174
Views
128
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The Toxicity of Inhaled Methanol Vapors

Pages 21-50 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

References

  • Gold M. D. Organic emission standards for light-duty methanol-fueled vehicles: a methodology. Presented at the 78th Annu. Meet. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., Detroit, MI, June 16 to 21, 1985
  • Report of the Three-Agency Methanol Task Force. Vol. 1. Executive Summary; Vol. II. Appendices. Air Resources Board, California Energy Comm. and South Coast Air Quality Management District. 1986
  • Harvey C. A., Carey P. M., Somers J. H., Garbe R. J. Toxicologically acceptable levels of methanol and formaldehyde emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles. SAE Technical Paper Series, #841357, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition, Baltimore, MD, 1984
  • Gold M. D., Moulis C. E. Effects of emission standards on methanol vehicle-related ozone, formaldehyde and methanol exposures. Presented at the 81st Annu. Meet, of the Air Pollut. Control Assoc., Detroit, MI, June 19 to 24, 1988
  • Health Effects Institute. Automotive Methanol Vapors and Human Health: an Evaluation of Existing Scientific Information and Issues for Future Research. A report of the Institute's Health Res. Comm. May, 1987
  • Rowe V. K., McCollister S. B. Alcohols. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 2C., 3rd ed, G. D. Clayton, F. E. Clayton. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1982; 4528
  • Reed T. B., Lerner R. M. Methanol: a versatile fuel for immediate use. Science 1973; 182: 1299
  • Posner H. S. Biohazards of methanol in proposed new uses. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1975; 1: 153
  • Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessments of Risks to Public Health, Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1983
  • Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed. 1985. American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH 1985; 372
  • Jelliffe S. E. Multiple neuritis in wood alcohol poisoning. Med. News 1905; 86: 387
  • Wood C. A. Death and blindness as a result of poisoning by methyl, or wood, alcohol and its varitous preparations. Int. Clin. 1906; 16: 68
  • Chew W. B., Berger E. H., Brines O. A., Capron M. J. Alkali treatment of methyl alcohol poisoning. JAMA 1946; 130: 61
  • Province W. D., Kritzler R. A., Calhoun F. P. Methyl alcohol poisoning. Report of cases. Bull. U.S. Army Med. Dept. 1946; 5: 114
  • Bennett I. L., Jr., Cary F. H., Mitchell G. L., Jr., Cooper M. N. Acute methyl alcohol poisoning: a review based on experiences in an outbreak of 323 cases. Medicine 1953; 32: 431
  • Kane R. L., Talbert W., Harlan J., Sizemore G., Cataland S. A methanol poisoning outbreak in Kentucky: a clinical epidemiologic study. Arch. Environ. Health 1968; 17: 119
  • Dethlefs R., Naraqi S. Ocular manifestations and complications of acute methyl alcohol intoxication. Med. J. Aust. 1978; 2: 483
  • Tyson H. H., Schoenberg M. J. Experimental researches in methyl alcohol inhalation. JAMA 1914; 63: 915
  • Wood C. A., Buller F. Poisoning by wood alcohol: cases of death and blindness from Columbian spirits and other methylated preparations. JAMA 1904; 43: 972
  • Buller F., Wood C. A. Poisoning by wood alcohol: cases of death and blindness from Columbian spirits and other methylated preparations. JAMA 1904; 43: 1058–1117; 1213–1289
  • Wood C. A. Death and blindness from methyl or wood-alcohol poisoning with means of prevention. JAMA 1912; 59: 1962
  • Ziegler S. L. The ocular menace of wood alcohol poisoning. JAMA 1921; 77: 1160
  • Litovitz T. L. Acute exposure to methanol and fuels: a prediction of ingestion incidence and toxicity. Proc. Methanol Health Safety Workshop, sponsored by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. October, 1988
  • Gimenez E. R., Vallejo N. E., Roy E., Lis M., Izurieta E. M., Rossi S., Capuccio M. Percutaneous alcohol intoxication. Clin. Toxicol. 1968; 1: 39
  • Tyson H. H. Amblyopia from inhalation of methyl alcohol. Arch. Ophthamol. 1912; 16: 459
  • Roe O. The metabolism and toxicity of methanol. Pharmacol. Rev. 1955; 7: 399
  • Tephly T. R., McMartin K. E. Methanol metabolism and toxicity. Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry, L. D. Stegink, L. J. Filer, Jr. Marcel Dekker, New York 1984; 111
  • Jacobsen D., McMartin K. E. Methanol and ethylene glycol poisonings. Mechanism of toxicity, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment. Med. Toxicol. 1986; 1: 309
  • Benton C. D., Calhoun F. P. The ocular effects of methyl alcohol poisoning. Report of a catastrophe involving three hundred and twenty persons. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthamol. 1952; 56: 875
  • Casarett L. J., Douli J. Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, L. J. Casarett, J. Doull. Macmillan, New York 1975
  • Tonning D. J. Methyl alcohol poisoning. A survey of thirty cases. Nova Scotia Med. Bull. 1945; 24: 1
  • Kaplan K. Methyl alcohol poisoning. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1962; 244: 170
  • Erlanson P., Fritz H., Hagstram K. E., Liljenberg B., Tryding N., Voigt G. Severe methanol intoxication. Acta Med. Scand. 1965; 177: 393
  • Aquilonius S. M., Askmark H., Enoksson P., Lundberg P. O., Mostrum U. Computerised tomography in severe methanol intoxication. Br. Med. J. 1978; ii: 929
  • Guggenheim H. A., Couch J. R., Weinberg W. Motor dysfunction as a permanent complication of methanol ingestion. Presentation of a case with a beneficial response to levodopa treatment. Arch. Neurol. 1971; 24: 550
  • Ley C. O., Gali F. G. Parkinsonian syndrome after methanol intoxication. Eur. Neurol. 1983; 22: 405
  • Koivusalo M. Methanol. International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 20, Vol. 2, J. Tremolieres. Pergamon Press, New York 1970; 465
  • Gonda A., Gault H., Churchill D., Hollomby D. Hemodialysis for methanol intoxication. Am. J. Med. 1978; 64: 749
  • Becker C. E. The alcoholic patient as a toxic emergency. Med. Clin. North Am. 1984; 2: 47
  • De Schweinitz G. E. A case of methyl-alcohol amaurosis, the pathway of entrance of the poison being the lungs and the cutaneous surface. Ophthal. Rec 1901; 10: 289
  • Hawes A. T. Amblyopia from the fumes of wood alcohol. Boston Med. Sur. J. 1905; 153: 525
  • Humperdinck K. On the problem of chronic intoxication with methanol vapors (in German). Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gerwerbehyg. 1941; 10: 569
  • Burk M. On chronic occupational methyl alcohol intoxication (in German). Klin. Montabl. Augenheilkd. 1957; 130: 845
  • Greenburg L., Mayers M. R., Goldwater L. J., Burke W. J. Health hazards in the manufacture of “fused collars”. II. Exposure to acetone-methanol. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1938; 20: 148
  • Kingsley W. H., Hirsch F. G. Toxicologic considerations in direct process spirit duplicating machines. Compens. Med. 1954; 40: 7
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Health Hazard Evaluation Report. HETA 81–177, 178–188 (PB82–194648), 1981
  • Frederick L. J., Schulte P. A., Apol A. Investigation and control of occupational hazards associated with the use of spirit duplicators. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1984; 45: 51
  • Baumann K., Angerer J. Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents. VI. Formic acid concentration in blood and urine as an indicator of methanol exposure. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1979; 42: 241
  • Heinrich R., Angerer J. Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents. X. Biological monitoring parameters for methanol exposure. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1982; 50: 341
  • Chao C.-T. Materials on the hygienic standardization of the maximally permissible concentration of methanol vapors in the atmosphere (in Russian). Gig. Sanit. 1959; 24: 7
  • Ubaydullayev R. A study of hygienic properties of methanol as an atmospheric air pollutant. USSR Lit. Air Pollut. Relat. Occup. Dis. — A Survey 1963; 17: 39, (Levine, B. S., transl.)
  • Sedivec V., Mraz M., Flek J. Biological monitoring of persons exposed to methanol vapours. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1981; 48: 257
  • Eriksen S. P., Kulkarni A. B. Methanol in normal human breath. Science 1963; 141: 639
  • Francot P., Geoffrey P. Le methanol dans les jus de fruits, les boissons, fermentees, les alcools et spiriteux (in French). Rev. Ferment. Ind. Aliment. 1956; 11: 279
  • Stegink L. D. Aspartame metabolism in humans: acute dosing studies. Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry, L. D. Stegink, L. J. Filer, Jr. Marcel Dekker, New York 1984; 509
  • Gagnon C., Heisler S. Protein carboxyl-methylation: role in exocytosis and chemotaxis. Life Sci. 1979; 25: 993
  • Stegink L. D., Brummel M. C., Filer L. J., Jr., Baker G. L. Blood methanol concentrations in one-year-old infants administered graded doses of aspartame. J. Nutr. 1983; 113: 1600
  • Stegink L. D., Brummel M. C., McMartin K., Martin-Amat G., Filer L. J., Jr., Baker G. L., Tephly T. R. Blood methanol concentrations in normal adult subjects administered abuse doses of aspartame. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1981; 7: 281
  • Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Formic Acid. Sodium Formate, and Ethyl Formate as Food Ingredients, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Prepared for Food and Drug Administration, Bureau of Foods, Washington, D. C., 1976, PB-266 282
  • Report of the Federal Panel on Formaldehyde. Environ. Health Perspect. 1982; 43: 139
  • Gilger A. P., Potts A. M. Studies on the visual toxicity of methanol. V. The role of acidosis in experimental methanol poisoning. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1955; 39: 63
  • Gilger A. P., Potts A. M., Johnson L. V. Studies on the visual toxicity of methanol. II. The effect of parenterally administered substances on the systemic toxicity of methyl alcohol. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1952; 35: 113
  • Potts A. M. The visual toxicity of methanol. VI. The clinical aspects of experimental methanol poisoning treated with base. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1955; 39: 86
  • Potts A. M., Praglin J., Farkas I., Lowell M. S., Orbison L., Chickering D. Studies on the visual toxicity of methanol. VIII. Additional observations on methanol poisoning in the primate test object. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1955; 40: 76
  • Gilger A. P., Potts A. M., Farkas I. S. Studies on the visual toxicity of methanol. IX. The effect of ethanol on methanol poisoning in the rhesus monkey. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1956; 42: 244
  • Gilger A. P., Farkas I. S., Potts A. M. Studies on the visual toxicity of methanol. X. Further observations on the ethanol therapy of acute methanol poisoning in monkeys. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1959; 48: 153
  • Clay K. L., Murphy R. C., Watkins W. D. Experimental methanol toxicity in the primates: analysis of metabolic acidosis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1975; 34: 49
  • McMartin K. E., Makar A. B., Martin-Amat G., Palese M., Tephly T. R. Methanol poisoning. I. The role of formic acid in the development of metabolic acidosis in the monkey and the reversal by 4-methylpyrazole. Biochem. Med. 1975; 13: 319
  • White L. R., Marthinsen A. B. L., Richards R. J., Eik-Nes K. B., Nilsen O. G. Biochemical and cytological studies of rat lung after inhalation of methanol vapor. Toxicol. Lett. 1983; 17: 1
  • Andrews L. S., Clary J. J., Terrill J. B., Bolte H. R. Subchronic inhalation toxicity of methanol. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1987; 20: 117
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. An Analysis and Critique of Behavioral Toxicology in the USSR. NIOSH-77–160, PB-273 807, 1976
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard. Occupational Exposure to Methyl Alcohol. NIOSH-76–148, PB-273 806, 1976
  • Cameron A. M., Nilsen O. G., Haug E., Eik-Nes K. B. Circulating concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in male rats after inhalation of methanol. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1984; 7: 441
  • Cameron A. M., Zahlsen K., Haug E., Nilsen O. G., Eik-Nes K. B. Circulating steroids in male rats following inhalation of n-alcohols. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1985; 8: 422
  • Nelson B. K., Brightwell W. S., Mackenzie D. R., Khan A., Burg J. R., Weigel W. W., Goad P. T. Teratological assessment of methanol and ethanol at high inhalation levels in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1985; 5: 727
  • Infurna R., Weiss B. Neonatal behavioral toxicity in rats following prenatal exposure to methanol. Teratology 1986; 33: 259
  • Sayers R. R., Yant W. P., Schrenk H. H., Chornyak J., Pearce S. J., Patty F. A., Linn J. G. Methanol poisoning. II. Exposure of dogs for brief periods eight times daily to high concentrations of methanol vapor in air. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1944; 26: 255
  • Sayers R. R., Yant W. P., Schrenk H. H., Chornyak J., Pearce S. J., Patty F. A., Linn J. G. Methanol poisoning. I. Exposure of dogs to 450–500 ppm methanol vapor in air. Report of Investigations RI 3617. U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1942; 1
  • Reynolds W. A., Bauman A. F., Stegink L. D., Filer L. J., Jr., Naidu S. Developmental assessment of infant Macaques receiving dietary aspartame or phenylalanine. Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry, L. D. Stegink, L. J. Filer, Jr. Marcel Dekker, New York 1984; 405
  • Suomi S. J. Effects of aspartame on the learning test performance of young Stumptail Macaques. Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry, L. D. Stegink, L. J. Filer, Jr. Marcel Dekker, New York 1984; 425
  • New Energy Development Organization. Toxicological Research of Methanol as a Fuel for Power Station: Summary Report on Tests With Monkeys, Rats and Mice. October, 1987
  • Takeda K., Katoh M. Long-term effects of methanol vapor at low concentration. Proc. of the 8th Int. Symp. Alcohol Fuels, TokyoJapan, 1988
  • Yant W. P., Schrenk H. H. Distribution of methanol in dogs after inhalation and administration by stomach tube and subcutaneously. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1937; 19: 337
  • Leaf G., Zatman L. J. A study of the conditions under which methanol may exert a toxic hazard in industry. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1952; 9: 19
  • Opperman J. A. Aspartame metabolism in animals. Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry, L. D. Stegink, L. J. Filer, Jr. Marcel Dekker, New York 1984; 141
  • Eells J. T., Black K. A., Tedford C. E., Tephly T. R. Methanol toxicity in the monkey: effects of nitrous oxide and methionine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1983; 227: 349
  • Jacobsen D., Ovrebo S., Arnesen E., Paus P. N. Pulmonary excretion of methanol in man. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1983; 43: 377
  • Harger R. N., Raney B. B., Bridwell E. G., Kitchel M. F. The partition ratio between air and water, urine and blood; estimation and identification of alcohol in these liquids from analysis of air equilibrated with them. J. Biol. Chem. 1950; 183: 197
  • Tephly T. R., Parks R. E., Mannering G. J. Methanol metabolism in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1964; 143: 292
  • Makar A. B., Tephly T. R., Mannering G. J. Methanol metabolism in the monkey. Mol. Pharmacol. 1968; 4: 471
  • Noker P. E., Eells J. T., Tephly T. R. Methanol toxicity: treatment with folic acid and 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 1980; 4: 378
  • Makar A. B., Mannering G. J. Role of the intracellular distribution of hepatic catalase in the peroxidative oxidation of methanol. Mol. Pharmacol. 1968; 4: 484
  • Bartlett G. R. Combustion of C14 labelled methanol in the intact rat and its isolated tissues. Am. J. Physiol. 1950; 163: 614
  • Loomis T. A. Essentials of Toxicology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1968
  • Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, C. D. Klaasen, M. O. Amdur, J. Doull. MacMillan, New York 1986
  • Makar A. B., Tephly T. R. Methanol poisoning. VI. Role of folic acid in the productin of methanol poisoning in the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 2: 1201
  • McMartin K. E., Martin-Amat G., Maker A. B., Tephly T. R. Methanol poisoning: role of formate metabolism in the monkey. Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, R. G. Thurman, J. R. Williamson, H. Drott, B. Chance. Academic Press, New York 1977; Vol. 2: 429
  • McMartin K. E., Martin-Amat G., Noker P. E., Tephly T. R. Lack of role for formaldehyde in methanol poisoning in the monkey. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 645
  • Malorny G., Rietbrock N., Schneider M. Die oxydation des formaldehyde zu ameisensaure in blut, ein beitrag zum stoffwechsel des formaldehyde (in German). Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 1965; 250: 419
  • Rietbrock N. Formaldehydroxydation bei der ratte (in German). Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch, Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1965; 251: 189
  • Martin-Amat G., Tephly T. R., McMartin K. E., Makar A. B., Hayreh M. S., Hayreh M. S., Baumbach G., Cancilia P. Methyl alcohol poisoning. II. Development of a model for ocular toxicity in methyl alcohol poisoning using the Rhesus monkey. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1977; 95: 1847
  • Malorny G. Stoffwechselversuche mit natrium-formiat und ameisensaure beim menschen (Acute and chronic toxicity of formic acid and formates) (in German). Z. Ernaehrungswiss. 1969; 9: 332
  • Rietbrock N. Kinetic und wege des methanolumsatzes (Kinetics and pathways of methanol metabolism) (in German). Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharm. Exp. Pathol. 1969; 263: 88
  • Maker A. B., Tephly T. R. Methanol poisoning in the folatedeficient rat. Nature 1976; 261: 715
  • Palese M., Tephly T. R. Metabolism of formate in the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1975; 1: 13
  • McMartin K. E., Martin-Amat G., Makar A. B., Tephly T. R. Methanol poisoning. V. Role of formate metbolism in the monkey. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1977; 201: 564
  • Eeels J. T., Makar A. B., Noker P. E., Tephly T. R. Methanol poisoning and formate oxidation in nitrous oxide treated rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981; 217: 57
  • Eells J. T., Black K. A., Makar A. B., Tedfod C. E., Tephly T. R. The regulation of one-carbon oxidation in the rat by nitrous oxide and methionine. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1982; 219: 316
  • Black K. A., Eells J. T., Noker P. E., Hawtrey C. A., Tephly T. R. Role of hepatic tetrahydrofolate in the species difference in methanol toxicity, in. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985; 82: 3854
  • Johlin F. C., Jr., Fortman C. S., Nghiem D. D., Tephly T. R. Studies on the role of folic acid and folate-dependent enzymes in human methanol poisoning. Mol. Pharmacol. 1987; 31: 557
  • Tephly T. R. Introduction: factors in responses to the environment. Fed. Proc. 1977; 36: 1627
  • Hayreh M. S., Hayreh S. S., Baumbach G. L., Cancilla P., Martin-Amat G., Tephly T. R., McMartin K. E., Makar A. B. Methyl alcohol poisoning. III. Ocular toxicity. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1977; 95: 1851
  • Baumbach G. L., Cancilla P. A., Martin-Amat G., Tephly T. R., McMartin K. E., Makar A. B., Hayreh M. S., Hayreh S. S. Methyl alcohol poisoning. IV. Alterations of the morphological findings of the retina and optic nerve. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1977; 95: 1859
  • Nicholls P. Formate as an inhibitor of cytochromec oxidase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1975; 67: 610
  • Nicholls P. The effects of formate on cytochrome aa3 and on electron transport in the intact respiratory chain. Bioch. Biophys. Acta 1976; 430: 13
  • Martin-Amat G., McMartin K. E., Hayreh S. S., Hayreh M. S., Tephly T. R. Methanol poisoning: ocular toxicity produced by formate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 45: 201
  • Malorny G. Metabolism studies with sodium formate and formic acid in man (in German). Z. Ernaehrungswiss. 1969; 9: 340

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.