The role of bone marrow biopsy examination at diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a reappraisal

References

• Chiorazzi N, Rai KR, Ferrarini M. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2005;352:804–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messmer BT, Messmer D, Allen SL, et al. In vivo measurements document the dynamic cellular kinetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. J Clin Invest 2005;115:755–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger JA, Ghia P, Rosenwald A, et al. The microenvironment in mature B-cell malignancies: a target for new treatment strategies. Blood 2009;114:3367–3375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghia P, Chiorazzi N, Stamatopoulos K. Microenvironmental influences in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: the role of antigen stimulation. J Intern Med 2008;264:549–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fais F, Ghiotto F, Hashimoto S, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells express restricted sets of mutated and unmutated antigen receptors. J Clin Invest 1998;102:1515–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agathangelidis A, Darzentas N, Hadzidimitriou A, et al. Stereotyped B-cell receptors in one third of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: towards a molecular classification with implications for targeted therapeutic interventions. Blood 2012;119:4467–4475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999;94:1840–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A, et al. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999;94:1848–1854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messmer BT, Albesiano E, Efremov DG, et al. Multiple distinct sets of stereotyped antigen receptors indicate a role for antigen in promoting chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 2004;200:519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatopoulos K, Belessi C, Moreno C, et al. Over 20% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia carry stereotyped receptors: pathogenetic implications and clinical correlations. Blood 2007;109:259–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darzentas N, Hadzidimitriou A, Murray F, et al. A different ontogenesis for chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases carrying stereotyped antigen receptors: molecular and computational evidence. Leukemia 2010;24:125–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiorazzi N. Implications of new prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2012:76–87.
   Google Scholar
• Mertens D, Bullinger L, Stilgenbauer S. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia--genomics lead the way. Haematologica 2011;96:1402–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillmen P. Using the biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to choose treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011:104–109.
   Google Scholar
• Montillo M, Hamblin T, Hallek M, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: novel prognostic factors and their relevance for risk-adapted therapeutic strategies. Haematologica 2005;90:391–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronska A, Parker A, Ahmed G, et al. Biallelic ATM inactivation significantly reduces survival in patients treated on the United Kingdom Leukemia Research Fund Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 4 trial. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:4524–4532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puente XS, Pinyol M, Quesada V, et al. Whole-genome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nature 2011;475:101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbri G, Rasi S, Rossi D, et al. Analysis of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia coding genome: role of NOTCH1 mutational activation. J Exp Med 2011;208:1389–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada V, Conde L, Villamor N, et al. Exome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 2011;44:47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Lawrence MS, Wan Y, et al. SF3B1 and other novel cancer genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2497–2506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi D, Fangazio M, Rasi S, et al. Disruption of BIRC3 associates with fludarabine chemorefractoriness in TP53 wild-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012;119:2854–2862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oscier DG, Rose-Zerilli MJ, Winkelmann N, et al. The clinical significance of NOTCH1 and SF3B1 mutations in the UK LRF CLL4 trial. Blood 2013;121:468–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson R, Mansouri L, Rosenquist R. Exploring the genetic landscape in chronic lymphocytic leukemia using high-resolution technologies. Leuk Lymphoma 2013 Feb 28. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damm F, Nguyen-Khac F, Fontenay M, et al. Spliceosome and other novel mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and myeloid malignancies. Leukemia 2012;26:2027–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman RR. Prognostic markers and stratification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010:77–81.
   Google Scholar
• Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A, et al. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1910–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenz T, Mertens D, Dohner H, et al. Importance of genetics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Rev 2011;25:131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein U, Lia M, Crespo M, et al. The DLEU2/miR-15a/16-1 cluster controls B cell proliferation and its deletion leads to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell 2010;17:28–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lia M, Carette A, Tang H, et al. Functional dissection of the chromosome 13q14 tumor-suppressor locus using transgenic mouse lines. Blood 2012;119:2981–2990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood 2008;111:5446–5456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Hermelink H, Montserrat E, Catovsky D, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. In: Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris N, et al., editors. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008. pp 180–182.
   Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Ghia P, Lanasa MC, et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): biology, natural history and clinical management. Leukemia 2010;24:512–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghia P, Caligaris-Cappio F. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: right track or red herring?Blood 2012;119:4358–4362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charron D, Dighiero G, Raphael M, et al. Bone-marrow patterns and clinical staging in chronic lymphocyte leukaemia. Lancet 1977;2:819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozman C, Montserrat E, Rodriguez-Fernandez JM, et al. Bone marrow histologic pattern--the best single prognostic parameter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multivariate survival analysis of 329 cases. Blood 1984;64:642–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauro FR, De Rossi G, Burgio VL, et al. Prognostic value of bone marrow histology in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A study of 335 untreated cases from a single institution. Haematologica 1994;79: 334–341.
   Google Scholar
• Schade U, Bock O, Vornhusen S, et al. Bone marrow infiltration pattern in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is related to immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region mutation status and expression of 70-kd zeta-associated protein (ZAP-70). Hum Pathol 2006;37:1153–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Nieto L, Montserrat-Costa E, Muncunill J, et al. Bone-marrow patterns and clinical staging in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet 1977;1:1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pangalis GA, Roussou PA, Kittas C, et al. Patterns of bone marrow involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic (well differentiated) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Its clinical significance in relation to their differential diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer 1984;54:702–708.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanatha DS, Montgomery KD, Foucar K. Mature B-cell neoplasms: chronic lymphocytic leukemia–small lymphocytic lymphoma, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Vardiman JW, et al., editors. Hematopathology. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2011. pp. 221–236.
   Google Scholar
• Foucar K. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prolymphocytic leukemia. In: Knowles D, editor. Neooplastic hematopathology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. pp 1505–1529.
   Google Scholar
• Oscier DG, Matutes E, Copplestone A, et al. Atypical lymphocyte morphology: an adverse prognostic factor for disease progression in stage A CLL independent of trisomy 12. Br J Haematol 1997;98:934–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frater JL, McCarron KF, Hammel JP, et al. Typical and atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia differ clinically and immunophenotypically. Am J Clin Pathol 2001;116:655–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho AK, Hill S, Preobrazhensky SN, et al. Small B-cell neoplasms with typical mantle cell lymphoma immunophenotypes often include chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Am J Clin Pathol 2009;131:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett MH, Farrer-Brown G, Henry K, et al. Classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Lancet 1974;304:405–408.
   Google Scholar
• Yin CC, Lin P, Carney DA, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma associated with IgM paraprotein. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:594–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Hermelink H, Catovsky D, Montserrat E, et al. Mature B-cell neoplasms: chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. In: Jaffe E, Harris NL, Stein H, et al., editors. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press; 2001. pp 127–130.
   Google Scholar
• Lennert K, Tamm I, Wacker HH. Histopathology and immunocytochemistry of lymph node biopsies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and immunocytoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1991;5(Suppl.):157–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offit K, Louie DC, Parsa NZ, et al. Del (7)(q32) is associated with a subset of small lymphocytic lymphoma with plasmacytoid features. Blood 1995;86:2365–2370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanasiadou A, Stamatopoulos K, Tsompanakou A, et al. Clinical, immunophenotypic, and molecular profiling of trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and comparison with other karyotypic subgroups defined by cytogenetic analysis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2006;168:109–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criel A, Verhoef G, Vlietinck R, et al. Further characterization of morphologically defined typical and atypical CLL: a clinical, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and prognostic study on 390 cases. Br J Haematol 1997;97:383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjalmar V, Kimby E, Matutes E, et al. Trisomy 12 and lymphoplasmacytoid lymphocytes in chronic leukemic B-cell disorders. Haematologica 1998;83:602–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matutes E, Oscier D, Garcia-Marco J, et al. Trisomy 12 defines a group of CLL with atypical morphology: correlation between cytogenetic, clinical and laboratory features in 544 patients. Br J Haematol 1996;92:382–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlette E, Medeiros LJ, Keating M, et al. CD79b expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Association with trisomy 12 and atypical immunophenotype. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:561–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans HL, Polski JM, Deshpande V, et al. CD5 + true SLL/CLL with plasmacytic differentiation and an unusual 1p36 translocation: case report and review of the literature. Leuk Lymphoma 2000;39: 625–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles FJ, O’Brien SM, Keating MJ. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in (Richter's) transformation. Semin Oncol 1998;25:117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi D, Gaidano G. Richter syndrome: molecular insights and clinical perspectives. Hematol Oncol 2009;27:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams J, Schned A, Cotelingam JD, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with coexistent Hodgkin's disease. Implications for the origin of the Reed-Sternberg cell. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:33–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momose H, Jaffe ES, Shin SS, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells and possible transformation to Hodgkin's disease. Mediation by Epstein-Barr virus. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:859–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno T, Smir BN, Weisenburger DD, et al. Origin of the Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with “Hodgkin's transformation”. Blood 1998;91:1757–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanzler H, Kuppers R, Helmes S, et al. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg-like cells in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia represent the outgrowth of single germinal-center B-cell-derived clones: potential precursors of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease. Blood 2000;95:1023–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl LF, Ketchum LH. Autoimmune disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, and autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Semin Oncol 1998;25: 80–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittaluga S, Verhoef G, Maes A, et al. Bone marrow trephines. Findings in patients with hairy cell leukaemia before and after treatment. Histopathology 1994;25:129–135.
   Google Scholar
• Henry K. Bone marrow dysplasia in patients at presentation (lymphoma related dyshaematopoiesis). 6th International Course on Bone Marrow Biopsy Pathology. Hannover: European Bone Marrow Working Group; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz LR, Ross DW, Orringer EP. Hairy cell leukemia with acquired dyserythropoiesis. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:554–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molica S, Mauro FR, Giannarelli D, et al. Differentiating chronic lymphocytic leukemia from monoclonal B-lymphocytosis according to clinical outcome: on behalf of the GIMEMA chronic lymphoproliferative diseases working group. Haematologica 2011;96:277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson SE, Swerdlow SH, Ferry JA, et al. Reassessment of small lymphocytic lymphoma in the era of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Haematologica 2011;96:1144–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooij MF, Kuil A, Geest CR, et al. The clinically active BTK inhibitor PCI-32765 targets B-cell receptor- and chemokine-controlled adhesion and migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012;119: 2590–2594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponader S, Chen SS, Buggy JJ, et al. The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor PCI-32765 thwarts chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival and tissue homing in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2012;119: 1182–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar