References
- Andrews SW, Kabrah S, May JE, et al. Multiple myeloma: the bone marrow microenvironment and its relation to treatment. Br J Biomed Sci 2013;70:110–120.
- Kumar SK, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, et al. Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies. Blood 2008;111:2516–2520.
- Landgren O. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma: biological insights and early treatment strategies. Hematology Educ Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2013;2013:478–487.
- Landgren O, Kyle RA, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study. Blood 2009;113:5412–5417.
- Morgan GJ, Walker BA, Davies FE. The genetic architecture of multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:335–348.
- Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2009;9:162–174.
- Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: more mechanisms for inhibiting antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010;59:1593–1600.
- Tadmor T, Attias D, Polliack A. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells—their role in haemato-oncological malignancies and other cancers and possible implications for therapy. Br J Haematol 2011;153:557–567.
- Rodriguez PC, Ochoa AC. Arginine regulation by myeloid derived suppressor cells and tolerance in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Immunol Rev 2008;222:180–191.
- Brimnes MK, Vangsted AJ, Knudsen LM, et al. Increased level of both CD4 + FOXP3 + regulatory T cells and CD14 + HLA-DR(-)/low myeloid-derived suppressor cells and decreased level of dendritic cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Scand J Immunol 2010;72:540–547.
- Gorgun GT, Whitehill G, Anderson JL, et al. Tumor-promoting immune-suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the multiple myeloma microenvironment in humans. Blood 2013;121:2975–2987.
- Sawant A, Ponnazhagan S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as osteoclast progenitors: a novel target for controlling osteolytic bone metastasis. Cancer Res 2013;73:4606–4610.
- Zhuang J, Zhang J, Lwin ST, et al. Osteoclasts in multiple myeloma are derived from Gr-1 + CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells. PloS One 2012;7:e48871.
- Favaloro J, Liyadipitiya T, Brown R, et al. Myeloid derived suppressor cells are numerically, functionally and phenotypically different in patients with multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2014;55:2893–2900.
- Luyckx A, Schouppe E, Rutgeerts O, et al. G-CSF stem cell mobilization in human donors induces polymorphonuclear and mononuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Clin Immunol 2012;143:83–87.