Management of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a high risk of adverse outcome: the Mayo Clinic approach

References

• Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2007. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2010. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2007/
   Google Scholar
• Seftel MD, Demers AA, Banerji V, et al. High incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) diagnosed by immunophenotyping: a population-based Canadian cohort. Leuk Res 2009;33:1463–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 2010;60:277–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauro F, Foa R, Cerretti R, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic features. Blood 2000;95:2786–2792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyasa MJ, Parrish RS, Schichman SA, Zent CS. Autoimmune cytopenia does not predict poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2003;74:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zent CS, Ding W, Schwager SM, et al. The prognostic significance of cytopenia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL). Br J Haematol 2008;141:615–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno C, Hodgson K, Ferrer G, et al. Autoimmune cytopenias in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prevalence, clinical associations, and prognostic significance. Blood 2010;116:4771–4776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison VA. Infectious complications of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: pathogenesis, spectrum of infection, preventive approaches. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2010;23:145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyasa MJ, Hazlett L, Parrish RS, Schichman SA, Zent CS. Veterans with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) have a markedly increased rate of second malignancy, which is the most common cause of death. Leuk Lymphoma 2004;45:507–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimberidou AM, Wen S, McLaughlin P, et al. Other malignancies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:904–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robak E, Robak T. Skin lesions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2007;48:855–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP, Chanana AD, Levy RN, Pasternack BS. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1975;46:219–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G, et al. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer 1981;48:198–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin T, Davis Z, Gardiner A, Oscier D, Stevenson F. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999;94:1848–1854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999;94:1840–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A, et al. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1910–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewald GW, Brockman SR, Paternoster SF, et al. Chromosome anomalies detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization: correlation with significant biological features of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003;121:287–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohner H, Fischer K, Bentz M, et al. p53 gene deletion predicts for poor survival and non-response to therapy with purine analogs in chronic B-cell leukemias. Blood 1995;85:1580–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenz T, Eichhorst B, Busch R, et al. TP53 mutation and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4473–4479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S, James MR, et al. 11q deletions identify a new subset of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by extensive nodal involvement and inferior prognosis. Blood 1997;89:2516–2522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fegan C, Robinson H, Thompson P, Whittaker JA, White D. Karyotypic evolution in CLL: identification of a new sub-group of patients with deletions of 11q and advanced or progressive disease. Leukemia 1995;9:2003–2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin G, Thunberg U, Johnson A, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemias utilizing the VH3-21 gene display highly restricted Vlambda2-14 gene use and homologous CDR3s: implicating recognition of a common antigen epitope. Blood 2003;101:4952–4957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolz JC, Tschumper RC, Pittner BT, Darce JR, Kay NE, Jelinek DF. ZAP-70 is expressed by a subset of normal human B-lymphocytes displaying an activated phenotype. Leukemia 2005;19:1018–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespo M, Bosch F, Villamor N, et al. ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate for immunoglobulin-variable-region mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1764–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassenti LZ, Huynh L, Toy TL, et al. ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2004;351:893–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zent CS, Call TG, Hogan WJ, Shanafelt TD, Kay NE. Update on risk-stratified management for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2006;47:1738–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Witzig TE, Fink SR, et al. Prospective evaluation of clonal evolution during long-term follow-up of patients with untreated early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4634–4641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurmes P, Call T, Slager S, et al. Comorbid conditions and survival in unselected, newly diagnosed patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2008;49:49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zent CS. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the elderly: who should be treated? Am Soc Clin Oncol Ed 2010: 268–271.
   Google Scholar
• Extermann M, Overcash J, Lyman GH, Parr J, Balducci L. Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1582–1587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Hermelink HK, Montserrat E, Catovsky D, Campo E, Harris NL, Stein H. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. WHO classification of tumors of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissueIn: Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, , editors. et al. Lyon: IARC; 2008. pp 180–187.
   Google Scholar
• Nowakowski GS, Dewald GW, Hoyer JD, et al. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization with an IGH probe is important in the evaluation of patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2005;130:36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morice WG, Kurtin PJ, Hodnefield JM, et al. Predictive value of blood and bone marrow flow cytometry in B-cell lymphoma classification: comparative analysis of flow cytometry and tissue biopsy in 252 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:776–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dronca RS, Jevremovic D, Hanson CA, et al. CD5-positive chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: diagnosis and prognosis of a heterogeneous disease entity. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2010;78(Suppl. 1): S35–S41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jevremovic D, Dronca RS, Morice WG, et al. CD5+ B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: beyond chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma. Leuk Res 2010;34:1235–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Geyer SM, Bone ND, et al. CD49d expression is an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a prognostic parameter with therapeutic potential. Br J Haematol 2008;140:537–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austen B, Skowronska A, Baker C, et al. Mutation status of the residual ATM allele is an important determinant of the cellular response to chemotherapy and survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia containing an 11q deletion. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:5448–5457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asslaber D, Pinon JD, Seyfried I, et al. MicroRNA-34a expression correlates with MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and treatment-free survival in chronic lymphocytic anemia. Blood 2010;115:4191–4197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujawski L, Ouillette P, Erba H, et al. Genomic complexity identifies patients with aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2008;112:1993–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group (NCI-WG) 1996 guidelines. Blood 2008;111:5446–5456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruzzi JF, Macapinlac H, Tsimberidou AM, et al. Detection of Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2006;47:1267–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorst B, Goede V, Hallek M. Treatment of elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009;50:171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemotherapeutic options in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. CLL Trialists' Collaborative Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:861–868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tam CS, Shanafelt TD, Wierda WG, et al. De novo deletion 17p13.1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia shows significant clinical heterogeneity: the M. D. Anderson and Mayo Clinic experience. Blood 2009;114:957–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best OG, Gardiner AC, Davis ZA, et al. A subset of Binet stage A CLL patients with TP53 abnormalities and mutated IGHV genes have stable disease. Leukemia 2009;23:212–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zent CS, Call TG, Shanafelt TD, et al. Early treatment of high risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia with alemtuzumab and rituximab. Cancer 2008;113:2110–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Albitar M, et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4079–4088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay NE, Geyer SM, Call TG, et al. Combination chemoimmunotherapy with pentostatin, cyclophosphamide and rituximab shows significant clinical activity with low accompanying toxicity in previously untreated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2007;109:405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallek M, Fischer K, Fingerle-Rowson G, et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2010;376:1164–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stilgenbauer S, Eichhorst BF, Busch R, et al. Biologic and clinical markers for outcome after fludarabine (F) or F and cyclophosphamide (FC) - comprehensive analysis of the CLL4 trial of the GCLLSG. Blood 2008;112(Suppl. 1): Abstract 2089.
   Google Scholar
• Kay NE, Wu W, Kabat B, et al. Pentostatin and rituximab therapy for previously untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2010;116:2180–2187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton PD, Matutes E, Bosanquet AG, et al. High dose methylprednisolone can induce remissions in CLL patients with p53 abnormalities. Ann Hematol 2003;82:759–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stilgenbauer S, Döhner H. Campath-1H-induced complete remission of chronic lymphocytic leukemia despite p53 gene mutation and resistance to chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2002;347:452–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faderl S, Thomas DA, O'Brien S, et al. Experience with alemtuzumab plus rituximab in patients with relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancies. Blood 2003;101:3413–3415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen DA, Call TG, Jenkins GD, et al. Methylprednisolone-rituximab is an effective salvage therapy for patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia including those with unfavorable cytogenetic features. Leuk Lymphoma 2007;48:2412–2417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro JE, Sandoval-Sus JD, Bole J, Rassenti L, Kipps TJ. Rituximab in combination with high-dose methylprednisolone for the treatment of fludarabine refractory high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2008;22:2048–2053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettitt AR, Matutes E, Oscier D. Alemtuzumab in combination with high-dose methylprednisolone is a logical, feasible and highly active therapeutic regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients with p53 defects. Leukemia 2006;20:1441–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorror ML, Storer BE, Sandmaier BM, et al. Five-year follow-up of patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4912–4920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreger P, Dohner H, Ritgen M, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation provides durable disease control in poor-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia: long-term clinical and MRD results of the German CLL Study Group CLL3X trial. Blood 2010;116:2438–2447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher T, Miller KC, Lawrence D, et al. Efficacy of lenalidomide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with high-risk cytogenetics. Leuk Lymphoma 2010;51:85–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierda WG, Kipps TJ, Mayer J, et al. Ofatumumab as single-agent CD20 immunotherapy in fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1749–1755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foon KA, Boyiadzis M, Land SR, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with low-dose fludarabine and cyclophosphamide and high dose rituximab in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:498–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus R, Imrie K, Belch A, et al. CVP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CVP as first-line treatment for advanced follicular lymphoma. Blood 2005;105:1417–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen DA, Call TG, Shanafelt TD, et al. Treatment of autoimmune cytopenia complicating progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. Leuk Lymphoma 2010;51:620–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Har-Noy M, Zeira M, Weiss L, Fingerut E, Or R, Slavin S. Allogeneic CD3/CD28 cross-linked Th1 memory cells provide potent adjuvant effects for active immunotherapy of leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Res 2009;33:525–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter DL, Levine BL, Bunin N, et al. A phase 1 trial of donor lymphocyte infusions expanded and activated ex vivo via CD3/CD28 costimulation. Blood 2006;107:1325–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay AG, Johnson AJ, Lee AM, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia T cells show impaired immunological synapse formation that can be reversed with an immunomodulating drug. J Clin Invest 2008;118:2427–2437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar