Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs), Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and Related Compounds: Environmental and Mechanistic Considerations Which Support the Development of Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs)

References

• Rappe C., Buser H. R., Bosshardt H.-P. Dioxins, dibenzofurans and other polyhalogenated aromatics: production, use, formation and destruction. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1979; 320: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutzinger O., Safe S., Zitko V. The Chemistry of PCBs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1974
   Google Scholar
• Brinkman U. A. Th., De Kok A. Production, properties and uses. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, R. D. Kimbrough. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1980; 1
   Google Scholar
• Pomerantz I., Burke J., Firestone D., McKinney J., Roach J., Trotter J. Chemistry of PCBs and PBBs. Environ. Health Perspect. 1978; 24: 133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Buser H. R. Chemical properties and analytical methods. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, R. D. Kimbrough. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1980; 41
   Google Scholar
• Ballschmiter K., Rappe C., Buser H. R. Chemical properties, analytical and environmental levels of PCBs, PCTs, PCNs and PCBs. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, 2nd ed, R. D. Kimbrough, A. A. Jensen. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1989; 47
   Google Scholar
• De Voogt P., Brinkman U. A. Th. Production properties and usage of polychlorinated biphenyls. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins, and Related Products, 2nd ed, R. D. Kimbrough, A. A. Jensen. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1989; 1
   Google Scholar
• Risebrough R. W., Rieche P., Herman S. G., Peakall D. B., Kirven M. N. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the global ecosystem. Nature 1968; 220: 1098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein L. Chromatographic and biological aspects of polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Chromatogr. 1972; 68: 345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballschmiter K., Buchert H., Bihler S. Baseline studies of global pollution. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 1981; 306: 323
   Google Scholar
• Ballschmiter K., Scholz Ch., Buchert H., Zell M., Figge K., Polzhofer K., Hoerschelmann H. Studies of the global baseline pollution. Z. Fresenius Anal. Chem. 1981; 309: 1
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman M., Wasserman D., Cucos S., Miller H. J. World PCBs map: storage and effects in man and his biologic environment in the 1970s. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1979; 320: 69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safe S., Safe L., Mullin M. Polychlorinaged biphenyls: environmental occurrence and analysis. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs: Mammalian and Environmental Toxicology. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1987; Vol. 1: 133
   Google Scholar
• Harvey G. R., Steinhauer W. G. Atmospheric transport of polychlorobiphenyls to the North Atlantic. Atmos. Environ. 1974; 8: 777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe S., Hidaka H., Tatsukawa R. PCBs and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in Antarctic atmosphere and hydrosphere. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas E., Giam C. S. Global transport of organic pollutants: ambient concentrations in the remote marine atmosphere. Science 1981; 211: 163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton C. L., Sosebee J. B., Jr. PCB and PCT contamination of the environment near sites of manufacture and use. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1976; 10: 1229
   Google Scholar
• Murphy T. J., Pokojowczyk J. C., Mullin M. D. Vapor exchange of PCBs with Lake Michigan: the atmosphere as a sink for PCBs. Physical Behavior of PCBs in the Great Lakes, D. Mackay, S. Paterson, S. J. Eisenreich, M. S. Simmons. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI 1983; 49
   Google Scholar
• International Joint Commission. IJC Great Lakes Water Quality — Appendix E, Status Report on the Persistent Toxic Pollutants in the Lake Ontario Basin. 1977
   Google Scholar
• Krauss P. P., Suns K., Buckley E. H. Monitoring of PCBs in water, sediments and biota of the Great Lakes — some recent examples. Physical Behavior of PCBs in the Great Lakes, D. Mackay, S. Paterson, S. J. Eisenreich, M. S. Simmons. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI 1983; 367
   Google Scholar
• Gregor D. J., Gummer W. D. Evidence of atmospheric transport and deposition of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Canadian Arctic snow. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989; 23: 561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Bergqvist P. A., Kjeller L. O. Levels, trends and patterns of PCDFs in Scandinavian environmental samples. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Nygren M., Lindstrom G., Hansson M. Dioxins and dibenzofurans in biological samples of European origin. Chemosphere 1986; 15: 1635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Kjeller L.-O. PCDDs and PCDFs in environmental samples, air, particulates, sediments and soil. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 1775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Andersson R., Bergqvist P. A., Brohede C., Hansson M., Kjeller L. O., Lindstrom G., Marklund S., Nygren M., Swanson S. E., Tysklind M., Wiberg K. Overview on environmental fate of chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. Sources, levels and isomertic pattern in various matrices. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 1603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Kjeller L.-O., Bruckmann P., Hackhe K.-H. Identification and quantification of PCDDs and PCDFs in urban air. Chemosphers 1988; 17: 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Marklund S., Kjeller L.-O., Lindskog A. Long-range transport of PCDDs and PCDFs on airborne particles. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 1283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norwood C. B., Hackett M., Pruell R. J., Butterworth B. C., Williamson K. J., Naumann S. M. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in selected estuarine sediments. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czuczwa J. M., Hites R. A. Environmental fate of combusion-generated polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1984; 18: 444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czuczwa J. M., Hites R. A. Dioxins and dibenzofurans in air, soil and water. Dioxins in the Environment, M. A. Kamrin, P. W. Rodgers. Hemisphere, Washington, D.C. 1985; 85
   Google Scholar
• Czuczwa J. M., Hites R. A. Airborne dioxins and dibenzofurans: sources and fates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1986; 20: 195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czuczwa J. M., McVeety B. D., Hites R. A. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. Science 1984; 226: 568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czuczwa J. M., Niessen F., Hites R. A. Historical record of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Swiss lake sediments. Chemosphere 1985; 14: 1175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan J. R., Delfino J., Buelow C. R., Sheffy T. B. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the fish and sediment of the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1983; 30: 58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paasivirta J., Sarkka J., Surma-Aho K., Humpi T., Kuokkanen T., Marttinen M. Food chain enrichment of organochlorine compounds and mercury in clean and polluted lakes of Finland. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabik M. E., Merrill C., Zabik M. J. PCBs and other xenobiotics in raw and cooked carp. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1982; 28: 710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalling D. L., Huckins J. N., Petty J. D., Johnson J. L., Saunders H. O. An expanded approach to the study and measurement of PCBs and selected planar aromatic environmental pollutants. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1979; 320: 48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunn H., Manz D. Contamination of native fish stock by hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyl residues. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1982; 28: 599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickstrom K., Pyysalo H., Perttila M. Organochlorine compounds in the liver of cod (Gadus Morhua) in the northern Baltic. Chemosphere 1981; 10: 999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen P., Settle H., Swift R. Organochlorine residues in wings of ducks in south-eastern Australia. Aust. Wildl. Res 1980; 7: 139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wharfe J. R., Van Den Broek W. L. F. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in macroinvertebrates and fish from the Lower Medway Estuary, Kent. Mar. Pollut. Bull 1978; 9: 76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowrer J., Calambokidis J., Musgrove N., Drager B., Beug M. W., Herman S. G. Polychlorinated biphenyls in cottids, mussels and sediments in Southern Puget Bay, Washington. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1977; 18: 588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelli M. G., Martelli G. P., Spagone C., Capellini L., Fanelli R. Quantitative determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in marine organisms analysed by high resolution gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe S., Kannan N., Subramanian A., Watanabe S., Tatsukawa R. Highly toxic coplanar PCBs: occurence, source persistency and toxic implications to wildlife and human. Environ. Pollut. 1987; 47: 147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S., Safe L., Mullin M. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): congener-specific analysis of a commercial mixture and a human milk extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1985; 33: 24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Buser H. R., Stalling D. L., Smith L. M., Dougherty R. C. Identification of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in environmental samples. Nature 1981; 292: 524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalling D. L., Smith L. M., Petty J. D., Hogan J. W., Johnson J. L., Rappe C., Buser H. R. Residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes fish. Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, R. E. Tucker, A. L. Young, A. P. Gray. Plenum Press, New York 1983; 221
   Google Scholar
• Ryan J. J., Lau P. Y., Pilon J. C., Lewis D. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran residues in Great Lakes Commercial and Sport Fish. Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Total Environment, G. Choudhary, L. H. Keith, C. Rappe. Butterworths, Boston, MA 1983; 87
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg M., Blank F., Heeremans C., Wagenaar H., Olie K. Presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in fish-eating birds from fish from the Netherlands. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987; 16: 149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oehme M., Furst P., Kruger C., Meemken H. A., Groebel W. Presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and pesticides in arctic seal from Spitzbergen. Chemosphere 1988; 17: 1291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyata H., Takayama K., Ogaki J., Kashimoto T., Fukushima S. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin in blue mussel from marine coastal water in Japan. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987; 39: 877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyata H., Takayama K., Ogaki J., Mimura M., Kashimoto T. Study on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in rivers and estuaries in Osaka Bay In Japan. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 1988; 17: 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharewski T., Safe L., Safe S., Chittim B., DeVault D., Wilberg K., Bergqvist P. A., Rappe C. Comparative analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners in Great Lakes fish by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and in vitro enzyme induction activities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989; 23: 730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bignert A., Olsson M., Bergqvist P.-A., Bergek S., Rappe C., De Wit C., Jansson B. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) in seal blubber. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergqvist P.-A., Bergek S., Hallback H., Rappe C., Slorach S. A. Dioxins in cod and herring from the seas around Sweden. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koistinen J., Paasivirta J., Vuorinen P. J. Dioxins and other planar polychloroaromatic compounds in Baltic., Finnish and Arctic fish samples. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck H., Eckart K., Mathar W., Wittkowski R. Dependence of PCDD and PCDF levels in human milk on various parameters in the Federal Republic of Germany. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 1063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren M., Hansson M., Sjostrom M., Rappe C., Kahn P., Gochfeld M., Velez H., Ghent-Guenther T., Wilson W. P. Development and validation of a method for determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in human blood plasma. A multivariate comparison of blood and adipose tissue levels between Vietnam veterans and matched controls. Chemosphere 1988; 17: 1663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Nygren M., Buser H., Masuda Y., Kuroki H., Chen P. H. Identification of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in human samples, occupational exposure and Yusho patients. Environ. Sci. Res. 1983; 26: 241
   Google Scholar
• Schecter A., Ryan J. J., Constable J. D. Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in human milk from Japan, India and the United States of America. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerhut M. A., Sweeney M. H., Patterson D. G., Jr., Piacitelli L. A., Morris J. A., Marlow D. A., Hornung R. W., Cameron L. W., Connally L. B., Needham L. L., Halperin W. E. Levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the serum of U. S. chemical workers exposed to dioxin contaminated products: interim results. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman L. R., Hayward D. G., Flattery J., Harnly M. E., Patterson D. G., Jr., Needham L. L., Siegel D., Chang R., Stephens R. D., Kizer K. W. Serum, adipose and autopsy tissue and PCDF levels, in people eating dioxin contaminated beef and chicken eggs. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith A. H., Matheson D. P., Fisher D. O., Chapman C. J. Preliminary report of reproductive outcomes among pesticide applicators using 2,4,5,-T. N.Z. Med. J. 1981; 93: 177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith A. H., Fisher D. O., Giles H. J., Pearce N. The New Zealand soft tissue sarcoma case-control study: interview findings concerning phenoxyacetic acid exposure. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith A. H., Pearce N. E., Fisher D. O., Giles H. J., Teague C. A., Howard J. K. Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols in New Zealand. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1984; 73: 1111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suskind R. R. Long-term health effects of exposure to 2,4,5-T and/or its contaminants. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suskind R. R. Chloracne, “the hallmark of dioxin intoxication”. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1985; 11: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suskind R. R., Hertzerb V. S. Human health effects of 2,3,5-T and its toxic contaminants. JAMA 1984; 251: 2372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson C. J., Holson J. F., Green H. G., Gaylor D. W. Retrospective study of the relationship between agricultural use of 2,4,5-T and cleft palate occurrence in Arkansas. Teratology 1979; 19: 377
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zack J. A., Suskind R. R. The mortality experience of workers exposed to tetrachlorodibenzodoxin in a trichlorophenol process accident. J. Occup. Med. 1980; 22: 11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardell L. Relation of soft-tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and colon cancer to phenoxy acids, chlorophenols and other agents. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1981; 7: 119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L. Epidemiological studies on soft-tissue sarcoma and malignant lymphoma and their relation to phenoxy acid or chlorophenol exposure. Umea Univ. Med. Diss. New Series No. 65, University of Umea, Sweden 1981; 139
   Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Bengtsson N. O. Epidemiological study of socioeconomic factors and clinical findings in Hodgkin's disease, and reanalysis of previous data regarding chemical exposure. Br. J. Cancer 1983; 48: 217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Eriksson M. Soft-tissue sarcoma and exposure to dioxins. Lancet 1986; 2: 868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Sandstrom A. Case-control study: soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlorophenols. Br. J. Cancer 1979; 39: 711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Eriksson M., Lenner P., Lundgren E. Malignant lymphoma and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids: a case-control study. Br. J. Cancer 1981; 43: 169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L., Johansson B., Axelson O. Epidemiological study of nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and their relations to phenoxyacid or chlorophenol exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1982; 3: 247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiess A. M., Frentzel-Beyme R., Link R. Mortality study of persons exposed to dioxin in a trichlorophenol-process accident that occurred in the BASF AG on November 17, 1953. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1982; 3: 179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterling T. D., Arundel A. V. Health effects of phenoxy herbicides: a review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1986; 12: 161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman R. E., Stehr-Green P. A., Webb K. B., Evans R. G., Knutsen A. P., Schramm W. F., Staake J. L., Gibson B. B., Steinberg K. K. Health effects of long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. JAMA 1986; 255: 2031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoar S. K., Blair A., Holmes F. F., Boyse C. D., Robel R. J., Hoover R., Fraumeni J. F., Jr. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. JAMA 1986; 256: 1141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jirasek L., Kalensky J., Kubec K. Acne chlorina and porphyria cutanea tarda during the manufacture of herbicides. Cesk. Dermatol. 1973; 48: 306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook R. R., Townsend J. C., Ott M. G., Silverstein L. G. Mortality experience of employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J. Occup. Med. 1980; 22: 530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Axeison O., Sundell L. Herbicide exposure, mortality and tumor incidence: an epidemiological investigation on Swedish railroad workers. Work Environ. Health 1974; 11: 21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Axelson O., Sundell L., Anderson K., Edling C., Hogstedt C., Kling H. Herbicide exposure and tumor mortality: an updated epidemiologic investigation on Swedish railroad workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1980; 6: 73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippini G., Bordo B., Crenna P., Massetto N., Musicco M., Boeri R. Relationship between clinical and electrophysiological findings and indicators of heavy exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetracrlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1981; 7: 257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson M., Hardell L., Berg N. O., Moller T., Axelson O. Soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to chemical substances: a case-referent study. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1981; 38: 27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fingerhut M. A., Halperin W. E., Honchar P. A., Smith A. B., Groth D. H., Russell W. O. An evaluation of reports of dioxin exposure and soft tissue sarcoma pathology in U. S. chemical workers. Biological Mechanisms of Dioxin Action, Banbury Report 18, A. Poland, R. D. Kimbrough. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1984; 461
   Google Scholar
• Fingerhut M. A., Sweeney M. H., Halperin W. E., Schnorr T. M. Epidemiology of populations exposed to dioxins. Solving Hazardous Waste Problems: Learning From Dioxins, J. H. Exner. ACS Symposium Series 338, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1987; 143
   Google Scholar
• Coggon D., Acheson E. D. Do phenoxy herbicides cause cancer in man. Lancet 1982; 1: 1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson P., Hogstedt C., Rappe C. Short-term mortality and cancer incidence in capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Am. J. Ind. Med. 1986; 10: 341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertazzi P. A., Zochetti C., Guercilena S., Foglia M. D., Pesatori A., Riboldi L. Mortalilty study of male and female workers exposed to PCBs. Presented at Int. Symp. on Prevention of Occupational Cancer, HelsinkiFinland, 1981
   Google Scholar
• Bertazzi P. A., Riboldi L., Pesatori A., Radice L., Zochetti C. Cancer mortality of capacitor manufacturing worker. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1987; 11: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown D. P. Mortality of workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls — an update. Arch. Environ. Health 1987; 42: 333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown D. P., Jones M. Mortality and industrial hygiene study of workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Arch. Environ. Health 1981; 36: 120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith A. H., Shindell S., Kurland A. T. Epidemiology. Human Health Aspects of Environmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans. UAREP. 1988; 1–1
   Google Scholar
• Des Rosiers P. E. Chlorinated combustion products from fires involving transformers and capacitors. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 1881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P. H., Hsu S. T. PCB poisoning from toxic rice-bran oil in Taiwan. PCBs and The Enironment, J. S. Waid. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1987; Vol. 3: 27
   Google Scholar
• Kashimoto T., Miyata H. Differences between Yusho and other kinds of poisoning involving only PCBs. PCBs and The Environment, J. S. Waid. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1987; 1
   Google Scholar
• Kashimoto T., Miyata H., Kunita S., Tung T., Hsu S. T., Chang K. J., Tang S. Y., Ohi G., Nakagawa J., Yamamoto S. I. Role of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in Yusho (PCB poisoning). Arch Environ. Health 1981; 36: 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P. H., Wong C. K., Rappe C., Nygren M. Polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzofurans and quaterphenyls in toxic ricebran oil and in the blood and tissues of patients with PCB poisoning (Yu-Cheng) in Taiwan. Environ. Health Perspect. 1985; 59: 59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuratsune M. Yusho. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, R. D. Kimbrough. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1980; 287
   Google Scholar
• Kuratsune M. Yusho with reference to Yu Cheng. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, 2nd ed, R. D. Kimbrough, A. A. Jensen. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1989; 381
   Google Scholar
• Rogan W. J. Yu Cheng. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, 2nd ed, R. D. Kimbrough, A. A. Jensen. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1989; 401
   Google Scholar
• Caramaschi F., Corno G., Favaretti C., Giambelluca S. E., Montesarchio E., Fara G. M. Chloracne following environmental contamination by TCDD in Seveso, Italy. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1981; 10: 135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocarelli P., Marocchi A., Brambilla P., Gerthoux P. M., Young D. S., Mantel N. Clincial laboratory manifestations of exposure to dioxins in children: a six-year study of the effects of an environmental disaster near Seveso, Italy. JAMA 1986; 256: 2687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenchini M. L., Crimuado C., Pachetti G., Mottura A., Agosti S., De Carli L. A comparative cytogenetic study on cases of induced abortions in TCDD-exposed and nonexposed women. Environ. Mutagen. 1983; 5: 73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reggiani G. Anatomy of a TCDD spill: the Seveso accident. Hazard Assess. Chem. Curr. Dev. 1983; 2: 269
   Google Scholar
• Puntoni R., Merlo F., Fini A., Meazza L., Santi L. Soft tissue sarcomas in Sevesco. Lancet 1986; 2: 525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regiani G. M. The Seveso accident: medical survey of a TCDD exposure. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxin and Related Products, 2nd ed, R. D. Kimbrough, A. A. Jensen. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1989; 445
   Google Scholar
• New York State Department of Health. Love Canal: Public Health Time Bomb. A Special Report to the Governor and Legislature. Albany, NY 1978
   Google Scholar
• Constable J. D., Hatch M. C. Reproductive effects of herbicide exposure in Vietnam: recent studies by the Vietnamese and others. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 1985; 5: 231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenwald P., Kovasznay B., Collins D. N., Therriault G. Sarcomas of soft tissues after Vietnam service. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1984; 73: 1107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawrence C. E., Reilly A. A., Quyickenton P., Greenwald P., Page W. F., Kuntz A. J. Mortality patterns of New York State Vietnam veterans. Am. J. Public Health 1985; 75: 277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lathrop G. D., Wolfe W. H., Machado S. G., Michalek J. E., Karrison T. G., Miner J. C., Grubbs W. D., Peterson M. R., Thomas W. F. An epidemiologic investigation of health effects in Air Force personnel following exposure to herbicides: first follow-up examination results. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 1987; Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Dan B. B. Vietnam and birth defects. JAMA 1984; 252: 936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbrough R. D., Falk H., Stehr P., Fries G. Health implications of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) contamination of residential soil. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1984; 14: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsen A. P., Roodman S. T., Evans R. G., Mueller K. R., Webb K. B., Green P. S., Hoffman R. E., Schramm W. F. Immmune studies in dioxin-exposed Missouri residents: Quail Run. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987; 39: 481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb K., Ayres S., Slavin R., Knutsen A., Roodman S., Gedney W. B., Schramm W., Hotchkiss R. L., Miller R., Donnell H. D. Results of a pilot study of health effects due to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin contamination—Missouri. JAMA 1984; 251: 1139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stehr P. A., Stein G., Falk H., Sampson E., Smith S. J., Steinberg K., Webb K., Ayres S., Schramm W., Donnell H. D., Gedney W. B. A pilot epidemiologic study of possible health effects associated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin contaminations in Missouri. Arch. Environ. Health 1986; 41: 16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman R. E., Stehr-Green P. A. Localized contamination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: the Missouri episode. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, 2nd ed, R. D. Kimbrough, A. A. Jensen. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1989; 471
   Google Scholar
• Carter L. J. Michigan's PBB incident: chemical mixup leads to disaster. Science 1976; 192: 240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson L. W., Chynoweth D. P. Another halogenated hydrocarbon. Environment 1975; 17: 25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen E. PBB: An American Tragedy. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1979
   Google Scholar
• Eggington J. The Poisoning of Michigan. Norton, New York 1980
   Google Scholar
• Reich M. J. Environmental politics and science: the case of PBB contamination in Michigan. Am. J. Public Health 1983; 73: 302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson T. F., Halbert F. L. A toxic syndrome associated with the feeding of polybrominated biphenyl contaminated protein concentrate to dairy cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1974; 165: 437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buser H.-R. Brominated and brominated/chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans: potential environmental contaminants. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 713
   Google Scholar
• Schulz D. E., Petrtick G., Duinker J. C. Complete characterization of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in commercial Aroclor and Clophen mixtures by multidimensional gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989; 23: 852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haglund E., Bergman A. Synthesis of hexa and heptachloronaphthalenes. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Marklund S., Buser H. R., Bosshardt H. P. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenozofurans (PCDFs) by burning or heating chlorophenates. Chemosphere 1978; 7: 269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahling B., Lindskog A., Jansson B., Sunstrom G. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans during combustion of a 2,4,5-T formulation. Chemosphere 1977; 8: 461
   Google Scholar
• Villanueva E. C., Jennings R. W., Burse V. W., Kimborough R. D. Evidence of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and chlorodibenzofuran in hexachlorobenzene. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1974; 22: 916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz B., Engler M. Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in wastes of technical hexachlorocyclohexane. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 1829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heindl A., Hutzinger O. Search for industrial sources of PCDD/PCDFs. II. Metal chlorides. Chemosphere 1986; 15: 653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement R. E., Suter S. A., Reiner E., McCurvin D., Hollinger D. Concentrations of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in effluents and centrifuged particulates from Ontario pulp and paper mills. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck H., Droβ A., Eckart K., Mathar W., Wittkowski R. PCDDs, PCDFs and related compounds in paper products. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axegard P., Renberg L. The influence of bleaching chemicals and lignin content on the formation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehl D. W., Butterworth B. C., DeVita W. M., Sauer C. P. Environmental contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans associated with pulp and paper mill discharge. Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom. 1987; 14: 443
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clement R. E., Tashiro C., Suter S., Reiner E., Hollinger D. Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and dibenzofurans (CDFs) in effluents and sludges from pulp and paper mills. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 1189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiberg K., Lundstrom K., Glas B., Rapp C. PCDDs and PCDFs in consumers' paper products. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitunen V. H., Salkinoja-Salonen M. S. Occurrence of PCDDs and PCDFs in pulp and board products. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olie K., Vermeulen P., Hutzinger O. Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incenerators in The Netherlands. Chemosphere 1977; 6: 455
   Google Scholar
• Olie K., Berg M. V. D., Hutzinger O. Formation and fate of PCDD and PCDF from combustion processes. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crummett W. B., Townsend D. I. The trace chemistries of fire hypothesis: review and update. Chemosphere 1984; 13: 777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiernan T. O., Taylor M. L., Garrett J. H., VanNess G. F., Solch J. G., Deis D. A., Wagel D. J. PCDDs PCDFs and related compounds in the effluents from combustion processes. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutzinger O., Blumich M. J., Berg M. V. D., Olie K. Sources and fate of PCDDs and PCDFs: an overview. Chemosphere 1985; 14: 581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement R. E., Tosine H. M., Osborne J., Ozvacic V., Wong G. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in incinerator stack emissions and fly ash: a 13-test study. Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom. 1988; 17: 81
   Google Scholar
• Nottrodt A., Duwel U., Ballschmiter K. Influence of formation of PCDD/PCDF in MWI plants — results of investigations at several plants in the FRG. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshita R., Akimoto Y. Control of PCDD and PCDF formation in fluidized bed incinerators. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benfenati E., Gizzi F., Reginato R., Fanelli R., Lodi M., Tagliaferri R. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in emissions from urban incinerator. Correlation between concentration of micropollutants and combustion conditions. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 1151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma H. PCDD/F concentrations in chimney soot from house heating systems. Chemosphere 1988; 17: 1369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutzinger O., Fiedler H. Sources and emissions of PCDD/PCDF. Chemospheres 1989; 18: 23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aittola J.-P., Viinikainen S., Roivainen J. The emission of PCDDs/PCDFs and related compounds from co-combustion of RDF with peat and wood chips. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu C., Thomas R. S., Lockwood J., Li K., Halman R., Lao R. C. C. Polychlorinated hydrocarbons from power plants, wood burning and muncipal incinerators. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballschmiter K., Braunmiller I., Niemczyk R., Swerev M. Reaction pathways for the formation of polychloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans in combustion processes. II. Chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols as precursors in the formation of polychloro-dibenzo-p-dioxms-dibenzofurans in flame chemistry. Chemosphere 1988; 17: 995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry G. G., Olie K., Hutzinger O. Mechanisms in the thermal formation of chlorinated compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compound. Impact on the Environment, O. Hutzinger, R. W. Frei, E. Merian, E. Pocchiari. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1982; 275
   Google Scholar
• Choudhry G. G., Broecke J. A. V. D., Hutzinger O. Formation of polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) by the photolysis of polychlorobenzenes (PCBzs) in aqueous acetonitrile containing phenols. Chemosphere 1983; 12: 487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasek F. W., Dickson L. C. Model studies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin formation during municipal refuse incinerator. Science 1987; 237: 754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund G., Pederson J. R., Stromberg B. Methane hydrogen chloride and oxygen from a wide range of chlorinated organic species in the temperature range 400°C—950°C. Chemosphere 1988; 17: 575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buser H. R., Rappe C. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from the pyrolysis of individual PCB isomers. Chemosphere 1979; 8: 157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buser H. R., Bosshardt H.-P., Rappe C. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from the pyrolysis of PCBs. Chemosphere 1978; 7: 109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buser H. R., Bosshardt H.-P., Rappe C. Identification of polychlorinated dibenzofuran isomers in fly ash and PCB pyrolyses. Chemosphere 1978; 7: 419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buser H. R. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) from pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes. Chemosphere 1979; 8: 415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoller W., Ballschmiter K. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans by heating chlorinated phenols and chlorophenates at various temperatures. Fresenius Z, Anal. Chem. 1986; 323: 19
   Google Scholar
• Rappe C., Marklund S., Buser H. R., Bosshardt H. P. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) by burning or heating chlorophenates. Chemosphere 1978; 7: 269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anling B., Bjorseth A., Lune G. Formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons during combustion of polyvinyl chloride. Chemosphere 1978; 7: 799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christmann W., Kasiske D., Kloppel K. D., Partscht H., Rotard W. Combustion of polyvinylchloride — an important source for the formation of PCDD/PCDF. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma H., Rist S., Hauschulz G., Hutzinger O. Polybrominated dibenzodioxins and -furans from the pyrolysis of some flame retardants. Chemosphere 1986; 15: 649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinpour J., Schwind K. H., Thoma H. Brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans: synthesis of standards and detection in fly ash from a municipal waste incinerator. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumler R., Thoma H., Lenoir D., Hutzinger O. Thermal formation of polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDD) and dibenzofurans (PBDF) from bromine containing flame retardants. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller M. D., Buser H.-R. Halogenated aromatic compounds in automotive emissions from leaded gasoline additives. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1986; 10: 1151
   Google Scholar
• Marklund S., Rappe C., Tysklind M., Ergeback K.-E. Identificaton of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxins in exhausts from cars run on leaded gasoline. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marklund S., Kjeller L.-O., Hansson M., Tysklind M., Rappe C., Collazo H., Dougherty R. Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in incineration samples and prolytic products. Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Perspective, C. Rappe, L. H. Keith, G. Choudhry. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI 1986; 79
   Google Scholar
• Eitzer B. D., Hites R. A. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient atmosphere of Bloomington, Indiana. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989; 23: 1389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eitzer B. D., Hites R. A. Atmospheric transport of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989; 23: 1396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano T., Tsuji M., Okuno T. Level of chlorinated organic compounds in the atmosphere. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 1781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiernan T. O., Wagel D. J., Vanness G. F., Garett J. H., Sloch J. G., Harden L. A. PCDD/PCDF in the ambient air of a metropolitan area in the U. S. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck H., Eckart K., Mathar W., Wittkowski R. PCDD and PCDF body burden from food intake in the Federal Republic of Germany. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Greenlee W. F., Kende A. S. Studies on the mechanism of action the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1979; 320: 214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitlock J. P., Jr. The regulation of cytochrome P-450 gene expresion. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1986; 26: 333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlock J. P., Jr. The regulation of gene expression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Pharmacol. Rev. 1987; 39: 147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Knutson J. C. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1982; 22: 517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs): biochemistry, toxicology and mechanism of action. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1984; 13: 319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S. H. Comparative Toxicology and mechanism of action of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1986; 26: 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. A., Safe S. Mechanism of action and structureactivity relationships for the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, 2nd ed, R. D. Kimbrough, A. A. Jensen. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1989; 239
   Google Scholar
• Kociba R. J., Schwetz B. A. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Drug Metab. Rev. 1982; 13: 387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kociba R. J., Schwetz B. A. A review of the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) with a comparision of the toxicity of the other chlorinated dioxin isomers. Assoc. Food Drug Officials Q. Bull. 1982; 46: 168
   Google Scholar
• Ryan D. E., Thomas P. E., Korzeniowski D., Levin W. Separation and characterization of highly purified forms of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 from rats treated with polychlorinated biphenyls, phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 1365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas P. E., Reik L., Ryan D. E., Levin W. Regulation of three forms of cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrolase in rat liver microsomes: effects of age, sex and induction. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 265: 1044
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson A., Safe S., Robertson L., Thomas P. E., Ryan D. E., Reik L. M., Levin W. Immunochemical quantitation of cytochrome P-450 isozmyes and epoxide hydrolase in liver microsomes from polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls: a study of structure activity relationships. J. Biol. Chem. 1983; 258: 5967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannan G. A., Guengerich F. P., Kaminsky L. S., Aust S. D. Regulation of cytochrome P-450. Immunochemical quantitation of eight isozymes in liver microsomes of rats treated with polybrominated biphenyl congeners. J. Biol. Chem. 1983; 258: 1282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwick J. P., Linko P., Goldstein J. A. Dose response for induction of two cytochrome P-450 isozymes and their mRNAs by 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl indicating coordinate regulation in rat liver. Mol. Pharmacol. 1985; 27: 676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. A., Linko P. Differential induction of two 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible forms of cytochrome P-450 in extrahepatic verses hepatic tissues. Mol. Pharmacol. 1984; 25: 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dees J. H., Masters B. S. S., Muller-Eberhard U., Johnson E. F. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and phen-obarbital on the occurrence and distrbution of four cytochrome P-450 isozymes in rabbit kidney, lung and liver. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa N., Yoshihara S., Kawano K., Okada Y., Yoshimura H. 3,4,5,3′,4′-Pentachlorobiphenyl as a useful inducer for purification of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-448. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1979; 91: 1140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheutz E. G., Wrighton S. A., Safe S. H., Gnzelian P. S. Regulation of cytochrome P-450p by phenobarbital and phenobarbital-like inducers in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture and. in vivo, Biochemistry 1986; 25: 1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimura H., Yoshihara S., Koga N., Nagata K., Wada I., Kuroki J., Hokama Y. Inductive effect on hepatic enzymes and toxicity of congeners of PCBs and PCDFs. Environ. Health Perspect. 1985; 59: 113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keys B., Hlavinka M., Mason G., Safe S. Modulation of rat hepatic microsomal testosterone hydroxylases by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related toxic isostereomers. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1985; 63: 1537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. W., Potter C. L., Theobald H. M., Robinson J. A., Peterson R. E. Androgenic deficiency in male rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 79: 99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mebus C. A., Reddy V. R., Piper W. N. Depression of rat testicular 1-hyroxylase and 17,20-lyase after administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Biochem. Pharmacol. 1987; 36: 727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okey A. B. Enzyme induction in the cytochrome P-450 system. Pharmacol. Ther. 1990; 45: 241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaki K., Jensen N. M., Shire J. G., Nebert D. W. Genetic differences in induction of cytosol reduced NAD(P): menadione oxidoreductase and microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in the mouse. J. Biol. Chem. 1977; 252: 157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty P. W., Neal R. A. Induction of DT-diaphorase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1976; 68: 197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshihara S., Nagata K., Yoshimura H., Kuroki H., Masuda Y. Inductive effect on hepatic enzymes and acute toxicity of individual polychlorinated dibenzofuran congeners in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 59: 580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch R., Fleischner G., Kamisaka K., Arias I. M. Structural and functional studies of ligandin, a major renal organic anion-binding protein. J. Clin. Invest. 1075; 55: 1009
   Google Scholar
• Ahotupa M. Enhancement of drug-metabolizing enzyme activities by pure PCB congeners. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1981; 30: 1866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamartiniere C. A., Duringer C. S., Lucier G. W. Altered ontogeny of glutathione S-transferase by 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 51: 233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohli K. K., Mukhtar H., Bend J. R., Albro P. W., McKinney J. D. Biochemical effects of pure isomers of hexachlorobiphenyl-hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase and cytosolic gluthathione S-transferase activities in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 1444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens I. S. Genetic regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase induction by polycyclic aromatic compounds in mice: co-segregation with aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase induction. J. Biol Chem. 1977; 252: 2827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thunberg T., Ahlborg U. G., Wahlstrom B. Comparison between the effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and six other compounds on vitamin A storage, the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the rat liver. Arch. Toxicol 1984; 55: 16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. A., McKinney J. D., Lucier G. W., Hickman P., Bergman H., Moore J. A. Toxicological assessment of hexachlorobiphenyl isomers and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in chicks. II. Effects on drug metabolism and porphyrin accumulation. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 1976; 36: 81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhvel S. M., Ertl D. C., Lynbert C. A. Increased epidermal transglutaminase activity following 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: in vivo and in vitro studies in mouse skin. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 1984; 73: 42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hempel J., Harper K., Lindahl R. Inducible (class 3) aldehyde dehydrogenase from rat hepatocellular carcinoma and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated liver: distant relationships to the class 1 and 2 enzymes from mammalian liver cytosol/mitochondria. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Glover E. Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin: potent inducers of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, II. A study of the structure-activity relationship. Mol. Pharmacol. 1973; 9: 736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVerneuil H., Sassa S., Kappas A. Effects of polychlorinated compounds, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, phenobarbital and iron on hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Biochem. J. 1983; 214: 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair P. R., Bement W. J., Bonkovsky H. L., Lambrecht R. W., Frezza J. E., Sinclair J. F., Urquhart A. J., Elder G. H. Uroporphyrin accumulation produced by halogenated biphenyls in chick-embryo hepatocytes. Biochem. J. 1986; 237: 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones K. G., Sweeney G. D. Association between induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and depression of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol Pharmacol. 1977; 17: 631
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinclair P. R., Bement W. J., Bonkovsky H. L., Sinclair J. R. Inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase by halogenated biphenyls in chick hepatocyte cultures: essential role for induction of cytochrome P-448. Biochem. J. 1984; 222: 737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassa S., De Verneuil H., Kappas A. Inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity in polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbon poisoning. Biological Mechanism of Dioxin Action, A. Poland, R. D. Kimbrough. Banbury Report, No. 18, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1984; 215
   Google Scholar
• Yao C., Safe S. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced porphyria in genetically inbred mice: partial antagonism and mechanistic studies. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 1989; 100: 208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhukar B. V., Brewster D. W., Matsumura F. Effects of in vivo administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on receptor binding of epidermal growth factor in the hepatic plasma membrane of rat, guinea pig, mouse and hamster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1984; 81: 7407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson L. G., Toscano W. A., Jr., Greenlee W. F. Regulation of epidermal growth factor binding in an human keratinocyte cell line by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 77: 251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romkes M., Safe S. Comparative activities of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and progesterone as antiestrogens in the famale rat uterus. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1988; 92: 368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romkes M., Piskorska-Pliszczynska J., Safe S. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on hepatic and uterine estrogen receptor levels in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 87: 306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloop T. C., Lucier G. W. Dose-dependent elevation of Ah receptor binding by TCDD in rat liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 88: 329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denomme M. A., Leece B., Li A., Towner R., Safe S. Elevation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD rat hepatic reeceptor levels by polychlorinated biphenyls: structure-activity relationships. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1986; 35: 277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunahara G. I., Lacier G. W., McCoy Z., Bresnick E. H., Sanchez E. R., Nelson K. G. Characterization of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated decreases in dexamethasone binding to rat hepatic cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 1989; 36: 239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan R. P., Sunahara G. I., Lucier G. W., Birnbaum L. S., Nelson K. G. Decreased ligand binding to the hepatic glucocorticoid and epidermal growth factor receptors after 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran treatment of pregnant mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1989; 98: 454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastomsky C. H. Enhanced thyroxine metabolism and high uptake goiters in rats after a single dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Endocrinology 1977; 101: 292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelling C. K., Menahan L. A., Peterson R. E. Hepatic indices of thyroid status in rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1987; 36: 283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozman K., Rozman T., Scheufler E., Pazdernik T., Greim H. Thyroid hormones modulate the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1985; 16: 481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazdernik T. L., Roman K. Effect of thyroidectomy and thyroxine on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced immunotoxicity. Life Sci. 1985; 36: 695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry E. C., Gasiewicz T. A. Changes in thyroid hormones and thyroxine glucuronidation in hamsters compared with rats following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 89: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta B. W., McConnell E. E., Goldstein J. A., Harris M. W., Moore J. A. Effects of a polybrominated biphenyl in the rat and mouse. I. Six-month exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1983; 68: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berg K. J., Zurcher C., Brouwer A. Effects of 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl on thyroid function and histology in marmoset monkeys. Toxicol. Lett. 1988; 41: 77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thunberg T., Ahlborg U. G., Johnson H. Vitamin A (retinol) status in the rat after a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Arch. Toxicol. 1979; 42: 265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer A., Hakansson H., Kukler A., Van den Berg K. J., Ahlborg U. G. Marked alterations in retinoid homeostasis of Sprague-Dawley rats induced by a single i.p. dose of 10 μg/kg of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology 1989; 58: 267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer A., Van den Berg K. J., Kukler A. Time and dose responses of the reduction in retinoid concentrations in C57BL/Rij and DBA/2 mice induced by 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 78: 180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecil H. C., Harris S. J., Bitman J., Fries G. F. Polychlorinated biphenyl-induced decrease in liver vitamin A in Japanese quail and rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1973; 9: 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer A., Van den Berg K. J. Early and differential decrease in natural retinoid levels in C57BL/Rij and DBA/2 mice by 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984; 73: 204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azais V., Arand M., Rauch P., Schramm H., Bellenand P., Narbonne J. F., Oesch F., Pascal G., Robertson L. W. A time-course investigation of vitamin A levels and drug metabolizing enzyme activities in rats following a single treatment with protypic polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT. Toxicology 1987; 44: 341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Glover E. Comparison of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a potent inducer of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, with 3-methylcholanthrene. Mol. Pharmacol. 1974; 10: 349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Glover E. Genetic expression of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: evidence for a receptor mutation in genetically non-responsive mice. Mol. Pharmacol. 1975; 11: 389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A. P., Glover E., Robinson J. R., Nebert D. W. Genetic expression of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity: induction of monooxygenase activities and cytochrome P1-450 formation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mice genetically “nonresponsive” to other aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Biol. Chem. 1974; 249: 5599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas P. E., Kouri R. E., Hutton J. J. The genetics of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in mice: a single gene difference between C57BL6J and DBA2J. Biochem. Genet. 1972; 6: 157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okey A. B., Vella L. M., Harper P. A. Detection and characterization of a low affinity form of cytosolic Ah receptor in livers of mice nonresponsive to the induction of cytochrome P1-450 by 3-methylcholanthrene. Mol. Pharmacol. 1989; 35: 823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Glover E. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: segregation of toxicity with the Ah locus. Mol. Pharmacol. 1986; 17: 86
   Google Scholar
• Vecchi A., Sironi M., Canegrati M. A., Recchia M., Garattini S. Immunosuppressive effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in strains of mice wiui different susceptibility to induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1983; 68: 434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagarkatti P. S., Sweeney G. D., Gauldie J., Clark D. A. Sensitivity to suppression of cytotoxic T cell generation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is dependent on theAh genotype of the murine host. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984; 72: 169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig J. B., Francis J. E., Kay S. J., Lovell D. P., Smith A. G. Incomplete correlation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin hepatotoxicity with Ah phenotype in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984; 74: 17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones K. G., Sweeney G. D. Dependence of the prophyrogenic effect of 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin upon inheritance of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase responsiveness. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980; 53: 42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutson J. C., Poland A. Response of murine epidermis to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: interaction of Ah and hr loci. Cell 1982; 30: 225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasiewicz T. A., Olson J. R., Geiger L. H., Neal R. A. Absorption, distribution and metabolism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in experimental animals. Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, R. E. Tucker, A. L. Young, A. P. Gray. Plenum Press, New York 1983; 495
   Google Scholar
• Chapman D. E., Schiller C. M. Dose-related effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 78: 147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark D. A., Sweeney G., Safe S., Hancock E., Kilburn D. G., Gualdie J. Cellular and genetic basis for suppression of cytotoxic T cell generation by haloaromatic hydrocarbons. Immunopharmacology 1983; 6: 143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luster M. I., Hong L. H., Boorman G. A., Clark G., Hayes H. T., Greenlee W. F., Dold K., Tucker A. N. Acute myelotoxic responses in mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 81: 156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silkworth J. B., Antrim L., Kaminsky L. S. Correlations between polychlorinated biphenyl immunotoxicity, the aromatic hyrocarbon locus and liver microsomal enzyme induction in C57BL/6J and DBA/2 mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984; 75: 156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson L. W., Parkinson A., Bandiera S., Lambert I., Merrill J., Safe S. PCBs and PBBs: biologic and toxic effects on C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Toxicology 1984; 31: 191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Glover E., Kende A. S. Sterospecific., high affinity binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by hepatic cytosol: evidence that the binding species is the receptor for induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 1976; 251: 4936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S. H. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor. ISI Atlas Sci. Pharmacol. 1988; 2: 78
   Google Scholar
• Gasiewicz T. A., Rucci G. Cytosolic receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: evidence for a homologous nature among various mammalian species. Mol. Pharmacol. 1984; 26: 90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison M. S., Wilkinson C. F., Okey A. B. Ah receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: comparative studies in mammalian and non-mammalian species. Chemosphere 1986; 15: 1672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell K., Safe L., Safe S. Synthesis and aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding properties of radiolabeled polychlorinated dibenzofuran congeners. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1987; 259: 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okey A. B., Vella L. M. Binding of 3-methylcholanthrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to a common Ah receptor site in mouse and rat hepatic cytosols. Eur. J. Biochem. 1982; 127: 39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okey A. B., Dube A. W., Vella L. M. Binding of benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene to the Ah receptor in mouse and rat hepatic cytosols. Cancer Res. 1984; 44: 1426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okey A. B., Vella L. M., Iverson F. Ah receptor in primate liver: binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1984; 62: 1292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchester D. K., Gordon S. K., Golas C. L., Roberts E. A., Okey A. B. Ah receptor in human placenta: stabilization by molybdate and characterization of binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlo rodibenzo-p-dioxin, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene. Cancer Res. 1987; 47: 4861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradfleld C. A., Kende A. S., Poland A. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of Ah receptor-ligand binding: use of [125I]-2-iodo-7,8-dibromodibenzo-p-dioxin. Mol. Pharmacol. 1988; 34: 229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunce N. J., Landers J. P., Safe S. Kinetic models for association of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin with the Ah receptor. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1988; 267: 384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel D. I., Whitlock J. P., Jr. Induction of mRNA specific for cytochrome P1-450 in wild type and variant mouse hepatoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1983; 258: 10390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel D. I., Whitlock J. P., Jr. Regulation of cytochrome P1-450 gene transcription by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in wild type and variant mouse hepatoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1984; 259: 5400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel D. I., Estolano M. G., Galeazzi D. R., Whitlock J. P., Jr. Superinduction of cytochrome P1-450 gene transcription by inhibition of protein synthesis in wild type and variant mouse hepatoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 5648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gurp J. R., Hankinson O. Isolation and characterization of revertants from four different classes of aryl hydrocarbon hydrox-ylase-deficient Hepa-1 mutants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1984; 4: 1597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankinson O., Anderson R. D., Birren B. W., Sander F., Negishi M., Nebert D. W. Mutations affecting the regulation of transcription of the cytochrome P1-450 gene in the mouse Hepa-1 cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 1790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris M., Piskorska-Pliszczynska J., Zacharewski T., Romkes M., Safe S. Structure-dependent induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human breast cancer cell lines and characterization of the Ah receptor. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 4531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Palen D., Glover E. Tumor promotion by TCDD in skin of HRS/J hairless mice. Nature 1982; 300: 271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland A., Knutson J., Glover E., Kende A. Tumor promotion in the skin of hairless mice by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Genes and Proteins in Oncogenesis, I. B. Weinstein, H. J. Vogel. Academic Press, New York 1983; 143
   Google Scholar
• Tukey R. H., Hannah R. R., Negishi M., Nebert D. W., Eisen H. J. The Ah locus: correlation of intranuclear appearance of inducer-receptor complex with induction of cytochrome P-450 mRNA. Cell 1982; 31: 275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharewski T., Harris M., Safe S. Induction of cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase activities in rat hepatoma H-4IIE cells in culture by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds: mechanistic studies using radiolabeled congeners. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1989; 272: 344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez F. J., Nebert D. W. P-450 genes: structure evolution and regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1987; 56: 945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez F. J., Nebert D. W. Autoregulaton plus upstream positive and negative control regions associated with transcriptional activation of the mouse cytochrome P1-450 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985; 13: 7269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones P. B., Galeazzi D. R., Fisher J. M., Whitlock J. P., Jr. Control of cytochrome P1-450 gene expression by dioxin. Science 1985; 227: 1499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sogawa K., Fujisawa-Sehara A., Yamane M., Fujii-Kuriyama Y. Location of regulatory elements responsible for drug induction in the rat cytochrome P-450c gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1986; 83: 8044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandiera S., Safe S., Okey A. B. Binding of polychlorinated biphenyls classified as either phenobarbitone-, 3-methylcholanthreneor mixed-type inducers to cytosolic Ah receptor. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1982; 39: 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandiera S., Sawyer T., Romkes M., Zmudzka B., Safe L., Mason G., Keys B., Safe S. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs): effects of structue on binding to the 2,3,7,8-TCDD cytosolic receptor protein, AHH induction and toxicity. Toxicology 1984; 32: 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason G., Sawyer T., Keys B., Bandiera S., Romkes M., Piskorska-Pliszczynska J., Zmudzka B., Safe S. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs): correlation between in vivo and in vitro structure-activity relationships. Toxicology 1985; 37: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason G., Farrell K., Keys B., Piskorska-Pliszczynska J., Safe L., Safe S. Ploychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: quantitative in vitro and in vivo structure-activity relationships. Toxicology 1986; 41: 21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason G., Zacharewski T., Denomme M. A., Safe L., Safe S. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds: quantitative in vivo and in vitro structure-activity relationships. Toxicology 1987; 44: 245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S., Bandiera S., Sawyer T., Zmudzka B., Mason G., Romkes M., Denomme M. A., Sparling J., Okey A. B., Fujita T. Effects of structure on binding to the 2,3,7,8-TCDD receptor protein and AHH induction- halogenated biphenyls. Environ. Health Perspect. 1985; 61: 21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kociba R. J., Keyes D. G., Beyer J. E., Carreon R. M., Wade C. E., Dittenber D. A., Kalnins R. P., Franson L. E., Park C. N., Bernard S. D., Hummel R. A., Humiston C. G. Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodienzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 46: 279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray F. J., Smith F. A., Nitschke K. D., Humiston C. G., Kociba R. J., Schwetz B. A. Three generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the diet. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 50: 241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program. Carcinogenesis bioassay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (CAS No. 1746–01–6) in Osborne-Men-del rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage study). DHHS Publication No. (NIH) 82–1765, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 1982
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program. Carcinogenesis bioassay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (CAS No. 1746–01–6) in Swiss-Webster mice (dermal study). DHHS Publication No. (NIH) 82–1757, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 1982
   Google Scholar
• Davis D., Safe S. Immunosuppressive activities of polychlorinated dibenzofuran congeners: quantitative structure activity relationships and interactive effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1988; 94: 141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kervliet N. S., Brauner J. A., Matlock J. P. Humoral immunotoxicity of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers, phenoxphenols, dioxins and furans present as contaminants of technical grade pentachlorophenol. Toxicology 1985; 36: 307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum L. S., Harris M. W., Crawford D. D., Morrissey R. E. Teratogenic effects of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in combination in C57BL/6n mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 91: 246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcomb M., Yao C., Safe S. The biologic and toxic effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the guinea pig: quantitative structure-activity relationships. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1988; 37: 1535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutson J. C., Poland A. Keratinization of mouse teratoma cell line XB produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: an in vitro model of toxicity. Cell 1980; 22: 27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlaw J., Casterline J. L. Induction of enzymes in cell cultures: a rapid screen for the detection of planar polychlorinated organic compounds. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1979; 62: 904
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellin J. S., Barnes D. G. Interim procedures for estimating risks associated with exposures to mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 update. Risk Assessment Forum. U.S.-E.P.A. 1989
   Google Scholar
• Ahlborg U. G., Hakansson H., Waern F., Hanberg A. Nordisk dioxinriskbedomning. Rapport fran en nordisk expertgrupp. Nordiska Ministerradet, Miljorapport 1988
   Google Scholar
• NATO/CCMS. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)/committee on the challenges of modern society (CCMS), Report Number 176. August, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Couture L. A., Elwell M. R., Birnbaum L. S. Dioxin-like effects observed in male rats following exposure to octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) during a 13 week study. Toxicol. Appl Pharmacol. 1988; 93: 31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluess N., Poiger H., Hohbach C., Suter M., Schlatter C. Subchronic toxicity of 2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) in rats. Chemosphere 1988; 17: 1099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluess N., Poiger H., Hohback C., Suter M., Schlatter C. Subchronic toxicity of some chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and a mixture of PCDFs and chlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) in rats. Chemosphere 1988; 17: 937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S., Davis D., Romkes M., Yao C., Keyes B., Piskorska-Pliszczynska J., Farrell K., Mason G., Denomme M. A., Safe L., Zmudzka B., Holcomb M. Development and validation ofin vitro bioassay for 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S., Mason G., Sawyer T., Zaharewski T., Harris M., Yao C., Keyes B., Farrell K., Holcomb M., Davis D., Safe L., Piskorska-Pliszczynska J., Leece B., Denomme M. A., Hutzinger O., Thoma H., Chittim B., Madge J. Development and validation ofin vitro induction assays for toxic halogenated mixtures. Toxicol Ind. Health 1989; 5: 757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S. Determination of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalent factors: support for the use of thein vitro AHH inductions assay. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S., Mason G., Farrell K., Keys B., Piskorska-Pliszczynska J., Madge J. A., Chittim B. Validation ofin vitro bioassays for 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 1723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharewski T., Harris M., Safe S., Thoma H., Hutzinger O. Applications of thein vitro aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction assay for determining “2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents”: pyrolyzed brominated flame retardants. Toxicology 1988; 51: 177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton M. N., Kociba R. J., Petrella R. V., McAllister D. L., Willis M. L., Fulfs J. C., Thoma H., Hutziner O. A preliminary report on the investigation of the comparative toxicity of combustion products of high impact polystyrene with and without decabromodiphenyl-oxide/antimony trioxide as a flame retardant using 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran as positive controls. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 1243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. A. The structure-activity relationship of halogenated biphenyls as enzyme inducers. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1979; 320: 164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshimura H., Yoshihara S., Ozawa N., Miki M. Possible correlation between induction modes of hepatic enzymes by PCBs and their toxicity in rats. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1979; 320: 179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poland A., Glover E. Chlorinated biphenyl induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity: a study of the structure activity relationship. Mol. Pharmacol. 1977; 13: 924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. A., Hickman P., Bergman H., McKinney J. D., Walker M. P. Separation of pure polychlorinated biphenyl isomers into two types of inducers on the basis of induction of cytochrome P-450 or P-448. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1977; 17: 69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer T., Safe S. PCB isomers and congeners: induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities in rat hepatoma cells. Toxicol Lett. 1982; 18: 87
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson A., Cockerline R., Safe S. Induction of both 3-methylcholanthrene- and phenobarbitone-type microsomal enzyme activity by a single polychlorinated biphenyl isomer. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980; 29: 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson A., Robertson L., Safe L., Safe S. Polychlorinated biphenyls as inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes: structure-activity rules. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1981; 30: 271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S., Robertson L. W., Safe L., Parkinson A., Bandiera S., Sawyer T., Campbell M. A. Halogenated biphenyls: molecular Toxicology. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1982; 60: 1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson A., Cockerline R., Safe S. Polychlorinated biphenyl isomers and congeners as inducers of both 3-methylcholan-threne and phenobarbitone-type microsomal enzyme activilty. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1980; 29: 277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson A., Robertson L., Safe L., Safe S. Polychlorinated biphenyls as inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes: effects of diortho substition. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1981; 31: 1
   Google Scholar
• Leece B., Denomme M. A., Towner R., Li S. M. A., Safe S. Polychlorinated biphenyls: correlation betweenin vivo andin vitro quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1985; 16: 379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaidis E. Immunotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin and Related Polychlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Birds, Ph.D. thesis. University of Uppsala, Sweden 1989
   Google Scholar
• Brunstrom B. Toxicity of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in avian embryos. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao C. C. The Interactions of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and MCDF in TCDD-Induced Porphyria, Ph.D. thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station 1989
   Google Scholar
• Rodman L. E., Shedlofsky S. I., Swim A. T., Robertson L. W. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls as cytochrome P-450 induction in the chick embryo hepatocyte culture. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1989; 275: 252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks T. A., Kimmel G. A., Staples R. E. Influence of symmetrical polychlorinated biphenyl isomers on embryo and fetal development in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 61: 269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe S. Metabolism, uptake, storage and bioaccumulation. Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins and Related Products, R. D. Kimbrough. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1980; 81
   Google Scholar
• Clevenger M. A., Roberts S. M., Lattin D. L., Harbison R. D., James R. C. The pharmacokinetics of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and its relationship to toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1989; 100: 315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan N., Tanabe S., Ono M., Tatsukawa R. Critical evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity in terrestrial and marine mammals: increasing impact of non-ortho and mono-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls from land to ocean. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1989; 18: 850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis D. Immunotoxicity of the Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons — OSARs and Interactive Effects, Ph.D. thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station 1989
   Google Scholar
• Silkworth J. B., Grabstein E. M. Polychlorinated biphenyl immunotoxicity: dependence on isomer planarity and Ah gene complex. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 65: 109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonard M. D., Grieg J. B. Different patterns of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity produced by administration of pure hexachlorobiphenyl isomers and hexachlorobenzenes. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1976; 15: 365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecobichon D. J., Hansell M. M., Safe S. Isomerically pure bromobiphenyl congeners and hepatic monooxygenase activities in the rat: influence of position and degree of bromination. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 47: 341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. W., Sleight S. D., Aust S. D. Induction of liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 44: 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. W., Sleight S. D., Aust S. D. Effects of 2,2′-dibromobiphenyl and 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-heptabromobiphenyl on liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 48: 73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson L. W., Parkinson A., Campbell M. A., Safe S. Polybrominated biphenyls as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducers: structure-activity correlations. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1982; 42: 53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson L. W., Andres J. L., Safe S., Lovering S. L. Toxicity of 3,3′,4,4′- and 2,2′,5,5′-tetrabromobiphenyl: correlation of activity with aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction and lack of protection by antioxidants. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1983; 11: 81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson L. W., Parkinson A., Safe S. Induction of both cytochromes P-450 and P-448 by 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentabromobiphenyl, a component of FireMaster®. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1980; 92: 175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. W., Dannan G. A., Aust S. D. Structure-function relationships for the pharmacological and toxicological effects and metabolism of polybrominated biphenyl congeners. Molecular Basis of Environmental Toxicity, R. S. Bhatnagar. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI 1980, chap. 8.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson L. W., Parkinson A., Bandiera S., Safe S. Potent induction of rat liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes by 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexabromobiphenyl, a component of FireMaster®. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1981; 35: 13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannan G. A., Moore R. W., Besaw L. C., Aust S. D. 2,4,5,3′,4′,5′-Hexabromobiphenyl is both a 3-methylcholanthrene-and phenobarbital-type of inducer of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1978; 85: 51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannan G. A., Guengerich F. P., Kaminsky L. S., Aust S. D. Regulation of cytochrome P-450. J. Biol. Chem. 1983; 258: 1282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannan G. A., Sleight S. D., Fraker P. J., Krehbiel J. D., Aust S. D. Liver microsomal enzyme induction and toxicity studies with 2,4,5,3′,4′-pentabromobiphenyl. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 64: 187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson G. P., Smith E. N., Johnson K. M. Induction of xenobiotic metabolism of rat liver by chlorinated diphenyl ether isomers. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1980; 3: 293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chui Y. C., Hansell M. M., Addison R. F., Law F. C. P. Effects of chlorinated diphenyl ethers on the mixed function oxidases and ultrastructure of rat and trout liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 81: 287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson F., Newsome H., Hierlihy L. Induction of rat hepatic monooxygenase activity by polychlorinated diphenyl ethers. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1987; 25: 305
   Google Scholar
• Howie L., Dickerson R., Davis D., Safe S. Immunosuppressive and monooxygenase induction activities of polychlorinated diphenyl ether congeners in C57BL/6N mice: quantitative structureactivilty relationships. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., in press
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum L. S., Weber H., Harris M. W., Lamb J. C., IV, McKinney J. D. Toxic interaction of specific polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: increased incidence of cleft plate in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 77: 292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlaw J. A., Garthoff L. L., Hurley N. E., Firestone D. Comparative induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activityin vitro by analogues of dibenzo-p-dioxins. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1980; 18: 627
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandiera S., Farrell K., Mason G., Kelley M., Rotnkes M., Bannister R., Safe S. Comparative toxicities of the polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and biphenyl (PCB) mixtures which persist in Yusho victims. Chemosphere 1984; 13: 507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer T. W., Safe S. In vitro AHH induction by polyclorinated biphenyl and dibenzofuran mixtures: additive effects. Chemosphere 1985; 14: 79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silkworth J. B., Cutler D. S., Antrim L., Houston D., Tumasonis C., Kaminsky L. S. Teratology of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a complex environmental mixture from the Love Canal. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1989; 13: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silkworth J. B., Cutler D. S., Sack G. Immunotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a complex environmental mixture from the Love Canal. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1989; 12: 303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silkworth J. B., Tumasonis C., Briggs R. G., Narang A. S., Narang R. S., Rej R., Stein V. B., McMartin D. N., Kaminsky L. S. The effects of Love Canal soil extracts on maternal health and fetal development in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1986; 7: 471
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eadon G., Kaminsky L. S., Silkworth J. B., Aldous K., Hilker D., O'Keefe P., Smith R., Gierthy J., Hawley J., Kim N., DeCaprio A. Calculation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent concentrations of complex environmental contaminant mixtures. Environ. Health Perspect. 1986; 70: 221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCaprio A., McMartin D., O'Keefe P., Rej R., Silkworth J. B., Kaminsky L. S. Subchronic oral toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the guinea pig: comparisons with a PCB-containing transformer fluid pyrolysate. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1986; 6: 454
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silkworth J. B., McMartin D., DeCaprio A., Rej R., O'Keefe P., Kaminsky L. S. Acute toxicity in guinea pigs and rabbits of soot from a polychlorinated biphenyl-containing transformer fire. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 65: 425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierthy J. F., Crane D., Frenkel G. D. Application of anin vitro keratinization assay to extracts of soot from a fire in PCB-containing transformer. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1984; 4: 1036
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gierthy J. F., Crane D. In vitro bioassasy for dioxin-like activity based on alterations in ephithelial cell proliferation and morphology. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1985; 5: 754
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keys B., Piskorska-Pliszczynska J., Safe S. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD anatgonists:in vitro inhibition of monooxygenase induction. Toxicol. Lett. 1986; 31: 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haake J. M., Safe S., Mayura K., Phillips T. D. Aroclor 1254 as an antagonist of the teratogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Lett. 1987; 38: 299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannister R. D., Davis D., Zacharewski T., Tizard I., Safe S. Aroclor 1254 as a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonist: effects on enzyme induction and immunotoxicity. Toxicology 1987; 46: 29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannister R., Safe S. The effects of receptor antagonist on the AHH induction activity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 1739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegel L., Harris M., Davis D., Rosengren R., Safe L., Safe S. 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl as a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonist in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1989; 97: 561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegel L., Howie L., Safe S. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners as 2,3,7,8-TCDD antagonists-teratogenicity studies. Chemosphere 1989; 19: 955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis D., Safe S. Dose-response immunotoxicities of commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their interaction with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Lett. 1989; 48: 35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noren K. Changes in levels of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in human milk from Stockholm 1972—1985. Chemosphere 1988; 17: 39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D. T., LeBel G. L., Junkins E. Organohalogen residues in human adipose autopsy samples from six Ontario municipalities. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 1988; 71: 410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen R. K., Sleight S. D., Goodman J. I., Aust S. D., Trosko J. E. Polybrominated biphenyls as promoters in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 1982; 3: 1183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen R. K., Sleight S. D. Sequential study on the synergistic effects of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl and 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,-hexabromobiphenyl on hepatic tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7: 1771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellin J. S., Barnes D. G. Interim procedures for estimating risks associated with exposures to mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). Risk Assessment Forum. USEPA. 1987, 625/3–87/012
   Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden C. A., Knaap A. G. A. C., Kramers P. G. N., Van Logten M. J. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin (TCDD): classification and no-effect level. State Institute of National Health, BilthovenThe Netherlands 1982, Report DOC/LCM 300/292
   Google Scholar
• Tanabe S., Kannan N., Wakimoto T., Tatsukawa R. Method for the determination of three toxic non-ortho chlorine substituted coplanar PCBs in environmental samples at part-pertrillion levels. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1987; 29: 199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan N., Tanabe S., Wakimoto T., Tatsukawa R. Coplanar PCBs in Aroclor and Kanechlor mixtures. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1987; 70: 451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanabe S., Kannan N., Ono M., Tatsukawa R. Toxic threat to marine mammals: increasing toxic potential of non-ortho and mono-ortho coplanar PCBs from land to ocean. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan N., Tanabe S., Tatsukawa R. Toxic potential on non-ortho and mono-ortho coplanar PCBs in commercial PCB preparations, 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity equivalence factor approach. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1988; 41: 267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan N., Tanabe S., Tatsukawa R. Potentially hazardous residues of non-ortho chlorine substituted coplanar PCBs in human adipose tissue. Arch. Environ. Health 1988; 43: 11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe S., Kannan N., Subramanian An., Watanabe S., Ono M., Tatsukawa R. Occurrence and distribution of toxic coplanar PCBs in the biota. Chemosphere 1987; 16: 1965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarhanen J., Koistinen J., Paasivirta J., Vuorinen P. J., Koivusarri J., Nuuja I., Kannan N., Tatsukawa R. Toxic significance of planar aromatic compounds in the Baltic ecosystem — new studies on extremely toxic coplanar PCBs. Chemosphere 1989; 18: 1067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe S., Kannan N., Wakimoto T., Tatsukawa R., Okamota T., Masuda Y. Isomer-specific determination and toxic evaluation of potentially hazardous coplanar PCBs dibenzofurans and dioxins in the tissues of “Yusho” PCB poisoning victim and in the causal oil. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 1989; 24: 215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris H. J., Kubiak T. J., Trick J. A. Microcontaminants and reproductive impairment of Forster's tern on Green Bay. Final report to US Fish and Wildlife Service, UW Sea Grant Institute, Wis. Dept. of Nat. Res. and Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District. 1985, 42
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman D. J., Rattner B. A., Silea L., Docherty D., Kubiak T. J. Embryotoxicity, tetratogenicity and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in Forster's terns on Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Environ. Res. 1987; 42: 176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan A. W., Stone W. B., Olafsson P. G. Disposition of toxic PCB congeners in snapping turtle eggs: expressed as toxic equivalents of TCDD. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1987; 39: 791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunita N., Kashimoto T., Miyata H., Fukushima S., Hori S., Obana H. Causal agents of Yusho. Am. J. Ind. Medicine 1984; 5: 45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson R., Safe S. The structure-dependent effects of heptachlorodibenzofurans in male C57BL/6 mice: immunotoxicity and monooxygenase enzyme induction. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., in press
   Google Scholar