Toxicology and Epidemiology of 1,3-Butadiene

References

• Acquavella J. F. The paradox of butadieneEpidemiology. Exp.Pathol. 1989; 37: 114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Acquavella J. F., Delzell E., Cole P. Butadiene and lymphopoietic cancers: the authors reply. Epidemiology 1994; 5: 262
   Google Scholar
• Adler I.-D., Anderson D. Dominant lethal effects after inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res 1994; 309: 295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler I.-D., Cao J., Filser J. G., Gassner Kessler P. W., Kliesch U., Neuhäuser-Klaus A., Nüsse M. Mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene inhalation in somatic and germinal cells of mice. Mutat. Res 1994; 309: 307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Toxicological Profile for 1,3-Butadiene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1992, TP-91/07, PB93–110690
   Google Scholar
• Albertini R. J., Castle K. L., Borcherding W. R. T-cell cloning to detect the mutant 6-thioguanine-resis-tant lymphocytes present in human peripheral blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1982; 79: 6617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoore J. E., Hautala E. Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. J. Appl. Toxicol 1983; 3: 272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen M. E. Physiological modelling of organic compounds. Ann. Occup Hyg 1991; 35: 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen M. E., Clewell H. J., III, Gargas M. L., Smith F. A., Reitz R. H. Physiologically based pharma-cokinetics and the risk assessment process for methy-lene chloride. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1987; 87: 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson D., Edwards A. J., Brinkworth M. H. Male-mediated F1 effects in mice exposed to 1,3-buta-diene. Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards, M. Sorsa, K. Peltonen, H. Vainio, K. Hemminki. IARC Scientific Publication, Lyon 1993; 127: 171
   Google Scholar
• Andjelkovich D., Taulbee J., Symmons M., Williams T. Mortality of rubber workers with reference to work experience. J. Occup. Med 1977; 19: 397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Au W. W., Bechtold W. E., Whorton E. B., Jr., Legator M. S. Chromosome aberrations and response to g-ray challenge in lymphocytes of workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res 1995; 334: 125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autio K., Renzi L., Catalan J., Albreeht O. E., Sorsa M. Induction of micronuclei in peripheral blood and bone marrow erythrocytes of rats and mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene by inhalation. Mutat. Res 1994; 309: 315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtold W. E., Strunk M. R., Chang I.-Y., Ward J. B., Jr., Henderson R. F. Species differences in urinary butadiene metabolites: comparison of metabolite ratios between mice, rats, and humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1994; 127: 44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtold W. E., Strunk M. R., Thornton-Manning J. R., Henderson R. F. Analysis of butadiene, butadiene monoxide, and butadiene dioxide in blood by gas chromatography/gas chromatography/mass spectros-copy. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1995; 8: 182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg S., Frostling H., Jacobsson S. Chemical analysis of fire gases with gas-chromatography-mass spectrom-etry. Proc. Int. Symp. on the Control of Air Pollution in the Work Environment Part 1. Arbetarskyddsfonden., Stockholm 1978; 309
   Google Scholar
• Bird M. G. Future directions — toxicology studies of 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum L. S. A brief survey of butadiene health effects: a role for metabolic differences. Environ. Health Perspect 1993; 101: 161, (Suppl. 6)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt H. M., Filser J. G., Störmer F. Inhalation pharmacokinetics based on gas uptake studies. V. Comparative pharmacokinetics of ethylene and 1,3-butadi-ene in rats. Arch. Toxicol 1984; 55: 213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt H. M., Sehmiedel G., Filser J. G, Rolzhäuser H. P., Lieser K., Wistuba D., Sehurig V. Biological activation of 1,3-butadiene to vinyl oxirane by rat liver microsomes and expiration of the reactive metabolite by exposed rats. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol 1983; 106: 112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond J. A., Recio L., Andjelkovich D. Epidemio-logical and mechanistic data suggest that 1,3-butadiene will not be carcinogenic to humans at exposures likely to be encountered in the environment or workplace. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond J. A., Csanády G. A., Leavens T. L., Medinsky M. A. Research strategy for assessing target tissue dosimetry of 1,3-butadiene in laboratory animals and humans. Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards, M. Sorsa, K. Peltonen, H. Vainio, K. Hemminki. IARC Scientific Publication, Lyon 1993; 127: 45
   Google Scholar
• Bond G. G., Bodner K. M., Olsen G. W., Cook R. R. Mortality among workers engaged in the development or manufacture of styrene-based products — an update. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1992; 18: 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond J. A., Martin O. S., Birnbaum L. S., Dahl A. R., Melnick R. L., Henderson R. F. Metabolism of 1,3-butadiene by lung and liver microsomes of rats and mice repeatedly exposed by inhalation to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol. Lett 1988; 44: 143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond J. A., Dahl A. R., Henderson R. F., Birnbaum L. S. Species differences in the distribution of inhaled butadiene in tissues. Am Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J 1987; 48: 867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond J. A., Dahl A. R., Henderson R. F., Dutcher J. S., Mauderly J. L., Birnbaum L. S. Species differences in the disposition of inhaled butadiene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1986; 84: 617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boogaard P. J., Bond J. A. The role of hydrolysis in the detoxication of l,2:3,4-diepoxybutane by human, rat, and mouse liver and lung, in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1996; 141: 617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boogaard P. J., Sumner S. C. J., Bond J. A. Glu-tathione conjugation of l,2:3,4-diepoxybutane in human liver and rat and mouse liver and lung in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1996; 136: 307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunnemann K. D., Kagan M. R., Cox J. E., Hoffmann D. Analysis of 1,3-butadiene and other selected gas-phase components in cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke by gas chromatography-mass selective detection. Carcinogenesis 1990; 11: 1863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Air Resource Board (CARB), Proposed identification of 1,3-butadiene as a toxic air contaminant. Part B. Health assessment. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. 1992
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter C. P., Shaffer C. B., Weil C. S., Smyth H. F., Jr. Studies on the inhalation of 1:3-butadiene; with a comparison of its narcotic effects with benzol, toluol, and styrene, and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol 1944; 26: 69
   Google Scholar
• Checkoway H., Wilcosky T., Wolf P., Tyroler H. An evaluation of the associations of leukemia and rubber industry solvent exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med 1984; 5: 239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkoway H., Williams T. M. A hematologic survey of workers at a styrene-butadiene synthetic rubber manufacturing plant. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J 1982; 43: 164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemical Engineering News, Top 50 chemical production rose modestly last year. Chem. Eng. News April, 1994; 11: 12
   Google Scholar
• Chemical Week, CW product focus: butadiene. Chem. Week June, 1994; 15: 56
   Google Scholar
• Cheng X., Ruth R. A. A simplified methodology for quantitation of butadiene metabolites: application to the study of 1,3-tmtadiene metabolism by rat liver mi-crosomes. Drug Metab. Dispos 1993; 21: 121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary G. Environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene: a human health perspective. Environ. Carcinogen. Ecotoxicol. Rev 1994; C12: 23
   Google Scholar
• Citti L., Gervasi P. G., Turchi G., Bellucci G., Bianchini R. The reaction of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene with deoxyguanosine and DNA in-vitro: synthesis and characterization of the main adducts. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane J. E., Skopek T. R. Mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene and its epoxide metabolites. II. Mutational spectra of butadiene, 1,2-epoxybutene and diepoxy-butane at thehprt locus in splenic T cells from exposed B6C3F1 mice. Carcinogenesis 1994a; 15: 719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane J. E., Skopek T. R. Mutagenicity of butadiene and its epoxide metabolites. I. Mutagenic potential of 1,2-epoxybutene, 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol in cultured human lymphoblasts. Carcinogenesis 1994b; 15: 713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colagiovanni D. B., Stillman W. S., Irons R. D. Chemical suppression of a subpopulation of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells: 1,3-butadiene produces a hematopoietic defect similar to Steel or White Spotted mutations in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1993; 90: 2803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole P. Direct testimony before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration October, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Cole P., Delzell E., Acquavella J. Exposure to butadiene and lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer. Epidemiology 1993; 4: 86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote I. L., Bayard S. P. Cancer risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowles S. R., Tsai S. P., Snyder P. J., Ross C. E. Mortality, morbidity, and haematologic results from a cohort of long term workers involved in 1,3-butadiene monomer production. Occup. Environ. Med 1994; 51: 323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouch C. N., Pullinger D. H., Gaunt I. F. Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene. II. 3 month toxicity studies in rats. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J 1979; 40: 796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csanády G. A., Guengerich F. P., Bond J. A. Comparison of the biotransformation of 1,3-butadiene and its metabolite, butadiene monoepoxide, by hepatic and pulmonary tissues from humans, rats and mice. Carcinogenesis 1992; 13: 1143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham M. J., Choy W. N., Arce G. T., Rickard L. B., Vlachos D. A., Kinney L. A., Sarrif A. M. In vivo sister chromatid exchange and micro-nucleus induction studies with 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Mutagen-esis 1986; 1: 449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl A. R., Sun J. D., Birnbaum L. S., Bond J. A., Griffith W. C., Jr., Mauderly J. L., Muggenburg B. A., Saboruin P. J., Henderson R. F. Toxicokinetics of inhaled 1,3-butadiene in monkeys: comparison to toxicokinetics in rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1991; 110: 9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl A. R., Bechtold W. E., Bond J. A., Henderson R. F., Mauderly J. L., Muggenburg B. A., Sun J. D., Birnbaum L. S. Species differences in the metabolism and disposition of inhaled 1,3-butadiene and isoprene. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daubert T. E., Danner R. P. Data compilation tables of properties of pure compounds. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng 1985; 450
   Google Scholar
• Davis C. D., Pirmohamed M., Kitteringham N. R., Allott R. L., Smith D., Park B. K. Kinetic parameters of lymphocyte microsomal epoxide hydrolase in carbamazipine hypersensitive patients: assessment by radiometric HPLC. Biochem. Pharmacol 1995; 50: 1361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Pup J., Kmiecik J., Smith S., Reitman F. Improvement in human health risk assessment utilizing site- and chemical-specific information: a case study. Science and Judgement in Risk Assessment. National Academy Press, New York 1994; 479
   Google Scholar
• Delzell E., Sathiakumar N., Macaluso M., Hovinga M., Larson R., Barbone F., Beall C., Cole P. A. Follow-up Study of Synthetic Rubber Workers October, 1995, Final report prepared under contract to International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers
   Google Scholar
• Delzell E., Sathiakumar N., Macaluso M., Hovinga M., Larson R., Barbone F., Beall C., Cole P. A. Follow-up study of synthetic rubber workers. Toxicology 1996; 113: 182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Meester C. Genotoxic properties of 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res 1988; 195: 273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutschmann S., Laib R. J. Concentration-dependent depletion of non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content in lung, heart, and liver tissue of rats and mice after acute inhalation exposure to butadiene. Toxicol. Lett 1989; 45: 175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divine B. J. An update on mortality among workers at a butadiene facility: preliminary results. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divine B. J., Wendt J. K., Hartman C. M. Cancer mortality among workers at a butadiene production facility 1. ARC Sci. Publ 1993; 127: 345
   Google Scholar
• Divine B. J., Hartman C. M. Mortality update of butadiene production workers. Toxicology 1996; 113: 169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerr J. K., Hooser S. B., Smith B. J., Sipes I. G. Ovarian toxicity of 4-vinylcyclohexene and related ole-fins in B6C3F1 mice: role of diepoxides. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1995; 8: 963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs T. D., Crane M. M., Kim K. W. Mortality among workers at a butadiene facility. Am. J. Ind. Med 1987; 12: 311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs T., Pier S., Crane M., Yim K., Kim K. Cause-specific mortality in a cohort of 1000 ABS workers. Abstr. Symp. — Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards. EspooFinland 1992
   Google Scholar
• Duescher R. J., Elfarra A. A. Human liver microsomes are efficient catalysts for 1,3-butadiene oxidation: evidence for major roles by cytochrome P450 2A6 and 2E1. Arch. Biochem. Biophys 1994; 311: 342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duescher R. J., Elfarra A. A. Chloroperoxidase-mediated oxidation of 1,3-butadiene to 3-butenal, a crotonaldehyde precursor. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1993; 6: 669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duescher R. J., Elfarra A. A. 1,3-Butadiene oxidation by human myeloperoxidase: role of chloride ion in catalysis of divergent pathways. J. Biol. Chem 1992; 267: 19859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfarra A. A., Sharer J. E., Duescher R. J. Synthesis and characterization of N-acetyl-L-cysteine S-conju-gates of butadiene monoxide and their detection and quantitation in urine of rats and mice given butadiene monoxide. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1995; 8: 68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfarra A. A., Duescher R. J., Pasch C. M. Mechanisms of 1,3-butadiene oxidations to butadiene monoxide and crotonaldehyde by mouse liver microsomes and chloroperoxidase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys 1991; 286: 244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elovaara E., Merman-Golkar S., Nakajima T., Gelboin H. V., Riihimaki V., Sorsa M. 1.3-Butadiene exposure of rats: hemoglobin adducts of 1,2-epoxybutene and cytochrome P450-related changes in styrene metabolism. Cytochrome P450, M. C. Lechner. Libbey Eurotext, Paris 1994; 567
   Google Scholar
• Environ. Assessment of the Potential Risks to Workers from Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene. Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC 1986
   Google Scholar
• European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), No. 4. 1,3-Butadiene Criteria Document. Belgium 1993, Avenue E, Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, B. 6, B-1160 Brussels
   Google Scholar
• Evelo C. T. A., Oostendorp J. G. M., ten Berge W. F., Borm J. A. Physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling of 1,3-butadiene lung metabolism in mice becomes more important at low doses. Environ. Health Perspect 1993; 101: 496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajen J. M., Roberts D. R., Ungers L. J., Krishnan E. R. Occupational exposure of workers to 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajen J. M., Lunsford R. A., Roberts D. R. Industrial exposure to 1,3-butadiene in monomer, polymer, and end user industries. Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards, M. Sorsa, K. Peltonen, H. Vainio, K. Hemminki. 1ARC Scientific Publication, Lyon 1993; 127: 3
   Google Scholar
• Filser J. G., Bolt H. M. Inhalation pharmacokinetics based on gas uptake studies. VI. Comparative evaluation of ethylene oxide and butadiene monoxide as exhaled reactive metabolites of ethylene and 1,3-butadiene in rats. Arch. Toxicol 1984; 55: 219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman J. E., Stirling D. A., Russell A. L., Wolf C. R. cDNA sequence, deduced amino acid sequence, predicted gene structure and chemical regulation of CYP2E1. Biochem. J 1992; 281: 689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner M. J., Osmond C., Pannett B., Acheson E. D. Reply to Letter to the Editor. Lancet 1986; 1: 437
   Google Scholar
• Gargas M. L., Medinsky M. A., Andersen M. E. Pharmacokinetic modeling for describing the uptake, systemic distribution, and disposition of inhaled chemicals. Crit. Rev. Toxicol 1995; 25: 237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay P., Contamine D. Study of theref(2)P lous of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Gen. Genet 1993; 239: 361
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodrow T., Reynolds S., Maronpot R., Anderson M. Activation of K-ras by codon 13 mutations in C57BL/ 6 C3H F1 mouse tumors induced by exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 4818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrow T. L., Nichols W. W., Storer R. D., Anderson M. W., Maronpot R. R. Activation of H-ras is prevelant in 1,3-butadiene-induced and spontaneously occurring murine Harderian gland tumors. Cancer Res 1994; 55: 2665
   Google Scholar
• Grossman E. A., Martonik J. OSHA's approach to risk assessment for setting a revised occupational exposure standard for 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett P. L., Brown M. G., Clark M. L., Evanoff J. J., Rowe S. E., McClananhan B. J., Buschbom R. L., Decker J. R., Rommereim R. L., Westerberg R. B. Sperm-head morphology study in B6C3F1 mice following inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, WA 1988a, unpublished, Final Technical Report No. NIH-Y01-ES-70153
   Google Scholar
• Hackett P. L., Mast T. J., Brown M. G., Clark M. L., Evanoff J. J., Rowe S. E., McClananhan B. J., Buschbom R. L., Decker J. R., Rommereim R. L., Westerberg R. B. Dominant lethal study in CD-1 mice following inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene, Prepared for the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, WA 1988b, Final Technical Report No. NIH-Y01-ES-70153, unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Hackett P. L., Sikov M. R., Mast T. J., Brown M. G., Buschbom R. L., Clark M. L., Decker J. R., Evanoff J. J., Rommereim R. L., Rowe S. E., Westerberg R. B. Inhalation developmental toxicology studies of 1,3-butadiene in the rat. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, WA 1987a, unpublished, Final Report No. NIH-401-ES-40131
   Google Scholar
• Hackett P. K., Sikov M. R., Mast T. J., Brown M. G., Buschbom R. L., Clark M. L., Decker J. R., Evanoff J. J., Rommereim R. L., Rowe S. E., Westerberg R. B. Inhalation developmental toxicology studies: teratology study of 1,3-butadiene in mice. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, WA 1987b, unpublished, Final Report No. NIH-401-ES-40131
   Google Scholar
• Hallenbeck W. H. Cancer risk assessment for the inhalation of 1,3-butadiene using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK). Bull. Toxicol 1992; 49: 66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansch C., Leo A. J. Medchem project. Issue No. 26. Pomona College, Claremont, CA 1985
   Google Scholar
• Hassett C., Aicher L., Sidhu J. S., Omiecinski C. J. Human microsomal epoxide hydrolase: genetic polymorphism and functional expression in vitro of amino acid variants. Hum. Mol. Genet 1994; 3: 421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattis D., Wasson J. A pharmacokinetic/mechanism-based analysis of the carcinogenic risk of butadiene. Center of Technology Policy and Industrial Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 1987, Report CTPID 87–3
   Google Scholar
• Hayes R. B., Xi L., Bechtold W. E., Rothman N., Yao M., Henderson R., Zhang L., Smith M. T., Zhang D., Wiemels J., Dosemeci M., Yin S., O'Neill J. P. hprt Mutation frequency among workers exposed to 1,3-butadiene in China. Toxicology 1996, in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Effects Institute (HEI), Research priorities for mobile air toxics: research priorities to reduce uncertainities for 1,3-butadiene. Health Effects Inst. Commun 1993; 2: 44
   Google Scholar
• Himmelstein M. W., Turner M. J., Asgharian B., Bond J. A. Comparison of blood concentrations of 1,3-butadiene and butadiene epoxides in mice and rats exposed to 1,3-butadiene by inhalation. Carcinogen-esis 1994; 15: 1479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelstein M. W., Asgharian B., Bond J. A. High concentrations of butadiene epoxides in livers and lungs of mice compared to rats exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol. Appl. Toxicol 1995; 132: 281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hine J., Mookerjee P. K. The intrinsic hydrophilic character of organic compounds. Correlations in terms of structural contributions. J. Org. Chem 1975; 40: 292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirvonen A., Husgafvel-Pursiainen K., Anttila S., Vainio H. The GSTM1 null genotype as a potential risk modifier for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 1479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff J. E., Melnick R. L., Solleveld H. A., Haseman J. K., Powers M., Miller R. A. Multiple organ carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice after 60 weeks of inhalation exposure. Science 1985; 227: 548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Butadiene. World Health Organization, LyonFrance 1986; Vol. 39: 155, 1–3
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC),IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Occupational Exposures to Mists and Vapors from Strong Inorganic Acids; and Other Industrial Chemicals. World Health Organization, LyonFrance 1992; Vol. 54
   Google Scholar
• ICF/Clement, Characterization of risks associated with occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 1986, final report, OSHA
   Google Scholar
• International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers (IISRP), The Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Butadiene Gas Administered to Rats by Inhalation for Approximately 24 Months. International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Products, Houston, TX 1981a, Report No. 2653–522/2
   Google Scholar
• International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers (IISRP), 1,3-Butadiene: Inhalation Teratogenicity Study in the Rat. International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Products, Houston, TX 1981b, Report No. 2788–522/3
   Google Scholar
• Irons R. D., Le A. T., Som D. B., Stillman W. S. 2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine-induced thymic lymphoma correlates with species-specific suppression of a subpopu-lation of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in mouse but not rat or human bone marrow. J. Clin. Invest 1995; 95: 2777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irons R. D., Colagiovanni D. B., Stillman W. S. Murine thymic lymphoma is associated with a species-specific hematopoietic progenitor cell population. Toxicology 1996, in press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irons R. D., Smith C. N., Stillman W. S., Shah R. S., Steinhagen W. H., Leiderman L. J. Macro-cytic-megaloblastic anemia in male B6C3F1 mice following chronic exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1986a; 83: 95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irons R. D., Smith C. N., Stillman W. S., Shah R. S., Steinhagen W. H., Leiderman L. J. Macro-cytic-megaloblastic anemia in male NIH Swiss mice following repeated exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1986b; 85: 450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irons R. D., Stillman W. S., Cloyd M. W. Selective activation of endogenous ecotropic retrovirus in hematopoietic tissues of B6C3F1 mice during the preleu-kemic phase of 1,3-butadiene exposure. Virology 1987; 161: 457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irons R. D., Cathro H. P., Stillman W. S., Steinhagen W. H., Shah R. S. Susceptibility to 1,3-butadi-ene-induced leukemogenesis correlated with endogenous ecotropic retroviral background in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1989; 191: 170
   Google Scholar
• Irvine L. F.H. 1,3-Butadiene: inhalation teratogenicity study in the rat. Hazleton Laboratories Europe Ltd., HarrogateEngland 1981, Final Report, OTS Submission, Microfiche No. 050 545
   Google Scholar
• Jauhar P. P., Henika P. R., MacGregor J. T., Wehr C. M., Shelby M. D., Murphy S. A., Margolin B. H. 1,3-Butadiene: induction of micronucleated eryth-rocytes in the peripheral blood of B6C3F1 mice exposed by inhalation for 13 weeks. Mutat. Res 1988; 209: 171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson G., Filser J. G. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for butadiene and its metabolite butadiene monoxide in rat and mouse and its significance for risk extrapolation. Arch. Toxicol 1993; 67: 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelsey K. T., Christiani D. C., Wiencke J. K. Bimodal distribution of sensitivity to SCE induction by diepoxybutane in human lymphocytes. II. Relationship to baseline SCE frequency. Mutat. Res 1991; 248: 27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirshenbaum I. Butadiene. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology3rd ed., A. Stannden, Kirk-Othmer. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1978; Vol. 4: 313
   Google Scholar
• Kohn M. C., Melnick R. L. Species differences in the production and clearance of 1.3-butadiene metabolites: a mechanistic model indicates predominantly physiological, not biochemical, control. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiling R., Laib R. J., Bolt H. M. Alkylation of nuclear proteins and DNA after exposure of rats and mice to [l,4-14C]l,3-butadiene. Toxicol. Lett 1986a; 30: 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiling R., Laib R. J., Filser J. G., Bolt H. M. Species differences in butadiene metabolism between mice and rats evaluated by inhalation pharmacokientics. Arch. Toxicol 1986b; 58: 235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiling R., Laib R. J., Filser J. G., Bolt H. M. Inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,2-epoxy-butene-3 reveal species differences between rats and mice sensitive to butadiene-induced carcinogenesis. Arch. Toxicol 1987; 61: 7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiling R., Laib R. J., Bolt H. M. Depletion of hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl content during exposure of rats and mice to butadiene. Toxicol. Lett 1988; 41: 209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuzer P. E., Kessler W., Welter H. F., Baur C., Filser J. G. Enzyme specific kinetics of 1.2-epoxybutene-3 in microsomes and cytosol from livers of mouse, rat, and man. Arch. Toxicol 1991; 65: 59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan K., Andersen M. E. Physiolgically based pharmacokinetic modeling in toxicology. Principles and Methods of Toxicology, A. W. Hayes. Raven Press, New York 1994; 149
   Google Scholar
• Krosehwitz J. I., Howe-Grant M. Butadiene. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology4th ed., A. Stannden, Kirk-Othmer. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1992; Vol. 4: 663
   Google Scholar
• Laib R. J., Filser J. G., Kreiling R., Vangala R. R., Bolt H. M. Inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,3-butadi-ene and 1,2-epoxybutene-3 in rats and mice. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrigan P. J. Critical assessment of epidemiologic studies on the human carcinogenicity of 1.3-butadiene. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrigan P. J. Critical assessment of epidemiologic studies on the human carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene and styrene. Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards, M. Sorsa, K. Peltonen, H. Vainio, K. Hemminki. IARC Scientific Publication, Lyon 1993; 127: 375
   Google Scholar
• Lawley P. D., Brooks P. Further studies on the alkylation of nucleic acids and their constituent nucleotides. Biochem. J 1963; 89: 127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawley P. D., Brooks P. Interstrand cross-linking of DNA. by difunctional alkylating agents. J. Mol. Biol 1967; 25: 143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiderman L. J., Stillman W. S., Shah R. S., Steinhagen W. H., Irons R. D. Altered hematopoietic stem cell development in male B6C3F1 mice following exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Exp. Mol. Pathol 1986; 44: 50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuratti C., Marafante E., Jones N. J., Waters R. Detection by HPLC-32P-postlabelling of DNA adducts formed after exposure to epoxybutane and diepoxy-butane. Postlabelling Methods for Detection of DNA Adducts, D. H. Phillips, M. Castegnaro, H. Bartsch. IARC Scientific Publications, Lyon 1993; 124: 277
   Google Scholar
• Li C. Y., Yandell D. W., Little J. B. Molecular mechanisms of spontaneous and induced loss of het-erozygosity in human cells in-vitro. Somatic Cell and Mol. Genet 1992; 18: 77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichtenberg G., Nowak C., Gleier K., Meckert C., Richter-Reichhelm R.-B. Anchorage independent colony growth of fetal hamster lung epithelial cells after treatment with diepoxybutane. Toxicol. Lett 1995; 75: 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lide D. R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics75th ed., H. P. R. Frederikse. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1994; 1625
   Google Scholar
• Löfroth G., Burton R. M., Forehand L., Hammond S. K., Sella R. L., Zweidinger R. B., Lewtas J. Characterization of environmental tobacco smoke. Environ. Sci. Technol 1989; 23: 610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyman W. J., Reehl W. F., Rosenblatt D. H. Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, chap. 4, 5, and 15,. McGraw-Hill, New York 1982
   Google Scholar
• Malvoisin E., Lhoest G., Poncelet F., Roberfroid M., Mercier M. Identification and quantitation of l,2-epoxybutene-3 as the primary metabolite of 1,3-butadiene. J. Chromatogr 1979a; 178: 419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malvoisin E., Evrard E., Roberfroid M., Mercier M. Determination of Kováts retention indices with a capillary column and electron capture detection: application to the assay of the enzymatic conversion of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene into diepoxybutane. J. Chromatogr 1979b; 179: 81
   Google Scholar
• Malvoisin E., Roberfroid M. Hepatic microsomal metabolism of 1,3-butadiene. Xenobiotica 1982; 12: 137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniglier-Poulet C., Cheng X., Ruth J. A., Ross D. Metabolism of 1,3-butadiene to butadiene monoxide in mouse and human bone marrow cells. Chem. Biol. Int 1995; 97: 119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matanoski G. M., Santos-Burgoa C. Butadiene and lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer (Letter to the Editor). Epidemiology 1994; 5: 261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matanoski G. M., Santos-Burgoa C., Zeger S., Schwartz L. Nested case control study of lymphopoietic cancers in workers of the styrene-butadiene polymer manufacturing industry April, 1989, Final report prepared under contract to International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers
   Google Scholar
• Matanoski G. M., Santos-Burgoa C., Schwartz L. Mortality of a cohort of workers in the styrene-butadiene polymer manufacturing industry 1943–1982 April, 1988, Final report prepared under contract to International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers
   Google Scholar
• Matanoski G. M., Schwartz L. Mortality of workers in styrene-butadiene polymer production. J. Occup. Med 1987; 29: 675
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matanoski G. M., Santos-Burgoa C., Schwartz L. Mortality of a cohort of workers in the styrene-butadiene polymer manufacturing industry. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuliffe C. Solubility in water of paraffin, cycloparaffin, olefin, acetylene, cycloolefin and aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Phys. Chem 1966; 70: 1267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGraw J. Supplemental Written Testimony to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration — Part B. Time Weighted Average Exposure Data. Part C. “Short-term” Exposure Data November, 1990
   Google Scholar
• McMichael A. J., Spirtas R., Gamble J. F., Tousey P. M. Mortality among rubber workers: relationship to specific jobs. J. Occup. Med 1976; 18: 178
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MCA, Chemical safety data sheet SD-55, Properties and essential information for safe handling and use of butadiene. Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, DC 1974
   Google Scholar
• Medinskv M. A., Leavens T. L., Csanády G. A., Gargas M. L., Bond J. A. In vivo metabolism of butadiene by mice and rats: a comparison of physiological model predictions and experimental data. Carcinogen-esis 1994; 15: 1329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medinsky M. A., Klaassen C. D. Toxicokinetics. Casarette and Doull's Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons5th ed., C. D. Klaassen. McGraw-Hill, New York, 187
   Google Scholar
• Meinhardt T. J., Lenien R. A., Crandall M. S., Young R. J. Environmental epidemiologic investigations of the styrene-butadiene rubber industry. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1982; 8: 250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick R. L., Huff J. E., Haseman J. K., McConnell E. E. Chronic toxicity results and ongoing studies of 1,3-butadiene by the National Toxicology Program. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 1988; 534: 648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick R., Huff J., Miller R. Toxicology and carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene. Assessment of Inhalation Hazards: Integration and Extrapolation Using Diverse Data, U. Mohn. Springer-Verlag, New York 1989; 177
   Google Scholar
• Melnick R. L., Huff J. E., Bird M. G., Acquavella J. A. Symposium overview: Toxicology, carcinogen-esis, and human health aspects of 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Health Perspect 1990a; 86: 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick R. L., Huff J., Chou B. J., Miller R. A. Carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in C57B1/6 x C3HF1 mice at low exposure concentrations. Cancer Res 1990b; 50: 6592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Merck Index. An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals11th ed., S. Budavari. Merck and Co., Rahway, NJ 1989; 230
   Google Scholar
• Miettinen O. S. Theoretical Epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1985
   Google Scholar
• Miller L. M. Investigation of selected potential environmental contaminants: butadiene and its oligomers. Franklin Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 1978, EPA 560/ 2–78–008
   Google Scholar
• Morrissey R. E., Schwetz B. A., Hackett P. L., Sikov M. R., Hardin B. D., McClanahan B. J., Decker J. R., Mast T. J. Overview of reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of 1,3-butadiene in rodents. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC). Science and Judgement in Risk Assessment. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program (NTP). Research Triangle Park, NC 1984, Toxicology and car-cinogenesis studies of 1,3-butadiene (CAS No. 106–99–0) in B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies), NTP TR No. 288, 1–111
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program (NTP). Research Triangle Park, NC 1993, NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis studies of 1,3-Butadiene, NTP TR 434, No. 93–3165, 1–391
   Google Scholar
• Nauhaus S. K., Fennell T. R., Asgharian B., Bond J. A., Sumner S. C-J. Characterization of urinary metabolites from Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed to [1,2,3,4-13C]butadiene. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1996; 9: 764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neagu I., Koivisto P., Neagu C., Kostiainen R., Stenby K., Peltonen K. Butadiene monoxide and deoxyguanosine alkylation products at the N7-position. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 1809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neligan R. E. Hydrocarbons in the Los Angeles atmosphere. Arch. Environ. Health 1962; 5: 581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIOSH, A quantitative assessment of the risk of cancer associated with exposure to 1,3-butadiene, based on a low dose inhalation study in B6C3F1 mice. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1992
   Google Scholar
• Nicklas J. A., O'Neill J. P., Albertini R. J. Use of T-cell receptor gene probes to quantify thein vivo hprt mutations in human T-lymophocytes. Mutat. Res 1986; 173: 65
   Google Scholar
• Norppa H., Hirvonen A., Järventaus H., Uusküla M., Tasa G., Ojajrvi A., Sorsa M. Role of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes in determining individual sensitivity to sister chromatid exchange by diepoxybutane in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 1261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Exposure to 1,3 butadiene: proposed rule. Fed. Regist August, 1990; 55: 32747, 10
   Google Scholar
• Osterman-Golkar S. M., Bond J. A., Ward J. B., Legator M. S. Use of haemoglobin adducts for biomonitoring exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards, M. Sorsa, K. Peltonen, H. Vainio, K. Hemminki. IARC Scientific Publication, Lyon 1993; 127: 124
   Google Scholar
• Osterman-Golkar S. M., Kautiainen A., Bergmark E., Hakansson K., Måki-Paakkanen J. Hemoglobin adducts and urinary mercapturic acids in rats as biological indictors of butadiene exposure. Chem.-Biol. Interact 1991; 80: 291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott M. G. Assessment of 1,3-butadiene epidemiology studies. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen P. E., Glaister J. R. Inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen Glaister P. E. J. R., Gaunt I. F., Pullinger D. H. Inhalation toxicity studies with 1,3-butadiene. III. Two year toxicity/carcinogencity study in rats. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J 1987; 48: 407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peltonen K., Koivisto P., Neagu I., Kostianinen R., Kilpeläinen I., Sorsa M. Estimating internal dose of 1,3-butadiene: preliminary data on use of modified purine bases as markers of exposure. Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards, M. Sorsa, K. Peltonen, H. Vainio, K. Hemminki. IARC Scientific Publications, LyonFrance 1993; 127: 119
   Google Scholar
• Pelz N., Dempster A. M., Shore P. R. Analysis of low molecular weight hydrocarbons including 1,3-butadiene in engine exhaust gases using an aluminum oxide porous-layer open-tubular fused-silica column. J. Chromatogr. Sci 1990; 28: 238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pemble S., Schroeder K. R., Spencer S. R., Meyer D. J., Hallier E., Bolt H. M., Ketterer B., Taylor J. B. Human glutathione S-transferase J (GSTT1): cDNA cloning and characterization of a genetic polymorphism. Biochem. J 1994; 300: 271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey J. C., Andersen M. E. A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1984; 73: 159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon J. T., Liljestrand-Golden C. A., Dusenberry R. L., Smith P. D. Molecular analysis of diepoxybutane-induced deletions at the rosy locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1987; 115: 323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recio L., Meyer K. Increased frequency of mutations at A:T base pairs in the bone marrow of B6C3F1lacl transgenic mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Mol. Mutagen, in press
   Google Scholar
• Recio L., Cochrane J., Simpson D., Skopek T. R., O'Neill J. P., Nicklas J. A., Albertini R. J. DNA sequence analysis ofin vivo hprt mutation in human T-lymphocytes. Mutagenesis 1990; 5: 505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recio L., Osterman-Golkar S., Csanády G. A., Turner M. J., Myhr B., Moss O., Bond J. A. Determination of mutagenicity in tissues of transgenic mice following exposure to 1,3-butadiene and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1992; 117: 58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodger R. S., Fletcher K., Fail B. J., Rahman H., Sviland L., Hamilton P. J. Factors influences haematological measurements in healthy adults. J. Chron. Dis 1977; 40: 943
   Google Scholar
• Rothman K. J. Modern Epidemiology. Little, Brown, Boston 1986
   Google Scholar
• Sabourin P. J., Burka L. T., Bechtold W. E., Dahl A. R., Hoover M. D., Chang I.-Y., Henderson R. F. Species differences in urinary butadiene metabolites; identification of l,2-dihydroxy-4-(N-acetyI-cysteinyl)butane, a novel metabolite of butadiene. Car-cinogenesis 1992; 13: 1633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos-Burgoa C., Matanoski G. M., Zeger S., Schwartz L. Lympho-hematopoietic cancer in sty-rene-butadiene polymerization workers. Am. J. Epidemiol 1992; 136: 843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasiadek M., Jarentaus H., Sorsa M. Sister-chro-matid exchanges induced by 1,3-butadiene and its ep-oxides in CHO cells. Mutat. Res 1991a; 263: 47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sasiadek M., Norppa H., Sorsa M. 1,3-Butadiene and its epoxides induce sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes in-vitro. Mutat. Res 1991b; 261: 117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sax N. I., Lewis R. J. Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary11th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1987; 177
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt U., Loeser E. Species differences in the formation of butadiene monoxide from 1,3-butadiene. Arch. Toxicol 1985; 57: 222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton M. J., Follansbee M. H., Bond J. A. Oxidation of l,2-epoxy-3-butene to l,2:3,4-diepoxybutane by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 2E1 and 3A4 and human, mouse and rat liver microsomes. Carcino-genesis 1995; 16: 2287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selzer R. R., Elfarra A. A. Synthesis and biochemical characterization of N1-, N2-, and N7-guanosine adducts of butadiene monoxide. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1996; 9: 126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharer J. E., Duescher R. J., Elfarra A. A. Formation, stability, and rearrangements of the glutathione conjugates of butadiene monoxide: evidence for the formation of stable sulfurane intermediates. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1991; 4: 430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharer J. E., Duescher R. J., Elfarra A. A. Species and tissue differences in the microsomal oxidation of 1,3-butadiene and the glutathione conjugation of butadiene monoxide in mice and rats: possible role in 1,3-butadiene-induced toxicity. Drug Metab. Dispos 1992; 20: 658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharer J. E., Elfarra A. A. S-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-l-yl)glutathione and S-(l-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)gluta-thione arein vivo metabolites of 1,3-butadiene monoxide: detection and quantitation in bile. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1992; 5: 787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shugaev B. B. Concentrations of hydrocarbons in tissues as a measure of toxicity. Arch. Environ. Health 1969; 18: 878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer B., Grunberger D. Molecular Biology of Mu-tagens & Carcinogens. Plenum Press, New York 1983
   Google Scholar
• Sisk S. C., Pluta L. J., Bond J. A., Recio L. Molecular analysis oflacl mutants from bone marrow of B6C3F1 transgenic mice following inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorsa M., Autio K., Demopoulos N. A., Järventaus H., Rössner P., Srám R. J., Stephanou G., Vlachodimitropoulos D. Human cytogenetic bio-monitoring of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res 1994; 309: 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. Pierre M. V., Pang K. S. Kinetics of sequential metabolism. I. Formation and metabolism of oxazepam from nordiazepam and temazepam in the perfused murine liver. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 1993; 265: 1429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart P. A., Schairer C., Blair A. Comparison of jobs, exposures, and mortality risks for short-term and long-term workers. J. Occup. Med 1990; 32: 703
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tates A. D., van Dam F. J., de Zwart F. A., van Teylingen C. M. M., Natarajan A. T. Development of a cloning assay with high cloning efficiency to detect induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes in spleen of adult mice followingin vivo inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Mutat. Res 1994; 309: 299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thier R., Müller M., Taylor J. B., Pemble S. E., Ketterer B., Guengerich F. P. Enhancement of bacterial mutagenicity of bifunctional alkylating agents by expression of mammalian glutathione S-transferase. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1995; 8: 465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton-Manning J. R., Dahl A. R., Bechtold W. E., Griffith W. C., Jr., Henderson R. F. Disposition of butadiene monoepoxide and butadiene diepoxide in various tissues of rats and mice following a low-level inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Carcinogenesis 1995a; 16: 1723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton-Manning J. R., Dahl A. R., Bechtold W. E., Griffith W. C., Jr., Pei L., Henderson R. F. Gender differences in the metabolism of 1,3-butadiene in Sprague-Dawley rats following a low-level inhalation exposure. Carcinogenesis 1995b; 16: 2875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurmond L. M., Lauer L. D., House R. V., Stillman W. S., Irons R. D., Steinhagen W. H., Dean J. H. Effect of short-term inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene on murine immune functions. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1986; 86: 170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tice R. R., Ivett J. L. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow. Toxicology of the Blood and Bone Marrow, R. D. Irons. Raven Press, New York 1985
   Google Scholar
• Tice R. R., Boucher R., Luke C. A., Shelby M. D. Comparative cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow damage induced in male B6C3F1 mice by multiple exposures to gaseous 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Mutagen 1987; 9: 235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turnbull D., Rodricks J. V., Brett S. M. Assessment of the potential risk to workers from exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Health Perspect 1990; 86: 159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cancer Risk from Outdoor Exposure to Air Toxics. Washington, DC 1990; Vol. 2, Appendices (EPA-450/1-90–004b)
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Non-methane Organic Compound Monitoring Program. Washington, DC 1989; Vol. 2, (Final Report 1988), Urban Air Toxics Monitoring Program (PB90–146697)
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Assessment of 1,3-Butadi-ene. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 1985a
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Assessment of 1,3-butadiene as a potentially toxic air pollutant. Fed. Regist 1985b; 50(197)41466
   Google Scholar
• Uusküla M., Järventaus H., Hirvonen A., Sorsa M., Norppa H. Influence of GSTM1 genotype on sister chromatid exchange induction by styrene-7,8-oxide and 1,2-epoxy-3-butene in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Duuren B. L., Nelson N., Orris L., Palmes E. D., Schmitt F. L. Carcinogenicity of epoxides, lac-tones, and peroxy compounds. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1963; 31: 41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Duuren B. L., Langoeth L., Orris L., Teebor G., Nelson N., Kuschner M. Carcinogenicity of epoxides, lactones, and peroxy compounds. IV. Tumor response in epithelial and connective tissue in mice and rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1966; 37: 825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vangala R. R., Laib R. J., Bolt H. M. Evaluation of DNA damage by alakaline elution technique after inhalation exposure of rats and mice to 1,3-butadiene. Arch. Toxicol 1993; 67: 34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sittert J., van Vliet E. W.N. Monitoring occupational exposure to some industrial chemicals by determining hemoglobin adducts. Clin. Chem 1994; 40: 1472
   Google Scholar
• Verschueren K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1983; 296
   Google Scholar
• Ward E. M., Fajen J. M., Ruder A., Rinsky R. A., Halperin W. E., Fessler-Flesch C. A. Mortality study of workers in 1,3-butadiene production units identified from a chemical workers cohort. Environ. Health Perspect 1995; 103: 598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward J. B., Jr., Ammenheuser M. M., Whorton E. B., Jr., Bechtold W. E., Kelsey K. T., Legator M. S. Biological monitoring for mutagenic effects of occupational exposure to butadiene. Toxicology 1996; 113: 157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward J. B., Jr., Ammenheuser M. M., Bechtold W. E., Whorton E. B., Jr., Legator M. S. hprt Mutant lymphocyte frequencies in workers at a 1,3-butadiene production plant. Environ. Health Perspect 1994; 102: 79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weast R. C., Astle M. J., Beyer W. H. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics69th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1988; C-161
   Google Scholar
• Wiencke J. K., Pemble S., Ketterer B., Kelsey K. Gene deletion of glutathione S-transferase: correlation with induced genetic damage and potential role in endogenous mutagenesis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prevent 1995; 4: 253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiencke J. K., Christiani D. C., Kelsey K. T. Bimodal distribution of sensitivity to SCE induction by diepoxybutane in human lymphocytes. I. Correlation with chromosomal aberrations. Mutat. Res 1991a; 248: 17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiencke J. K., Wrensch M. R., Miike R., Petrakis N. L. Individual susceptibility to induced chromosome damage and its implications for detecting genotoxic exposures in human populations. Cancer Res 1991b; 51: 5266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson R. H. Health hazards encountered in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. JAMA 1944; 124: 701
   Google Scholar
• Windholz M., Budavari S., Blumetti R. F., Otterbein E. S. The Merck Index. Merck and Co., Rahway, NJ 1983; 209
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman R. W., Cochran C., Dietrich W., Lander E. S., Soderkvist P. Allelotyping of butadiene-induced lung and mammary adenocarcinomas of B6C3F1 mice: frequent losses of heterozygosity in regions homologous to human tumor-suppressor genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1994; 91: 3759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wistuba D., Nowotny H.-P., Trágerf O., Schurig V. Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed asymmetric epoxi-dation of simple prochiral and chiral aliphatic alk-enes: species dependence and effect of enzyme induction on enantioselective oxirane formation. Chirality 1989; 1: 127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X., Pang K. S. Hepatic modeling of metabolite kinetics in sequential and parallel pathways: sali-cylamide and gentisamide metabolism in perfused rat liver. J. Pharmacokinetics Biopharmacol 1989; 17: 645
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamazaki H., Guo Z., Guengerich F. P. Selectivity of cytochrome P4502E1 in chlorzoxazone. Drug Metab. Dispos 1995; 23: 438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar