., Schmetter B. Catabolism of mucopolysaccharides, plant gums and maillard products by human colonicBacteroides. Unconventional Sources of Dietary Fiber, I. Furda. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1983; 123
   Google Scholar
• Miller T.L., Wolin M.J. Fermentations by saccharolytic intestinal bacteria. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K.-I., Benevenga N.J., Grummer R.H. Estimation of the fraction of lactose in a high lactose diet available for fermentation in the cecum and colon of the rat. J. Nutr. 1978; 108: 79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horikoshi M., Ohmura M., Gomyo T., Kuwabara Y., Ueda S. Effects of browning products on the intestinal microflora of the rat. Prog. Fd. Nutr. Sci. 1981; 5: 223
   Google Scholar
• Kay R.M. Dietary fiber. J. Lipid Res. 1982; 23: 221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ershoff B.H. Antitoxic effects of plant fiber. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27: 1395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ershoff B.H. Effects of diet on growth and survival of rats fed toxic levels of Tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and Sunset Yellow FCF (FD & C Yellow No. 6). J. Nutr. 1977; 107: 822
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calabrese E.J. Dietary fiber. Nutrition and Environmental Health. Wiley-Interscience, New York 1981; Vol. 2, Chap. 11
   Google Scholar
• Drucker D.B. Microbiological applications of gas chromatography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1982; 60
   Google Scholar
• Rubinstein R., Howard A.V., Wrong O.M. In vivo dialysis of faeces as a method of stool analysis, IV. The organic anion component. Clin. Sci. 1969; 37: 549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argenzio R.A., Southworth M. Sites of organic acid production and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Am. J. Physiol. 1974; 228: 454
   Google Scholar
• McNeil N.I., Cummings J.H., James W.P.T. Short chain fatty acid absorption by the human large intestine. Gut 1978; 19: 819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallnofer P., Baldwin P.L., Stagno E. Conversion of C14-labelled substrate to volatile fatty acids by the rumen microbiota. Appl. Microbiol. 1966; 14: 1004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agostini L., Down P.F., Murison J., Wrong O.M. Faecal ammonia and pH during lactulose administration in man: comparison with other carthartics. Gut 1972; 13: 859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown B.L., Gibson J.A., Sladen G.E., Hicks B., Dawson A.M. Effects of lactulose and other laxatives on ileal and colon pH as measured by a radiotelemetry device. Gut 1974; 15: 999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrong O.M., Edmonds C.J., Chadwick V.S. The Large Intestine – its Role in Mammalian Nutrition and Homeostasis. MTP Press Ltd, Lancaster 1981
   Google Scholar
• Demigné C., Rémésy C., Rayssiguier Y. Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on volatile fatty acids, ammonia and mineral absorption in the rat caecum. Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop. 1980; 20: 1351
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKay L.F., Eastwood M.A. A comparison of bacterial fermentation end-products in carnivores, herbivores and primates including man. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1984; 43: 35A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise A., Mallett A.K., Rowland I.R. Dietary fibre, bacterial metabolism and toxicity of nitrate in the rat. Xenobiotica 1981; 12: 111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen L.L., Tasman-Jones C., Lee S.P., Robertson A.M. Dietary factors in the control of pH and volatile fatty acid production in the rat caecum. Falk Symposium 32 – Colon and Nutrition, H. Kasper, H. Goebell. MTP Press Ltd., Lancaster 1982; 47
   Google Scholar
• Bryant M.P. Nutritional features and ecology of predominant anaerobic bacteria in the intestinal tract. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27: 1313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soergel K.H. Absorption of fermentation products from the colon. Falk Symposium 32 – Colon and Nutrition, H. Kasper, H. Goebell. MTP Press Ltd., Lancaster 1982; 27
   Google Scholar
• Parker D.S. The measurement of production rates of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of the conscious rabbit. Br. J. Nutr. 1976; 36: 61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Illman R.J., Trimble R.P., Snoswell A.M., Topping D.L. Daily variations in the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the splanchnic blood vessels of rats fed diets high in pectin and bran. Nutr. Rep. Int. 1982; 26: 439
   Google Scholar
• Hagopian H.K., Riggs L.A., Swartz L.A., Ingram V.M. Effects of n-butyrate on DNA synthesis in chick fibroblasts and Hela cells. Cell 1977; 12: 855
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leavitt J., Barrett J.C., Crawford B.D., Ts'o P.O.P. Butyric acid suppression on thein vitro neoplastic state of Syrian hamster cells. Nature (London) 1978; 271: 262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton J.R. High colonic pH promotes colorectal cancer. Lancet 1981; i: 1081
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs L.R., Lupton J.R. Dietary wheat bran lowers colonic pH in rats. J. Nutr. 1982; 112: 592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dokkum W., der Boer B.C.J., Van Faassen PikaarV.A., Hermus R.J.J. Diet, faecal pH and colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 1983; 48: 109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble J.L. The ammonia and urea content of infant's stools, with a description of methods. Am. J. Dis. Children 1915; 9: 519
   Google Scholar
• Sabbaj J., Sutter V.L., Finegold S.M. Urease and deaminase activities of fecal bacteria in hepatic coma. Antimicrob. Agents Chemothrapy 1970; 181
   Google Scholar
• Summerskill W.H.J. On the origin and transfer of ammonia in the human gastrointestinal tract. Medicine 1966; 45: 491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wrong O.M., Vince A.J., Waterlow J.C. The origins and bacterial metabolism of faecal ammonia. Falk symposim 32 – Colon and Nutrition, H. Kaspar, H. Goebell. MTP Press Ltd., Lancaster 1982, Chap. 14
   Google Scholar
• Wrong O.M., Vince A. Urea and ammonia metabolism in the human large intestine. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1984; 43: 77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson A.M. Regulation of blood ammonia. Gut 1978; 19: 504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown R.L., Gibson J.A., Fenton J.C.B., Sneddon W., Clark M.L., Sladen G.E. Ammonia and urea transport by the excluded human colon. Clin. Sci. Molec. Med. 1975; 48: 279
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visek W.J. Diet and cell growth modulation by ammonia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978; 31: S216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang H.C., Visek W.J. Some characteristics of blood in normal and immune rabbits after urease injection. Am. J. Physiol. 1968; 215: 502
   Google Scholar
• Anderson D.P., Beard C.W., Hansen R.P. The adverse effects of ammonia on chickens including resistance to infection with Newcastle disease virus. Avian Dis. 1964; 8: 369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boquillon M., Clément J. Effect of type and amount of dietary fat on bile flow and composition in rats. Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochim. Biophys. 1979; 19: 1725
   Google Scholar
• Dowling R.H., Cowley D., White J., Campbell C.B. The effect of dietary fat on bile composition in monkeys with an intact enterohepatic circulation (EHC). Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1971; 1: 369
   Google Scholar
• Juste C., Demarne Y., Corring T. Response of bile flow biliary lipids and bile acid pool in the pig to quantitative variations in dietary fat. J. Nutr. 1983; 113: 1691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kegami S., Tsuchihashi N., Nagayama S., Innami S. Effects of viscous indigestible polysaccharides on pancreatic exocrine and biliary secretion in rats. Nutr. Rep. Int. 1982; 26: 239
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest P., McBurney M., Jeraci J., Allen M. Somein vitro andin vivo properties of dietary fibers from noncereal sources. Unconventional Sources of Dietary Fiber, I. Furda. ACS Symposium series, No. 214, American Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C. 1983; 135
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald I.A., Webb G.R., Mahoney D.C. Fecal hydroxysteroid activities in vegetarian Seventh-day Adventists, control subjects and bowel cancer patients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978; 31: S233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin B.R., Adlercreutz H., Dwyer J.T., Swenson J.L., Warram J.H., Gorbach S.L. Effect of diet on excretion of extrogens in pre- and post menopausal women. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 3771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Hentges K., Laakso K., Wynder E.L. Metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer: fecal bulk and constituents of high-risk North American and low-risk Finnish population. Cancer 1978; 42: 2832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelsey M.I., Molina J.E., Hwang K.-K. A comparison of lithocholic acid metabolism by intestinal microflora in subjects of high and low-risk colon cancer populations. Front. Gastrointest. Res. 1979; 4: 38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill M.J. Steroid nuclear dehydrogenation and colon cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27: 1475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J.H., Hill M.J., Jivraj T., Houston H., Branch W.J., Jenkins D.J.A. The effect of meat protein and dietary fiber on colon function and metabolism. I. Changes in bowel habit, bile acid excretion and calcium absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 2086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brussaard J.H., Katan M.B., Hautvast J. G. A. J. Faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids on diets differing in type and amount of dietary fat in young healthy persons. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1983; 13: 115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Botham K.M., Boyd G.S. The effect of dietary fat on bile salt synthesis in rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1983; 752: 307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Weisburger J.H., Wynder E.L. Effects of dietary fat level and dimethylhydrazine on fecal acid and neutral sterol excretion and colon carcinogenesis in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1974; 52: 507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Mangat S., Sheinfil A., Weisburger J.H., Wynder E.L. Effect of type and amount of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in rats. Cancer Res. 1977; 37: 2132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka C., Nozaki Y. Effect of partial hydrolyzates of casein and soybean protein on serum lipoproteins and fecal neutral steroids. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1983; 29: 439
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanaka C., Watanuki M., Nozaki Y. Effect of soybean protein on coprostanol production and cholesterol metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1983; 29: 447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummings J.H., Hill M.J., Jenkins D.J.A., Pearson J.R., Wiggins H.S. Changes in fecal composition and colonic function due to cereal fiber. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1976; 29: 1468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd P.A., Truswell A.S. The effect of rolled oats on blood lipids and fecal steroid excretion in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981; 34: 2061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean RossA.H., Eastwood M.A., Brydon W.G., Anderson J.R., Anderson D.M.W. A study of the effects of dietary gum arabic in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1983; 37: 368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross J.K., Leklem J.E. The effect of dietary citrus pectin on the excretion of human fecal neutral and acid steroids and the activity of 7α-dehydroxylase and β-glucuronidase. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981; 34: 2068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrian J. Gums and hydrocolloids in nutrition. Wld. Rev. Nutr. Diet. 1976; 25: 189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill M.J. Colonic bacterial activity – effect of fiber on substrate concentration and enzyme action. Dietary Fiber in Health and Disease, G.V. Vahouny, D. Kritchevsky. Plenum Press, New York 1982; 35
   Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Watanabe K., Sheinfil A. Effect of dietary wheat bran, alfalfa, pectin and carrageenan on plasma cholesterol and fecal bile acid and neutral sterol excretion in rats. J. Nutr. 1980; 110: 1247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacquet E., Leprince C., Riottot M. Dietary fiber and cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in axenic (germfree) and holoxenic (conventional) rats. I. Effects of wheat bran. Reprod. Nutr. Develop. 1982; 22: 291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glauert H.P., Bennick M.R., Sander C.H. Enhancement of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice by dietary agar. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1981; 19: 281
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nigro N.D., Bull A.W., Klopfer B., Pak M.S., Campbell R.L. Effect of dietary fiber on azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1979; 62: 1097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M.J. Influence of nutrition on the intestinal flora. Falk Symposium 32 – Colon and Nutrition, H. Kaspar, H. Goebell. MTP Press Ltd., Lancaster 1982, Chap. 4
   Google Scholar
• Domellöf L. Diet as an etiological factor in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Vån Födda, Suppl. 1981; 1: 113
   Google Scholar
• Finegold S.M., Attebery H.R., Sutter V.L. Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27: 1456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finegold S.M., Sutter V.L., Sugihara P.T., Elder H.A., Lehmann S.M., Phillips R.L. Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 1977; 30: 1781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore W.E.C., Holdeman L.V. Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians. Appl. Microbiol. 1974; 27: 961
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore W.E.C., Holdeman L.V. Discussion of current bacteriological investigations of the relationship between intestinal flora, diet and colon cancer. Cancer Res. 1975; 35: 3418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domellöf L., Darby L., Hanson D., Matthews L., Simi B., Reddy B.S. Fecal sterols and bacterialβ-glucuronidase activity: a preliminary metabolic epidemiology study of healthy volunteers from Umea, Sweden, and metropolitan New York. Nutr. Cancer 1982; 4: 120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldin B.R., Swenson L., Dwyer J., Sexton M.S., Gorbach S.L. Effect of diet andLactobacillus acidophilus supplements on human fecal bacterial enzymes. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1980; 61: 255
   Google Scholar
• Mastromarino A., Reddy B.S., Wynder E.L. Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer: enzymic activity of fecal flora. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1976; 29: 1455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keathley J.D., Needham C.A. Analysis of the fecal microflora and its enzymic activity in individuals predisposed to colon cancer. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 4284
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hentges D.J., Maier B.R., Burton G.C., Flynn M.A., Tsutakawa R.K. Effect of a high beef diet on the fecal bacterial flora of humans. Cancer Res. 1977; 37: 568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy B.S., Mangat S., Weisburger J.H., Wynder E.L. Effect of high-risk diets for colon carcinogenesis on intestinal mucosal and bacterialβ-glucuronidase activity in F344 rats. Cancer Res. 1977; 37: 3533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin B.R., Gorbach S.L. The relationship between diet and rat fecal bacterial enzymes implicated in colon cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1976; 57: 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise A., Mallett A.K., Rowland I.R. Dietary protein and cecal microbial metabolism in the rat. Nutr. Cancer 1983; 4: 267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Research Council. Nutritional requirements for laboratory animals, 3rd ed. NRC, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 1978; 7
   Google Scholar
• Mallett A.K., Rowland I.R., Wise A. Influence of dietary fats on the rat cecal microflora. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1983; 43: 7A
   Google Scholar
• Mallett A.K., Rowland I.R., Wise A. Dietary fat and microbial biotransformation activities in rat cecal contents. Nutr. Cancer 1984; 6: 86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldin B.R., Gorbach S.L. Microbial factors and nutrition in carcinogenesis. Adv. Nutr. Res. 1979; 2: 129
   Google Scholar
• Takeda H., Kiriyama S. Correlation between the physical properties of dietary fibers and their protective activity against Amaranth toxicity in rats. J. Nutr. 1979; 109: 388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown R.C., Kelleher J., Losowsky M.S. The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine. Br. J. Nutr. 1979; 42: 357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvendran R.R. The chemistry of plant cell walls. Dietary Fibre, G.G. Birch, K.J. Parker. Applied Science Publishers, London 1983; 95
   Google Scholar
• Baird I.M., Walters R.L., Davies P.S., Hill M.J., Drasar B.S., Southgate D.A.T. The effects of two dietary fibre supplements on gastrointestinal transit, stool weight and frequency, bacterial flora and faecal bile acids in normal subjects. Metabolism 1977; 26: 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drasar B.S., Jenkins D.J.A., Cummings J.H. The influence of a diet rich in wheat fibre on the human faecal flora. J. Med. Microbiol. 1976; 9: 423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London J.F., Clapp N.K., Henke M.A. Effects of dietary bran and the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on faecalβ-glucuronidase activity in mice. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1981; 19: 707
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brockett M., Tannock G.W. Dietary influence on microbial activities in the cecum of mice. Can. J. Microb. 1982; 28: 493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer H.G., Asp N-G., Öste R., Dahlquvist A., Fredlund P.E. Effect of dietary fiber on the induction of colorectal tumors and fecalβ-glucuronidase activity in the rat. Cancer Res. 1979; 39: 3752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J.H., Southgate D.A.T., Branch W., Houston H., Jenkins D.J.A., James W.P.T. Colonic response to dietary fibre from carrot, cabbage, apple, bran and guar gum. Lancet 1978; i: 5
   Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Wise A., Mallett A.K. Metabolic profile of caecal microorganisms from rats fed indigestible plant cell-wall components. Fd. Chem. Toxicol. 1983; 21: 25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang G.W., Fukumoto H.E., Gyory C.P., Block A.P., Kretsch M.J., Calloway D.H. Effects of diet on the gut microflora: fecal enzymes and bacterial metabolites. Fed. Proc., Abstr. 1979; 38: 2846
   Google Scholar
• Shiau S.-Y., Chang G.W. Effects of dietary fiber on fecal mucinase andβ-glucuronidase activity in rats. J. Nutr. 1983; 113: 138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glicksman M. Gum Technology in the Food Industry. Academic Press, New York 1969
   Google Scholar
• DeBethizy J.D., Sherril J.M., Rickert D.E., Hamm T.E. Effects of pectin-containing diets on hepatic macromolecular covalent binding of 2,6-dinitro-[H3]toluene in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1983; 69: 369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Mallett A.K., Wise A. A comparison of the activity of five microbial enzymes from rats, mice and hamsters and response to dietary pectin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1983; 69: 143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle R.B., Wolfman M., Vargo D., Floch M.H. Alteration in bacterial flora induced by dietary pectin. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981; 34: 635
   Google Scholar
• Bauer H.G., Asp N.-G., Dahlquvist A., Fredlund P.E., Nyman M., Oste R. Effect of two kinds of pectin and guar gum on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine initiation of colon tumours and on fecalβ-glucuronidase activity in the rat. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 2518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick R.W., Copeland M.F., Chadwick C.J. Enhanced pesticide metabolism, a previously unreported effect of dietary fibre in mammals. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1978; 16: 217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rexová-Benkova L., Markovic O. Pectic enzymes. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 1976; 33: 323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schink B., Zeikus J.G. Microbial methanol formation: a major end product of pectin metabolism. Curr. Microbiol. 1980; 4: 387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furda I. Unconventional sources of dietary fibre ACS Symposium No. 214, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1983
   Google Scholar
• Nyman M., Asp N.G. Fermentation of dietary fibre components in the rat intestinal tract. Br. J. Nutr. 1982; 47: 357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizutani T., Benno Y., Mitsuoka T. Effect of dietary fiber on tumorigenesis and longevity: with special reference to the fecal microflora. Nutr. Rep. Int. 1982; 26: 289
   Google Scholar
• Kretchmer N. The geography and biology of lactose digestion and malabsorption. Post-Grad. Med. J. Suppl. 1977; 53: 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitcher J. Effect of dietary lactose on intestinal lactase activity in young rats. J. Nutr. 1973; 103: 392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim K.-I., Benevenga N.J., Grummer R.H. In vitro measurement of the lactase activity and the fermentation products of lactose in the cecal and colonic contents of rats fed a control or 30% lactose diet. J. Nutr. 1979; 109: 856
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atkinson R.L., Kratzer F.H., Stewart G.F. Lactose in animal and human feeding: a review. J. Dairy Sci. 1957; 40: 1114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuoka T., Kaneuchi C. Ecology of the bifidobacteria. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1977; 30: 1799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morishita Y., Fuller R., Coates M.E. Influence of dietary lactose on the gut flora of chicks. Br. Poultry Sci. 1982; 23: 349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlquvist A., Gryboski J.D. Inability of the human small-intestinal lactase to hydrolyze lactulose. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1965; 110: 635
   Google Scholar
• Conn H.O., Floch M.H. Effects of lactulose andLactobacillus acidophilus on the fecal flora. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1970; 23: 1588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vince A., Zeegen R., Drinkwater J.E., O'Grady F., Dawson A.M. The effect of lactulose on the faecal flora of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. J. Med. Microbiol. 1973; 7: 163
   Google Scholar
• Hill M.J. Bacterial adaptation to lactase deficiency. Milk Intolerances and Rejection, J. Delmont. Karger, Basel 1983; 22
   Google Scholar
• Leichter J., Tolensky A.F. Effect of dietary lactose on the absorption of protein, fat and calcium in the postweaning rat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1975; 28: 238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James W.P.T. Sugar absorption and intestinal motility in children when malnourished and after treatment. Clin. Sci. 1970; 39: 305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eyssen H., DePauw G., Parmentier G. Effect of lactose on Δ5-steroid-reducing activity of intestinal bacteria in gnotobiotic rats. J. Nutr. 1974; 104: 605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wostman B., Bruckner-Kardoss E., Beaver M., Chang L., Madsen D. Effect of dietary lactose at levels comparable to human consumption on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism of conventional and germfree rats. J. Nutr. 1976; 106: 1782
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wise A., Rowland I.R., Mallett A.K. Dietary lactose and the metabolic acitivity of the caecal microfloras of weanling and adult rats. Fd. Chem. Toxicol. 1984; 22: 113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wostmann B.S., Beaver M., Chang L., Madsen K. Effect of autoclaving of a lactose-containing diet on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism of conventional germfree rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1977; 30: 1999
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bleyl D.W.R., Schulze J., Grütte F.-K. Toxicological effects of steam-sterilised high lactose diets on conventional and gnotobiotic rats. Arch. Toxicol., Suppl. 1980; 4: 431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horikoshi M., Ohmura M., Gomyo T., Kuwabara Y., Veda S. Effects of browning products on the intestinal microflora of the rat. Prog. Fd. Nutr. Sci. 1981; 5: 223
   Google Scholar
• Araujo P.E., Norden A.R. Response of mouse intestinal microflora to dietary cellulose, starch and sucrose. J. Fd. Sci. 1979; 44: 308
   Google Scholar
• Bullen C.L., Tearle P.V., Stewart M.G. The effect of “humanised” milk and supplemented breast feeding on the faecal flora of infants. J. Med. Microbiol. 1977; 10: 403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkins A.M., Bradley A.K., Oswald S., Drasar B.S. Diet and the faecal microflora of infants, children and adults in rural Nigeria and Urban U.K. J. Hyg., (Cambridge) 1981; 86: 285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bullen C.L., Tearle P.V., Willis A.T. Bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract of infants: anin vivo study. J. Med. Microbiol. 1976; 9: 325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullen C.L., Tearle P.V. Bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract of infants: anin vitro study. J. Med. Microbiol. 1976; 9: 335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine W., Zunft H.-J., Müller-Beuthow W., Grütte F.-K. Lactose and protein absorption from breast milk and cows milk preparations and its influence on the intestinal flora. Investigations on two infants with an artificial anus. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1977; 66: 699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelsson C.K., Justesen T. Studies of the duodenal and fecal flora in gastrointestinal disorders during treatment with an elemental diet. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornside G.H., Cohn I. Stability of normal human fecal flora during a chemically defined, low-residue liquid diet. Ann. Surg. 1975; 181: 58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winitz M., Adams R.F., Seedman D.A., Davis P.N., Jayko L.G., Hamilton J.A. Studies in metabolic nutrition employing chemically defined diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1970; 23: 546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attebery H.R., Sutter V.L., Finegold S.M. Effect of a partially chemically defined diet on normal human fecal flora. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1972; 25: 1391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounous G., Devroede G. Effects of an elemental diet on human faecal flora. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock G.W., Savage D.C. Influences of dietary and environmental stress on microbial populations in the murine gastrointestinal tract. Infect. Immun. 1974; 9: 591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morishita Y., Oyata M. Studies on the alimentary flora of pig. V. Influence of starvation on the microbial flora. Jap. J. Vet. Sci. 1970; 32: 19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morishita Y., Miyaki K. Effects of age and starvation on the gastrointestinal microflora and the heat resistance of fecal bacteria in rats. Microbiol. Immunol. 1979; 23: 455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry T.D., Doherty R.A., Gates A.H. Effects of three diets on mercury excretion after methylmercury administration. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1979; 22: 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland I.R., Robinson R.D., Doherty R.A. Influence of diet on methylmercury excretion and demethylation in mice – role of the intestinal microflora. Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals, S. Brown, J. Savory. Academic Press, London 1983; 381
   Google Scholar
• Al-Shamristani H., Shihab K.M. Variation of biological half-life of methylmercury in man. Arch. Environ. Health 1974; 28: 342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnold D.L., Krewski D., Munro I.C. Saccharin: a toxicological and historical perspective. Toxicology 1983; 27: 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz W.K., Schlatter C. Saccharin does not bind to DNA of liver or bladder in the rat. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1977; 19: 253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks R.M., Wakefield J. St. J., Chowaniec J. Co-carcinogenic action of saccharin in the chemical induction of bladder cancer. Nature (London) 1973; 243: 347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S.M., Arai M., Jacobs J.B., Friedell G.H. Promoting effects of saccharin and dl-tryptophan in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1979; 39: 1207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi K., Fukushima S., Hgiwara A., Tamano S., Ito N. Organ-specific promoting effects of phenobarbital sodium and sodium saccharin in the induction of liver and bladder tumors in male F344 rats. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 1982; 68: 497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ball L.M., Renwick A.G., Williams R.T. The fate of [14C] saccharin in man, rat and rabbit and of 2-sulphamoyl[14C]-benzoic acid in the rat. Xenobiotica 1977; 7: 189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson R.L. Response of male rats to sodium saccharin ingestion: urine composition and mineral balance. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1979; 17: 195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson R.L., Kirkland J.J. The effect of sodium saccharin in the diet on caecal microflora. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 1980; 18: 353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson R.L. Effect of saccharin ingestion on stool composition in relation to caecal enlargement and increased stool hydration. Fd. Chem. Toxicol. 1983; 21: 255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson R.L. Some changes in gastrointestinal metabolism, urine and bladder in rats, in response to sodium saccharin ingestion. Fd. Chem. Toxicol. 1985; 23: 457
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sims J., Renwick A.G. The effects of saccharin on the metabolism of dietary tryptophan to indole, a known carcinogen for the urinary bladder of the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1983; 67: 132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama M.T., Carlson J.R. Microbial metabolites of tryptophan in the intestinal tract with special reference to skatole. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M.J. Bacteria and human carcinogenesis. Bacteria and Cancer, J. Jeljaszewiz, G. Pulverer, W. Roszkowski. Academic Press, New York 1982; 27
   Google Scholar
• Dunning W.F., Curtis M.R. The role of indole in the incidence of 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced bladder cancer in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1958; 99: 91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyasu R., Kitajima T., Hopp M.L., Sumie H. Enhancement of urinary bladder tumorigenesis in hamsters by coadministration of 2-acetylaminofluroene and indole. Cancer Res. 1972; 32: 2027
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bone E., Tamm A., Hill M.J. The production of urinary phenols by gut bacteria and their possible role in the causation of large bowel cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1976; 29: 1448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castledon W.M., Shilkin K.B. Diet, liver function and dimethylhydrazine-induced gastrointestinal tumors in male Wistar rats. Br. J. Cancer 1979; 39: 731
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowland I.R., unpublished results
   Google Scholar