State of the APC/C: Organization, function, and structure

References

• Amador V, Ge S, Santamaría PG, Guardavaccaro D, Pagano M. 2007. APC/C(Cdc20) controls the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p21 in prometaphase. Mol Cell 27:462–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang XL, Harper JW. 2005. SCF-mediated protein degradation and cell cycle control. Oncogene 24:2860–2870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki M, Yu H, Asano M. 2005. A novel motif governs APC-dependent degradation of Drosophila ORC1 in vivo. Genes Dev 19:2458–2465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asakawa H, Kitamura K, Shimoda C. 2001. A novel Cdc20-related WD-repeat protein, Fzr1, is required for spore formation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Genet Genomics 265:424–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Au SW, Leng X, Harper JW, Barford D. 2002. Implications for the ubiquitination reaction of the anaphase-promoting complex from the crystal structure of the Doc1/Apc10 subunit. J Mol Biol 316:955–968.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bashir T, Pagano M. 2004. Don’t skip the G1 phase: how APC/CCdh1 keeps SCFSKP2 in check. Cell Cycle 3:850–852.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bastians H, Topper LM, Gorbsky GL, Ruderman JV. 1999. Cell cycle-regulated proteolysis of mitotic target proteins. Mol Biol Cell 10:3927–3941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedford L, Paine S, Sheppard PW, Mayer RJ, Roelofs J. 2010. Assembly, structure, and function of the 26S proteasome. Trends Cell Biol 20:391–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrao P, Trinidad JC, Fiedler D, Roguev A, Lim WA, Shokat KM, Burlingame AL, Krogan NJ. 2009. Evolution of phosphoregulation: comparison of phosphorylation patterns across yeast species. PLoS Biol 7:e1000134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard P, Maure JF, Javerzat JP. 2001. Fission yeast Bub1 is essential in setting up the meiotic pattern of chromosome segregation. Nat Cell Biol 3:522–526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Binné UK, Classon MK, Dick FA, Wei W, Rape M, Kaelin WG Jr, Näär AM, Dyson NJ. 2007. Retinoblastoma protein and anaphase-promoting complex physically interact and functionally cooperate during cell-cycle exit. Nat Cell Biol 9:225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco MA, Sánchez-Díaz A, de Prada JM, Moreno S. 2000. APC(ste9/srw1) promotes degradation of mitotic cyclins in G(1) and is inhibited by cdc2 phosphorylation. EMBO J 19:3945–3955.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanco MA, Pelloquin L, Moreno S. 2001. Fission yeast mfr1 activates APC and coordinates meiotic nuclear division with sporulation. J Cell Sci 114:2135–2143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bremm A, Freund SM, Komander D. 2010. Lys11-linked ubiquitin chains adopt compact conformations and are preferentially hydrolyzed by the deubiquitinase Cezanne. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17:939–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton JL, Solomon MJ. 2001. D box and KEN box motifs in budding yeast Hsl1p are required for APC-mediated degradation and direct binding to Cdc20p and Cdh1p. Genes Dev 15:2381–2395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burton JL, Solomon MJ. 2007. Mad3p, a pseudosubstrate inhibitor of APCCdc20 in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Genes Dev 21:655–667.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buschhorn BA, Petzold G, Galova M, Dube P, Kraft C, Herzog F, Stark H, Peters JM. 2010. Substrate binding on the APC/C occurs between the coactivator Cdh1 and the processivity factor Doc1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010 Dec 26. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cardozo T, Pagano M. 2004. The SCF ubiquitin ligase: insights into a molecular machine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:739–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll CW, Morgan DO. 2002. The Doc1 subunit is a processivity factor for the anaphase-promoting complex. Nat Cell Biol 4:880–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll CW, Enquist-Newman M, Morgan DO. 2005. The APC subunit Doc1 promotes recognition of the substrate destruction box. Curr Biol 15:11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro A, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Vigneron S, Labbé JC, Prigent C, Lorca T. 2002. APC/Fizzy-Related targets Aurora-A kinase for proteolysis. EMBO Rep 3:457–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen E, Lim MS, Rosic-Kablar S, Liu J, Jolicoeur P, Dubé ID, Hough MR. 2006. Dysregulated expression of mitotic regulators is associated with B-cell lymphomagenesis in HOX11-transgenic mice. Oncogene 25:2575–2587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen RH. 2007. Dual inhibition of Cdc20 by the spindle checkpoint. J Biomed Sci 14:475–479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciliberto A, Shah JV. 2009. A quantitative systems view of the spindle assembly checkpoint. EMBO J 28:2162–2173.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen-Fix O, Peters JM, Kirschner MW, Koshland D. 1996. Anaphase initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the APC-dependent degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Pds1p. Genes Dev 10:3081–3093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coluccio A, Bogengruber E, Conrad MN, Dresser ME, Briza P, Neiman AM. 2004. Morphogenetic pathway of spore wall assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryotic Cell 3:1464–1475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper KF, Mallory MJ, Egeland DB, Jarnik M, Strich R. 2000. Ama1p is a meiosis-specific regulator of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14548–14553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox CJ, Dutta K, Petri ET, Hwang WC, Lin Y, Pascal SM, Basavappa R. 2002. The regions of securin and cyclin B proteins recognized by the ubiquitination machinery are natively unfolded. FEBS Lett 527:303–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane R, Kloepfer A, Ruderman JV. 2004. Requirements for the destruction of human Aurora-A. J Cell Sci 117:5975–5983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Fonseca PC, Kong EH, Zhang Z, Schreiber A, Williams MA, Morris EP, Barford D. 2010. Structures of APC/C(Cdh1) with substrates identify Cdh1 and Apc10 as the D-box co-receptor. Nature 2010 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• den Elzen N, Pines J. 2001. Cyclin A is destroyed in prometaphase and can delay chromosome alignment and anaphase. J Cell Biol 153:121–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fiore B, Pines J. 2007. Emi1 is needed to couple DNA replication with mitosis but does not regulate activation of the mitotic APC/C. J Cell Biol 177:425–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fiore B, Pines J. 2010. How cyclin A destruction escapes the spindle assembly checkpoint. J Cell Biol 190:501–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dial JM, Petrotchenko EV, Borchers CH. 2007. Inhibition of APCCdh1 activity by Cdh1/Acm1/Bmh1 ternary complex formation. J Biol Chem 282:5237–5248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond AE, Park JS, Inoue I, Tachikawa H, Neiman AM. 2009. The anaphase promoting complex targeting subunit Ama1 links meiotic exit to cytokinesis during sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 20:134–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong X, Zavitz KH, Thomas BJ, Lin M, Campbell S, Zipursky SL. 1997. Control of G1 in the developing Drosophila eye: rca1 regulates Cyclin A. Genes Dev 11:94–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dube P, Herzog F, Gieffers C, Sander B, Riedel D, Müller SA, Engel A, Peters JM, Stark H. 2005. Localization of the coactivator Cdh1 and the cullin subunit Apc2 in a cryo-electron microscopy model of vertebrate APC/C. Mol Cell 20:867–879.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elia AE, Rellos P, Haire LF, Chao JW, Ivins FJ, Hoepker K, Mohammad D, Cantley LC, Smerdon SJ, Yaffe MB. 2003. The molecular basis for phosphodependent substrate targeting and regulation of Plks by the Polo-box domain. Cell 115:83–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelbert D, Schnerch D, Baumgarten A, Wäsch R. 2008. The ubiquitin ligase APC(Cdh1) is required to maintain genome integrity in primary human cells. Oncogene 27:907–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enquist-Newman M, Sullivan M, Morgan DO. 2008. Modulation of the mitotic regulatory network by APC-dependent destruction of the Cdh1 inhibitor Acm1. Mol Cell 30:437–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eytan E, Moshe Y, Braunstein I, Hershko A. 2006. Roles of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and of its activator Cdc20 in functional substrate binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:2081–2086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang G, Yu H, Kirschner MW. 1998a. The checkpoint protein MAD2 and the mitotic regulator CDC20 form a ternary complex with the anaphase-promoting complex to control anaphase initiation. Genes Dev 12:1871–1883.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fang G, Yu H, Kirschner MW. 1998b. Direct binding of CDC20 protein family members activates the anaphase-promoting complex in mitosis and G1. Mol Cell 2:163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang G, Yu H, Kirschner MW. 1999. Control of mitotic transitions by the anaphase-promoting complex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci 354:1583–1590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry AM. 2002. The Nek2 protein kinase: a novel regulator of centrosome structure. Oncogene 21:6184–6194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry AM, Yamano H. 2006. APC/C-mediated degradation in early mitosis: how to avoid spindle assembly checkpoint inhibition. Cell Cycle 5:1487–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funabiki H, Yamano H, Kumada K, Nagao K, Hunt T, Yanagida M. 1996. Cut2 proteolysis required for sister-chromatid seperation in fission yeast. Nature 381:438–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabellini D, Colaluca IN, Vodermaier HC, Biamonti G, Giacca M, Falaschi A, Riva S, Peverali FA. 2003. Early mitotic degradation of the homeoprotein HOXC10 is potentially linked to cell cycle progression. EMBO J 22:3715–3724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallastegui N, Groll M. 2010. The 26S proteasome: assemble and function of a destructive machine. Trends Biochem Sci 35:634–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Higuera I, Manchado E, Dubus P, Cañamero M, Méndez J, Moreno S, Malumbres M. 2008. Genomic stability and tumour suppression by the APC/C cofactor Cdh1. Nat Cell Biol 10:802–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett MJ, Mansfeld J, Godwin C, Matsusaka T, Wu J, Russell P, Pines J, Venkitaraman AR. 2009. UBE2S elongates ubiquitin chains on APC/C substrates to promote mitotic exit. Nat Cell Biol 11:1363–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geley S, Kramer E, Gieffers C, Gannon J, Peters JM, Hunt T. 2001. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-dependent proteolysis of human cyclin A starts at the beginning of mitosis and is not subject to the spindle assembly checkpoint. J Cell Biol 153:137–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gieffers C, Dube P, Harris JR, Stark H, Peters JM. 2001. Three-dimensional structure of the anaphase-promoting complex. Mol Cell 7:907–913.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glotzer M, Murray AW, Kirschner MW. 1991. Cyclin is degraded by the ubiquitin pathway. Nature 349:132–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gmachl M, Gieffers C, Podtelejnikov AV, Mann M, Peters JM. 2000. The RING-H2 finger protein APC11 and the E2 enzyme UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase-promoting complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8973–8978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorr IH, Boos D, Stemmann O. 2005. Mutual inhibition of separase and Cdk1 by two-step complex formation. Mol Cell 19:135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassmann R, Aboud M, Jeang KT. 2005. Molecular mechanisms of cellular transformation by HTLV-1 Tax. Oncogene 24:5976–5985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosskortenhaus R, Sprenger F. 2002. Rca1 inhibits APC-Cdh1(Fzr) and is required to prevent cyclin degradation in G2. Dev Cell 2:29–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall MC, Jeong DE, Henderson JT, Choi E, Bremmer SC, Iliuk AB, Charbonneau H. 2008. Cdc28 and Cdc14 control stability of the anaphase-promoting complex inhibitor Acm1. J Biol Chem 283:10396–10407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hames RS, Wattam SL, Yamano H, Bacchieri R, Fry AM. 2001. APC/C-mediated destruction of the centrosomal kinase Nek2A occurs in early mitosis and depends upon a cyclin A-type D-box. EMBO J 20:7117–7127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han D, Kim K, Kim Y, Kang Y, Lee JY, Kim Y. 2009. Crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7. J Biol Chem 284:15137–15146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harley ME, Allan LA, Sanderson HS, Clarke PR. 2010. Phosphorylation of Mcl-1 by CDK1-cyclin B1 initiates its Cdc20-dependent destruction during mitotic arrest. EMBO J 29:2407–2420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper JW, Burton JL, Solomon MJ. 2002. The anaphase-promoting complex: it’s not just for mitosis any more. Genes Dev 16:2179–2206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwell LH, Mortimer RK, Culotti J, Culotti M. 1973. Genetic Control of the Cell Division Cycle in Yeast: V. Genetic Analysis of cdc Mutants. Genetics 74:267–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes MJ, Kimata Y, Wattam SL, Lindon C, Mao G, Yamano H, Fry AM. 2006. Early mitotic degradation of Nek2A depends on Cdc20-independent interaction with the APC/C. Nat Cell Biol 8:607–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayles J, Aves S, Nurse P. 1986. suc1 is an essential gene involved in both the cell cycle and growth in fission yeast. EMBO J 5:3373–3379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Patterson TE, Sazer S. 1997. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe spindle checkpoint protein mad2p blocks anaphase and genetically interacts with the anaphase-promoting complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7965–7970.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hershko A. 1997. Roles of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in cell cycle control. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9:788–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog F, Primorac I, Dube P, Lenart P, Sander B, Mechtler K, Stark H, Peters JM. 2009. Structure of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome interacting with a mitotic checkpoint complex. Science 323:1477–1481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilioti Z, Chung YS, Mochizuki Y, Hardy CF, Cohen-Fix O. 2001. The anaphase inhibitor Pds1 binds to the APC/C-associated protein Cdc20 in a destruction box-dependent manner. Curr Biol 11:1347–1352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holloway SL, Glotzer M, King RW, Murray AW. 1993. Anaphase is initiated by proteolysis rather than by the inactivation of maturation-promoting factor. Cell 73:1393–1402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holt LJ, Krutchinsky AN, Morgan DO. 2008. Positive feedback sharpens the anaphase switch. Nature 454:353–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt LJ, Tuch BB, Villén J, Johnson AD, Gygi SP, Morgan DO. 2009. Global analysis of Cdk1 substrate phosphorylation sites provides insights into evolution. Science 325:1682–1686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer HA, McDougall A, Levasseur M, Murdoch AP, Herbert M. 2005a. Mad2 is required for inhibiting securin and cyclin B degradation following spindle depolymerisation in meiosis I mouse oocytes. Reproduction 130:829–843.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homer HA, McDougall A, Levasseur M, Yallop K, Murdoch AP, Herbert M. 2005b. Mad2 prevents aneuploidy and premature proteolysis of cyclin B and securin during meiosis I in mouse oocytes. Genes Dev 19:202–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsu JY, Reimann JD, Sørensen CS, Lukas J, Jackson PK. 2002. E2F-dependent accumulation of hEmi1 regulates S phase entry by inhibiting APC(Cdh1). Nat Cell Biol 4:358–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang DT, Zhuang M, Ayrault O, Schulman BA. 2008. Identification of conjugation specificity determinants unmasks vestigial preference for ubiquitin within the NEDD8 E2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15:280–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JN, Park I, Ellingson E, Littlepage LE, Pellman D. 2001. Activity of the APC(Cdh1) form of the anaphase-promoting complex persists until S phase and prevents the premature expression of Cdc20p. J Cell Biol 154:85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JY, Morley G, Li D, Whitaker M. 2007. Cdk1 phosphorylation sites on Cdc27 are required for correct chromosomal localisation and APC/C function in syncytial Drosophila embryos. J Cell Sci 120:1990–1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irniger S, Piatti S, Michaelis C, Nasmyth K. 1995. Genes involved in sister chromatid separation are needed for B-type cyclin proteolysis in budding yeast. Cell 81:269–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irniger S. 2006. Preventing fatal destruction: inhibitors of the anaphase-promoting complex in meiosis. Cell Cycle 5:405–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izawa D, Goto M, Yamashita A, Yamano H, Yamamoto M. 2005. Fission yeast Mes1p ensures the onset of meiosis II by blocking degradation of cyclin Cdc13p. Nature 434:529–533.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaspersen SL, Charles JF, Morgan DO. 1999. Inhibitory phosphorylation of the APC regulator Hct1 is controlled by the kinase Cdc28 and the phosphatase Cdc14. Curr Biol 9:227–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin F, Hamada M, Malureanu L, Jeganathan KB, Zhou W, Morbeck DE, van Deursen JM. 2010. Cdc20 is critical for meiosis I and fertility of female mice. PLoS Genet 6 e1001147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jin L, Williamson A, Banerjee S, Philipp I, Rape M. 2008. Mechanism of ubiquitin-chain formation by the human anaphase-promoting complex. Cell 133:653–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung CR, Hwang KS, Yoo J, Cho WK, Kim JM, Kim WH, Im DS. 2006. E2-EPF UCP targets pVHL for degradation and associates with tumor growth and metastasis. Nat Med 12:809–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser P, Moncollin V, Clarke DJ, Watson MH, Bertolaet BL, Reed SI, Bailly E. 1999. Cyclin-dependent kinase and Cks/Suc1 interact with the proteasome in yeast to control proteolysis of M-phase targets. Genes Dev 13:1190–1202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karamysheva Z, Diaz-Martinez LA, Crow SE, Li B, Yu H. 2009. Multiple anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome degrons mediate the degradation of human Sgo1. J Biol Chem 284:1772–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katis VL, Galova M, Rabitsch KP, Gregan J, Nasmyth K. 2004. Maintenance of cohesin at centromeres after meiosis I in budding yeast requires a kinetochore-associated protein related to MEI-S332. Curr Biol 14:560–572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim DU, Hayles J, Kim D, Wood V, Park HO, Won M, Yoo HS, Duhig T, Nam M, Palmer G, Han S, Jeffery L, Baek ST, Lee H, Shim YS, Lee M, Kim L, Heo KS, Noh EJ, Lee AR, Jang YJ, Chung KS, Choi SJ, Park JY, Park Y, Kim HM, Park SK, Park HJ, Kang EJ, Kim HB, Kang HS, Park HM, Kim K, Song K, Song KB, Nurse P, Hoe KL. 2010a. Analysis of a genome-wide set of gene deletions in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nat Biotechnol 28:617–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HM, Yu Y, Cheng Y. 2010b. Structure characterization of the 26s proteasome. Biochim Biophys Acta 26 August 2010 [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Kimata Y, Baxter JE, Fry AM, Yamano H. 2008a. A role for the Fizzy/Cdc20 family of proteins in activation of the APC/C distinct from substrate recruitment. Mol Cell 32:576–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimata Y, Trickey M, Izawa D, Gannon J, Yamamoto M, Yamano H. 2008b. A mutual inhibition between APC/C and its substrate Mes1 required for meiotic progression in fission yeast. Dev Cell 14:446–454.
   Google Scholar
• King EM, van der Sar SJ, Hardwick KG. 2007. Mad3 KEN boxes mediate both Cdc20 and Mad3 turnover, and are critical for the spindle checkpoint. PLoS ONE 2:e342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King RW, Peters JM, Tugendreich S, Rolfe M, Hieter P, Kirschner MW. 1995. A 20S complex containing CDC27 and CDC16 catalyzes the mitosis-specific conjugation of ubiquitin to cyclin B. Cell 81:279–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick DS, Hathaway NA, Hanna J, Elsasser S, Rush J, Finley D, King RW, Gygi SP. 2006. Quantitative analysis of in vitro ubiquitinated cyclin B1 reveals complex chain topology. Nat Cell Biol 8:700–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitajima S, Kudo Y, Ogawa I, Tatsuka M, Kawai H, Pagano M, Takata T. 2007. Constitutive phosphorylation of aurora-a on ser51 induces its stabilization and consequent overexpression in cancer. PLoS ONE 2:e944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitajima TS, Kawashima SA, Watanabe Y. 2004. The conserved kinetochore protein shugoshin protects centromeric cohesion during meiosis. Nature 427:510–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi Y, Stegmüller J, Matsuda T, Bonni S, Bonni A. 2004. Cdh1-APC controls axonal growth and patterning in the mammalian brain. Science 303:1026–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotani S, Tugendreich S, Fujii M, Jorgensen PM, Watanabe N, Hoog C, Hieter P, Todokoro K. 1998. PKA and MPF-activated polo-like kinase regulate anaphase-promoting complex activity and mitosis progression. Mol Cell 1:371–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotani S, Tanaka H, Yasuda H, Todokoro K. 1999. Regulation of APC activity by phosphorylation and regulatory factors. J Cell Biol 146:791–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft C, Herzog F, Gieffers C, Mechtler K, Hagting A, Pines J, Peters JM. 2003. Mitotic regulation of the human anaphase-promoting complex by phosphorylation. EMBO J 22:6598–6609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft C, Vodermaier HC, Maurer-Stroh S, Eisenhaber F, Peters JM. 2005. The WD40 propeller domain of Cdh1 functions as a destruction box receptor for APC/C substrates. Mol Cell 18:543–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer ER, Gieffers C, Hölzl G, Hengstschläger M, Peters JM. 1998. Activation of the human anaphase-promoting complex by proteins of the CDC20/Fizzy family. Curr Biol 8:1207–1210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kramer ER, Scheuringer N, Podtelejnikov AV, Mann M, Peters JM. 2000. Mitotic regulation of the APC activator proteins CDC20 and CDH1. Mol Biol Cell 11:1555–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahav-Baratz S, Sudakin V, Ruderman JV, Hershko A. 1995. Reversible phosphorylation controls the activity of cyclosome-associated cyclin-ubiquitin ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:9303–9307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lear BC, Skeath JB, Patel NH. 1999. Neural cell fate in rca1 and cycA mutants: the roles of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in asymmetric division in the Drosophila central nervous system. Mech Dev 88:207–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leverson JD, Joazeiro CA, Page AM, Huang H, Hieter P, Hunter T. 2000. The APC11 RING-H2 finger mediates E2-dependent ubiquitination. Mol Biol Cell 11:2315–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, York JP, Zhang P. 2007. Loss of Cdc20 causes a securin-dependent metaphase arrest in two-cell mouse embryos. Mol Cell Biol 27:3481–3488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Shin YH, Hou L, Huang X, Wei Z, Klann E, Zhang P. 2008. The adaptor protein of the anaphase promoting complex Cdh1 is essential in maintaining replicative lifespan and in learning and memory. Nat Cell Biol 10:1083–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Li S, Yuan J, Wang ZB, Sun SC, Schatten H, Sun QY. 2009. Bub3 is a spindle assembly checkpoint protein regulating chromosome segregation during mouse oocyte meiosis. PLoS ONE 4:e7701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister LM, Kouznetsova A, Hyslop LA, Kalleas D, Pace SL, Barel JC, Nathan A, Floros V, Adelfalk C, Watanabe Y, Jessberger R, Kirkwood TB, Höög C, Herbert M. 2010. Age-related meiotic segregation errors in Mammalian oocytes are preceded by depletion of cohesin and Sgo2. Curr Biol 20:1511–1521.
   Google Scholar
• Listovsky T, Zor A, Laronne A, Brandeis M. 2000. Cdk1 is essential for mammalian cyclosome/APC regulation. Exp Cell Res 255:184–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littlepage LE, Ruderman JV. 2002. Identification of a new APC/C recognition domain, the A box, which is required for the Cdh1-dependent destruction of the kinase Aurora-A during mitotic exit. Genes Dev 16:2274–2285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlepage LE, Wu H, Andresson T, Deanehan JK, Amundadottir LT, Ruderman JV. 2002. Identification of phosphorylated residues that affect the activity of the mitotic kinase Aurora-A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:15440–15445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B, Hong S, Tang Z, Yu H, Giam CZ. 2005. HTLV-I Tax directly binds the Cdc20-associated anaphase-promoting complex and activates it ahead of schedule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:63–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu L, Baier K, Dammann R, Pfeifer GP. 2007. The tumor suppressor RASSF1A does not interact with Cdc20, an activator of the anaphase-promoting complex. Cell Cycle 6:1663–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machida YJ, Dutta A. 2007. The APC/C inhibitor, Emi1, is essential for prevention of rereplication. Genes Dev 21:184–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmanche N, Maia A, Sunkel CE. 2006. The spindle assembly checkpoint: preventing chromosome mis-segregation during mitosis and meiosis. FEBS Lett 580:2888–2895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mapelli M, Filipp FV, Rancati G, Massimiliano L, Nezi L, Stier G, Hagan RS, Confalonieri S, Piatti S, Sattler M, Musacchio A. 2006. Determinants of conformational dimerization of Mad2 and its inhibition by p31comet. EMBO J 25:1273–1284.
   Google Scholar
• Marston AL, Tham WH, Shah H, Amon A. 2004. A genome-wide screen identifies genes required for centromeric cohesion. Science 303:1367–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez JS, Jeong DE, Choi E, Billings BM, Hall MC. 2006. Acm1 is a negative regulator of the CDH1-dependent anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome in budding yeast. Mol Cell Biol 26:9162–9176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Máthé E. 2004. RASSF1A, the new guardian of mitosis. Nat Genet 36:117–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto ML, Wickliffe KE, Dong KC, Yu C, Bosanac I, Bustos D, Phu L, Kirkpatrick DS, Hymowitz SG, Rape M, Kelley RF, Dixit VM. 2010. K11-linked polyubiquitination in cell cycle control revealed by a K11 linkage-specific antibody. Mol Cell 39:477–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matyskiela ME, Morgan DO. 2009. Analysis of activator-binding sites on the APC/C supports a cooperative substrate-binding mechanism. Mol Cell 34:68–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matyskiela ME, Rodrigo-Brenni MC, Morgan DO. 2009. Mechanisms of ubiquitin transfer by the anaphase-promoting complex. J Biol 8:92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazanek M, Roitinger E, Hudecz O, Hutchins JR, Hegemann B, Mitulovic G, Taus T, Stingl C, Peters JM, Mechtler K. 2010. A new acid mix enhances phosphopeptide enrichment on titanium- and zirconium dioxide for mapping of phosphorylation sites on protein complexes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 878:515–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyn MA 3rd, Melloy PG, Li J, Holloway SL. 2002. The destruction box of the cyclin Clb2 binds the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome subunit Cdc23. Arch Biochem Biophys 407:189–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millband DN, Hardwick KG. 2002. Fission yeast Mad3p is required for Mad2p to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex and localizes to kinetochores in a Bub1p-, Bub3p-, and Mph1p-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol 22:2728–2742.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller JJ, Summers MK, Hansen DV, Nachury MV, Lehman NL, Loktev A, Jackson PK. 2006. Emi1 stably binds and inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor. Genes Dev 20:2410–2420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miniowitz-Shemtov S, Teichner A, Sitry-Shevah D, Hershko A. 2010. ATP is required for the release of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome from inhibition by the mitotic checkpoint. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:5351–5356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo M, Fleming SB, Mercer AA. 2009. Cell cycle deregulation by a poxvirus partial mimic of anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:19527–19532.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow CJ, Tighe A, Johnson VL, Scott MI, Ditchfield C, Taylor SS. 2005. Bub1 and aurora B cooperate to maintain BubR1-mediated inhibition of APC/CCdc20. J Cell Sci 118:3639–3652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourón S, de Cárcer G, Seco E, Fernández-Miranda G, Malumbres M, Nebreda AR. 2010. RINGO C is required to sustain the spindle-assembly checkpoint. J Cell Sci 123:2586–2595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mui MZ, Roopchand DE, Gentry MS, Hallberg RL, Vogel J, Branton PE. 2010. Adenovirus protein E4orf4 induces premature APCCdc20 activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a protein phosphatase 2A-dependent mechanism. J Virol 84:4798–4809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Musacchio A, Salmon ED. 2007. The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and time. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:379–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niault T, Hached K, Sotillo R, Sorger PK, Maro B, Benezra R, Wassmann K. 2007. Changing Mad2 levels affects chromosome segregation and spindle assembly checkpoint control in female mouse meiosis I. PLoS ONE 2:e1165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson J, Yekezare M, Minshull J, Pines J. 2008. The APC/C maintains the spindle assembly checkpoint by targeting Cdc20 for destruction. Nat Cell Biol 10:1411–1420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oelschlaegel T, Schwickart M, Matos J, Bogdanova A, Camasses A, Havlis J, Shevchenko A, Zachariae W. 2005. The yeast APC/C subunit Mnd2 prevents premature sister chromatid separation triggered by the meiosis-specific APC/C-Ama1. Cell 120:773–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohe M, Kawamura Y, Ueno H, Inoue D, Kanemori Y, Senoo C, Isoda M, Nakajo N, Sagata N. 2010. Emi2 inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome absolutely requires Emi2 binding via the C-terminal RL tail. Mol Biol Cell 21:905–913.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohi MD, Feoktistova A, Ren L, Yip C, Cheng Y, Chen JS, Yoon HJ, Wall JS, Huang Z, Penczek PA, Gould KL, Walz T. 2007. Structural organization of the anaphase-promoting complex bound to the mitotic activator Slp1. Mol Cell 28:871–885.
   Google Scholar
• Ohsumi K, Koyanagi A, Yamamoto TM, Gotoh T, Kishimoto T. 2004. Emi1-mediated M-phase arrest in Xenopus eggs is distinct from cytostatic factor arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12531–12536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okamoto Y, Ozaki T, Miyazaki K, Aoyama M, Miyazaki M, Nakagawara A. 2003. UbcH10 is the cancer-related E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Cancer Res 63:4167–4173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osaka F, Seino H, Seno T, Yamao F. 1997. A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in fission yeast that is essential for the onset of anaphase in mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 17:3388–3397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan J, Chen RH. 2004. Spindle checkpoint regulates Cdc20p stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev 18:1439–1451.
   Google Scholar
• Passmore LA, McCormack EA, Au SW, Paul A, Willison KR, Harper JW, Barford D. 2003. Doc1 mediates the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex by contributing to substrate recognition. EMBO J 22:786–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passmore LA, Booth CR, Vénien-Bryan C, Ludtke SJ, Fioretto C, Johnson LN, Chiu W, Barford D. 2005. Structural analysis of the anaphase-promoting complex reveals multiple active sites and insights into polyubiquitylation. Mol Cell 20:855–866.
   Google Scholar
• Patra D, Dunphy WG. 1998. Xe-p9, a Xenopus Suc1/Cks protein, is essential for the Cdc2-dependent phosphorylation of the anaphase- promoting complex at mitosis. Genes Dev 12:2549–2559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penkner AM, Prinz S, Ferscha S, Klein F. 2005. Mnd2, an essential antagonist of the anaphase-promoting complex during meiotic prophase. Cell 120:789–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesin JA, Orr-Weaver TL. 2007. Developmental role and regulation of cortex, a meiosis-specific anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome activator. PLoS Genet 3:e202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesin JA, Orr-Weaver TL. 2008. Regulation of APC/C activators in mitosis and meiosis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 24:475–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters JM, King RW, Höög C, Kirschner MW. 1996. Identification of BIME as a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex. Science 274:1199–1201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters JM. 1998. SCF and APC: the Yin and Yang of cell cycle regulated proteolysis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10:759–768.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters JM. 2006. The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome: a machine designed to destroy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7:644–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfleger CM, Kirschner MW. 2000. The KEN box: an APC recognition signal distinct from the D box targeted by Cdh1. Genes Dev 14:655–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfleger CM, Lee E, Kirschner MW. 2001. Substrate recognition by the Cdc20 and Cdh1 components of the anaphase-promoting complex. Genes Dev 15:2396–2407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickart CM, Fushman D. 2004. Polyubiquitin chains: polymeric protein signals. Curr Opin Chem Biol 8:610–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsky BA, Nelson CR, Biggins S. 2009. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates exit from the spindle checkpoint in budding yeast. Curr Biol 19:1182–1187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prinz S, Hwang ES, Visintin R, Amon A. 1998. The regulation of Cdc20 proteolysis reveals a role for APC components Cdc23 and Cdc27 during S phase and early mitosis. Curr Biol 8:750–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabitsch KP, Gregan J, Schleiffer A, Javerzat JP, Eisenhaber F, Nasmyth K. 2004. Two fission yeast homologs of Drosophila Mei-S332 are required for chromosome segregation during meiosis I and II. Curr Biol 14:287–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rape M, Kirschner MW. 2004. Autonomous regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex couples mitosis to S-phase entry. Nature 432:588–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rape M, Reddy SK, Kirschner MW. 2006. The processivity of multiubiquitination by the APC determines the order of substrate degradation. Cell 124:89–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauh NR, Schmidt A, Bormann J, Nigg EA, Mayer TU. 2005. Calcium triggers exit from meiosis II by targeting the APC/C inhibitor XErp1 for degradation. Nature 437:1048–1052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy SK, Rape M, Margansky WA, Kirschner MW. 2007. Ubiquitination by the anaphase-promoting complex drives spindle checkpoint inactivation. Nature 446:921–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimann JD, Freed E, Hsu JY, Kramer ER, Peters JM, Jackson PK. 2001. Emi1 is a mitotic regulator that interacts with Cdc20 and inhibits the anaphase promoting complex. Cell 105:645–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimann JD, Jackson PK. 2002. Emi1 is required for cytostatic factor arrest in vertebrate eggs. Nature 416:850–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis A, Levasseur M, Chang HY, Elliott DJ, Jones KT. 2006. The CRY box: a second APCcdh1-dependent degron in mammalian cdc20. EMBO Rep 7:1040–1045.
   Google Scholar
• Revenkova E, Herrmann K, Adelfalk C, Jessberger R. 2010. Oocyte cohesin expression restricted to predictyate stages provides full fertility and prevents aneuploidy. Curr Biol 20:1529–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Turcu FE, Ventii KH, Wilkinson KD. 2009. Regulation and cellular roles of ubiquitin-specific deubiquitinating enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem 78:363–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo-Brenni MC, Morgan DO. 2007. Sequential E2s drive polyubiquitin chain assembly on APC targets. Cell 130:127–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudner AD, Murray AW. 2000. Phosphorylation by Cdc28 activates the Cdc20-dependent activity of the anaphase-promoting complex. J Cell Biol 149:1377–1390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salah SM, Nasmyth K. 2000. Destruction of the securin Pds1p occurs at the onset of anaphase during both meiotic divisions in yeast. Chromosoma 109:27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salic A, Waters JC, Mitchison TJ. 2004. Vertebrate shugoshin links sister centromere cohesion and kinetochore microtubule stability in mitosis. Cell 118:567–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt A, Duncan PI, Rauh NR, Sauer G, Fry AM, Nigg EA, Mayer TU. 2005. Xenopus polo-like kinase Plx1 regulates XErp1, a novel inhibitor of APC/C activity. Genes Dev 19:502–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt A, Rauh NR, Nigg EA, Mayer TU. 2006. Cytostatic factor: an activity that puts the cell cycle on hold. J Cell Sci 119:1213–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab M, Neutzner M, Möcker D, Seufert W. 2001. Yeast Hct1 recognizes the mitotic cyclin Clb2 and other substrates of the ubiquitin ligase APC. EMBO J 20:5165–5175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sczaniecka M, Feoktistova A, May KM, Chen JS, Blyth J, Gould KL, Hardwick KG. 2008. The spindle checkpoint functions of Mad3 and Mad2 depend on a Mad3 KEN box-mediated interaction with Cdc20-anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C). J Biol Chem 283:23039–23047.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seino H, Kishi T, Nishitani H, Yamao F. 2003. Two ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, UbcP1/Ubc4 and UbcP4/Ubc11, have distinct functions for ubiquitination of mitotic cyclin. Mol Cell Biol 23:3497–3505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shirayama M, Zachariae W, Ciosk R, Nasmyth K. 1998. The Polo-like kinase Cdc5p and the WD-repeat protein Cdc20p/fizzy are regulators and substrates of the anaphase promoting complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 17:1336–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonn MA, McCarroll R, Murray AW. 2000. Requirement of the spindle checkpoint for proper chromosome segregation in budding yeast meiosis. Science 289:300–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shteinberg M, Protopopov Y, Listovsky T, Brandeis M, Hershko A. 1999. Phosphorylation of the cyclosome is required for its stimulation by Fizzy/cdc20. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 260:193–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simpson-Lavy KJ, Sajman J, Zenvirth D, Brandeis M. 2009. APC/CCdh1 specific degradation of Hsl1 and Clb2 is required for proper stress responses of S. cerevisiae. Cell Cycle 8:3003–3009.
   Google Scholar
• Sironi L, Melixetian M, Faretta M, Prosperini E, Helin K, Musacchio A. 2001. Mad2 binding to Mad1 and Cdc20, rather than oligomerization, is required for the spindle checkpoint. EMBO J 20:6371–6382.
   Google Scholar
• Skaar JR, Pagano M. 2008. Cdh1: a master G0/G1 regulator. Nat Cell Biol 10:755–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaar JR, Pagano M. 2009. Control of cell growth by the SCF and APC/C ubiquitin ligases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21:816–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song MS, Lim DS. 2004. Control of APC-Cdc20 by the tumor suppressor RASSF1A. Cell Cycle 3:574–576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song MS, Song SJ, Ayad NG, Chang JS, Lee JH, Hong HK, Lee H, Choi N, Kim J, Kim H, Kim JW, Choi EJ, Kirschner MW, Lim DS. 2004. The tumour suppressor RASSF1A regulates mitosis by inhibiting the APC-Cdc20 complex. Nat Cell Biol 6:129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen JA, Steen H, Georgi A, Parker K, Springer M, Kirchner M, Hamprecht F, Kirschner MW. 2008. Different phosphorylation states of the anaphase promoting complex in response to antimitotic drugs: a quantitative proteomic analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:6069–6074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stegmeier F, Rape M, Draviam VM, Nalepa G, Sowa ME, Ang XL, McDonald ER 3rd, Li MZ, Hannon GJ, Sorger PK, Kirschner MW, Harper JW, Elledge SJ. 2007. Anaphase initiation is regulated by antagonistic ubiquitination and deubiquitination activities. Nature 446:876–881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sudakin V, Ganoth D, Dahan A, Heller H, Hershko J, Luca FC, Ruderman JV, Hershko A. 1995. The cyclosome, a large complex containing cyclin-selective ubiquitin ligase activity, targets cyclins for destruction at the end of mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 6:185–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudakin V, Shteinberg M, Ganoth D, Hershko J, Hershko A. 1997. Binding of activated cyclosome to p13(suc1). Use for affinity purification. J Biol Chem 272:18051–18059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudakin V, Chan GK, Yen TJ. 2001. Checkpoint inhibition of the APC/C in HeLa cells is mediated by a complex of BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2. J Cell Biol 154:925–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan M, Morgan DO. 2007. A novel destruction sequence targets the meiotic regulator Spo13 for anaphase-promoting complex-dependent degradation in anaphase I. J Biol Chem 282:19710–19715.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Summers MK, Pan B, Mukhyala K, Jackson PK. 2008. The unique N terminus of the UbcH10 E2 enzyme controls the threshold for APC activation and enhances checkpoint regulation of the APC. Mol Cell 31:544–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan A, Schüpbach T. 2007. The Cdc20 (Fzy)/Cdh1-related protein, Cort, cooperates with Fzy in cyclin destruction and anaphase progression in meiosis I and II in Drosophila. Development 134:891–899.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka K. 2009. The proteasome: overview of structure and functions. Proc Jpn Acad, Ser B, Phys Biol Sci 85:12–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang W, Wu JQ, Chen C, Yang CS, Guo JY, Freel CD, Kornbluth S. 2010. Emi2-mediated inhibition of E2-substrate ubiquitin transfer by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome through a D-box-independent mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 21:2589–2597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang Z, Bharadwaj R, Li B, Yu H. 2001a. Mad2-Independent inhibition of APCCdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1. Dev Cell 1:227–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Z, Li B, Bharadwaj R, Zhu H, Ozkan E, Hakala K, Deisenhofer J, Yu H. 2001b. APC2 Cullin protein and APC11 RING protein comprise the minimal ubiquitin ligase module of the anaphase-promoting complex. Mol Biol Cell 12:3839–3851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Z, Shu H, Oncel D, Chen S, Yu H. 2004. Phosphorylation of Cdc20 by Bub1 provides a catalytic mechanism for APC/C inhibition by the spindle checkpoint. Mol Cell 16:387–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedesco D, Zhang J, Trinh L, Lalehzadeh G, Meisner R, Yamaguchi KD, Ruderman DL, Dinter H, Zajchowski DA. 2007. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-EPF is overexpressed in primary breast cancer and modulates sensitivity to topoisomerase II inhibition. Neoplasia 9:601–613.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teodoro JG, Heilman DW, Parker AE, Green MR. 2004. The viral protein Apoptin associates with the anaphase-promoting complex to induce G2/M arrest and apoptosis in the absence of p53. Genes Dev 18:1952–1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirthagiri E, Robinson CM, Huntley S, Davies M, Yap LF, Prime SS, Paterson IC. 2007. Spindle assembly checkpoint and centrosome abnormalities in oral cancer. Cancer Lett 258:276–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton BR, Toczyski DP. 2003. Securin and B-cyclin/CDK are the only essential targets of the APC. Nat Cell Biol 5:1090–1094.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thornton BR, Ng TM, Matyskiela ME, Carroll CW, Morgan DO, Toczyski DP. 2006. An architectural map of the anaphase-promoting complex. Genes Dev 20:449–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton BR, Toczyski DP. 2006. Precise destruction: an emerging picture of the APC. Genes Dev 20:3069–3078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrower JS, Hoffman L, Rechsteiner M, Pickart CM. 2000. Recognition of the polyubiquitin proteolytic signal. EMBO J 19:94–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres JZ, Ban KH, Jackson PK. 2010. A specific form of phospho protein phosphatase 2 regulates anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome association with spindle poles. Mol Biol Cell 21:897–904.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torres MP, Borchers CH. 2007. Mitotic phosphorylation of the anaphase-promoting complex inhibitory subunit Mnd2 is necessary for efficient progression through meiosis i. J Biol Chem 282:17351–17362.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Townsley FM, Aristarkhov A, Beck S, Hershko A, Ruderman JV. 1997. Dominant-negative cyclin-selective ubiquitin carrier protein E2-C/UbcH10 blocks cells in metaphase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:2362–2367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran K, Mahr JA, Choi J, Teodoro JG, Green MR, Spector DH. 2008. Accumulation of substrates of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) during human cytomegalovirus infection is associated with the phosphorylation of Cdh1 and the dissociation and relocalization of APC subunits. J Virol 82:529–537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tran K, Kamil JP, Coen DM, Spector DH. 2010. Inactivation and disassembly of the anaphase-promoting complex during human cytomegalovirus infection is associated with degradation of the APC5 and APC4 subunits and does not require UL97-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1. J Virol 84:10832–10843.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsurumi C, Hoffmann S, Geley S, Graeser R, Polanski Z. 2004. The spindle assembly checkpoint is not essential for CSF arrest of mouse oocytes. J Cell Biol 167:1037–1050.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tugendreich S, Tomkiel J, Earnshaw W, Hieter P. 1995. CDC27Hs colocalizes with CDC16Hs to the centrosome and mitotic spindle and is essential for the metaphase to anaphase transition. Cell 81:261–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tung JJ, Hansen DV, Ban KH, Loktev AV, Summers MK, Adler JR 3rd, Jackson PK. 2005. A role for the anaphase-promoting complex inhibitor Emi2/XErp1, a homolog of early mitotic inhibitor 1, in cytostatic factor arrest of Xenopus eggs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:4318–4323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tung JJ, Jackson PK. 2005. Emi1 class of proteins regulate entry into meiosis and the meiosis I to meiosis II transition in Xenopus oocytes. Cell Cycle 4:478–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leuken R, Clijsters L, Wolthuis R. 2008. To cell cycle, swing the APC/C. Biochim Biophys Acta 1786:49–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ree JH, Jeganathan KB, Malureanu L, van Deursen JM. 2010. Overexpression of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH10 causes chromosome missegregation and tumor formation. J Cell Biol 188:83–100.
   Google Scholar
• van Zon W, Ogink J, ter Riet B, Medema RH, te Riele H, Wolthuis RM. 2010. The APC/C recruits cyclin B1-Cdk1-Cks in prometaphase before D box recognition to control mitotic exit. J Cell Biol 190:587–602.
   Google Scholar
• Vanoosthuyse V, Hardwick KG. 2009. A novel protein phosphatase 1-dependent spindle checkpoint silencing mechanism. Curr Biol 19:1176–1181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visintin R, Prinz S, Amon A. 1997. CDC20 and CDH1: a family of substrate-specific activators of APC-dependent proteolysis. Science 278:460–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visintin R, Craig K, Hwang ES, Prinz S, Tyers M, Amon A. 1998. The phosphatase Cdc14 triggers mitotic exit by reversal of Cdk-dependent phosphorylation. Mol Cell 2:709–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vodermaier HC, Gieffers C, Maurer-Stroh S, Eisenhaber F, Peters JM. 2003. TPR subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1. Curr Biol 13:1459–1468.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vodermaier HC. 2004. APC/C and SCF: controlling each other and the cell cycle. Curr Biol 14:R787–R796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wai P, Truong B, Bhat KM. 1999. Cell division genes promote asymmetric interaction between Numb and Notch in the Drosophila CNS. Development 126:2759–2770.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker A, Acquaviva C, Matsusaka T, Koop L, Pines J. 2008. UbcH10 has a rate-limiting role in G1 phase but might not act in the spindle checkpoint or as part of an autonomous oscillator. J Cell Sci 121:2319–2326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Dye BT, Rajashankar KR, Kurinov I, Schulman BA. 2009. Insights into anaphase promoting complex TPR subdomain assembly from a CDC26-APC6 structure. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16:987–989.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Q, Moyret-Lalle C, Couzon F, Surbiguet-Clippe C, Saurin JC, Lorca T, Navarro C, Puisieux A. 2003. Alterations of anaphase-promoting complex genes in human colon cancer cells. Oncogene 22:1486–1490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wäsch R, Robbins JA, Cross FR. 2010. The emerging role of APC/CCdh1 in controlling differentiation, genomic stability and tumor suppression. Oncogene 29:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann K, Liberal V, Benezra R. 2003a. Mad2 phosphorylation regulates its association with Mad1 and the APC/C. EMBO J 22:797–806.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wassmann K, Niault T, Maro B. 2003b. Metaphase I arrest upon activation of the Mad2-dependent spindle checkpoint in mouse oocytes. Curr Biol 13:1596–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei L, Liang XW, Zhang QH, Li M, Yuan J, Li S, Sun SC, Ouyang YC, Schatten H, Sun QY. 2010. BubR1 is a spindle assembly checkpoint protein regulating meiotic cell cycle progression of mouse oocyte. Cell Cycle 9:1112–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendt KS, Vodermaier HC, Jacob U, Gieffers C, Gmachl M, Peters JM, Huber R, Sondermann P. 2001. Crystal structure of the APC10/DOC1 subunit of the human anaphase-promoting complex. Nat Struct Biol 8:784–788.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitehurst AW, Ram R, Shivakumar L, Gao B, Minna JD, White MA. 2008. The RASSF1A tumor suppressor restrains anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome activity during the G1/S phase transition to promote cell cycle progression in human epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 28:3190–3197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebusch L, Bach M, Uecker R, Hagemeier C. 2005. Human cytomegalovirus inactivates the G0/G1-APC/C ubiquitin ligase by Cdh1 dissociation. Cell Cycle 4:1435–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson A, Wickliffe KE, Mellone BG, Song L, Karpen GH, Rape M. 2009. Identification of a physiological E2 module for the human anaphase-promoting complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:18213–18218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson-Grady JT, Villén J, Gygi SP. 2008. Phosphoproteome analysis of fission yeast. J Proteome Res 7:1088–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth KG, Ricci R, Giménez-Abián JF, Taghybeeglu S, Kudo NR, Jochum W, Vasseur-Cognet M, Nasmyth K. 2004. Loss of the anaphase-promoting complex in quiescent cells causes unscheduled hepatocyte proliferation. Genes Dev 18:88–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolthuis R, Clay-Farrace L, van Zon W, Yekezare M, Koop L, Ogink J, Medema R, Pines J. 2008. Cdc20 and Cks direct the spindle checkpoint-independent destruction of cyclin A. Mol Cell 30:290–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Merbl Y, Huo Y, Gallop JL, Tzur A, Kirschner MW. 2010. UBE2S drives elongation of K11-linked ubiquitin chains by the anaphase-promoting complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:1355–1360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia G, Luo X, Habu T, Rizo J, Matsumoto T, Yu H. 2004. Conformation-specific binding of p31(comet) antagonizes the function of Mad2 in the spindle checkpoint. EMBO J 23:3133–3143.
   Google Scholar
• Xu P, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Cheng D, Xie Y, Robert J, Rush J, Hochstrasser M, Finley D, Peng J. 2009. Quantitative proteomics reveals the function of unconventional ubiquitin chains in proteasomal degradation. Cell 137:133–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada H, Kumada K, Yanagida M. 1997. Distinct subunit functions and cell cycle regulated phosphorylation of 20S APC/cyclosome required for anaphase in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 110 (Pt 15):1793–1804.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamada HY, Matsumoto S, Matsumoto T. 2000. High dosage expression of a zinc finger protein, Grt1, suppresses a mutant of fission yeast slp1(+), a homolog of CDC20/p55CDC/Fizzy. J Cell Sci 113 (Pt 22):3989–3999.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamano H, Tsurumi C, Gannon J, Hunt T. 1998. The role of the destruction box and its neighbouring lysine residues in cyclin B for anaphase ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in fission yeast: defining the D-box receptor. EMBO J 17:5670–5678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita YM, Nakaseko Y, Samejima I, Kumada K, Yamada H, Michaelson D, Yanagida M. 1996. 20S cyclosome complex formation and proteolytic activity inhibited by the cAMP/PKA pathway. Nature 384:276–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M, Li B, Tomchick DR, Machius M, Rizo J, Yu H, Luo X. 2007. p31comet blocks Mad2 activation through structural mimicry. Cell 131:744–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Kim AH, Bonni A. 2010. The dynamic ubiquitin ligase duo: Cdh1-APC and Cdc20-APC regulate neuronal morphogenesis and connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 20:92–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye Y, Rape M. 2009. Building ubiquitin chains: E2 enzymes at work. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:755–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon HJ, Feoktistova A, Chen JS, Jennings JL, Link AJ, Gould KL. 2006. Role of Hcn1 and its phosphorylation in fission yeast anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome function. J Biol Chem 281:32284–32293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu H, King RW, Peters JM, Kirschner MW. 1996. Identification of a novel ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme involved in mitotic cyclin degradation. Curr Biol 6:455–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H. 2007. Cdc20: a WD40 activator for a cell cycle degradation machine. Mol Cell 27:3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan B, Xu Y, Woo JH, Wang Y, Bae YK, Yoon DS, Wersto RP, Tully E, Wilsbach K, Gabrielson E. 2006. Increased expression of mitotic checkpoint genes in breast cancer cells with chromosomal instability. Clin Cancer Res 12:405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachariae W, Schwab M, Nasmyth K, Seufert W. 1998. Control of cyclin ubiquitination by CDK-regulated binding of Hct1 to the anaphase promoting complex. Science 282:1721–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Kulkarni K, Hanrahan SJ, Thompson AJ, Barford D. 2010a. The APC/C subunit Cdc16/Cut9 is a contiguous tetratricopeptide repeat superhelix with a homo-dimer interface similar to Cdc27. EMBO J 29:3733–3744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Roe SM, Diogon M, Kong E, El Alaoui H, Barford D. 2010b. Molecular structure of the N-terminal domain of the APC/C subunit Cdc27 reveals a homo-dimeric tetratricopeptide repeat architecture. J Mol Biol 397:1316–1328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zheng N, Schulman BA, Song L, Miller JJ, Jeffrey PD, Wang P, Chu C, Koepp DM, Elledge SJ, Pagano M, Conaway RC, Conaway JW, Harper JW, Pavletich NP. 2002. Structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Nature 416:703–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielke N, Querings S, Rottig C, Lehner C, Sprenger F. 2008. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is required for rereplication control in endoreplication cycles. Genes Dev 22:1690–1703.
   Google Scholar