13
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: A New Marker of Proliferation in Cancer

&
Pages 459-468 | Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • Hartwell L. H., Weinert T. A. Checkpoints: Controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 1989; 246: 629–633
  • McIntosh J. R., Koonce M. P. Mitosis. Science 1989; 246: 622–628
  • Rittling S. R., Baserga R. Regulatory mechanisms in the expression of cell cycle dependent genes. Anticancer Res. 1987; 7: 541–552
  • Miyachi K., Fritzler M. J., Tan E. M. Autoantibody to a nuclear antigen in proliferation. J. Immunol. 1978; 121: 2228–2234
  • Kurki P., Lotz M., Ogata K., Tan E. M. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin in activated human T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 1987; 138: 4114–4120
  • Fairman M. P. DNA polymerase delta/PCNA: actions and interactions. J. Cell Sci. 1990; 95: 1–4
  • Ogata K. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen: Cyclin. Meth. Enzym. 1987; 150: 147–159
  • Keim D., Hailat N., Hodge D., Hanash S. M. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in childhood acute leukemia. Blood 1990; 76: 985–990
  • Celis J. E., Madsen P., Nielsen S., Celis A. Nuclear patterns of cyclin (PCNA) antigen distribution subdivide S-phase in cultured cells—some applications of PCNA antibodies. Leuk. Res. 1986; 10: 237–249
  • Tan E. M., Ogata K., Takasaki Y. PCNA/cyclin: a lupus antigen connected with DNA replication. J. Rheumatol. 1987; 13: 89–96
  • Bravo R., Celis J. E. A search for differential polypeptide synthesis throughout the cell cycle of HeLa cells. J. Cell Biol. 1980; 84: 795–802
  • Mathews M. B., Bernstein R. M., Franza B. R., Garrels J. I. Identity of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin. Nature 1984; 309: 374–376
  • Evans T., Rosenthal E. T., Youngblom J., Distel D., Hunt T. Cyclin: A protein specified by maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division. Cell 1983; 33: 389–396
  • Celis J. E., Madsen P., Celis A., Nielsen H. V., Gesser B. Cyclin (PCNA, auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase δ) is a central component of the pathway(s) leading to DNA replication and cell division. Febs Lett. 1987; 220: 1–7
  • Ogata K., Ogata Y., Nakamura R. M., Tan E. M. Purification and N-terminal amino acid sequence of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin and development of ELISA for anti-PCNA antibodies. J. Immunol 1985; 135: 2623–2627
  • Suzuka I., Daidoji H., Matsuoka M., Kadowaki K., Takasaki Y., Nakane P. K., Moriuchi T. Gene for proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (DNA polymerase delta auxiliary protein) is present in both mammalian and higher plant genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 3189–3193
  • Bravo R. Synthesis of the nuclear protein cyclin (PCNA) and its relationship with DNA replication. Experiment. Cell Res. 1986; 163: 287–293
  • Liu Y.-C., Marraccino R. L., Keng P. C., Bambara R. A., Lord E. M., Chou W.-G., Zain S. B. Requirement for proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression during stages of the Chinese hamster ovary cell cycle. Biochem. 1989; 28: 2967–2974
  • Matsumoto K., Moriuchi T., Koji T., Nakane P. K. Molecular cloning of cDNA coding for rat proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin. EMBO J. 1987; 6: 637–642
  • Jaskulski D., Gatti C., Travali S., Calabretta B., Baserga R. Regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen cyclin and thymidine kinase mRNA levels by growth factors. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 10175–10179
  • Almendral J. M., Huebsch D., Blundell P. A., Macdonald-Bravo H., Bravo R. Cloning and sequence of the human nuclear protein cyclin: Homology with DNA-binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 1575–1579
  • Ku D. H., Travali S., Calabretta B., Huebner K., Baserga R. Human gene for proliferating cell nuclear antigen has pseudogenes and localizes to chromosome 20. Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 1989; 15: 297–307
  • Webb G., Parsons P., Chenevix-Trench G. Localization of the gene for human proliferating nuclear antigen/cyclin by in situ hybridization. Hum. Genet. 1990; 86: 84–86
  • Rizzo M. G., Ottavio L., Travali S., Chang C. D., Kaminska B., Baserga R. The promoter of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene is bidirectional. Experiment. Cell Res. 1990; 188: 286–293
  • Ogata K., Kurki P., Celis J. E., Nakamura R. M., Tan E. M. Monoclonal antibodies to a nuclear protein (PCNA/cyclin) associated with DNA replication. Experiment. Cell Res. 1987; 168: 475–486
  • Kurki P., Ogato K., Tan E. M. Monoclonal antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin as probes for proliferating cells by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. J. Immunol. Methods 1988; 109: 49–59
  • Takasaki Y., Ohgaki M., Kodama A., Ogata K., Hashimoto H., Shirai T., Hirose S.-I. A sandwich type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin using monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunol. Methods 1990; 132: 227–237
  • Ogata K., Ogata Y., Takasaki Y., Tan E. M. Epitopes on proliferation cell nuclear antigen recognized by human lupus autoantibody and murine monoclonal antibody. J. Immunol 1987; 139: 2942–2946
  • Tan C.-K., Castillo C., So A. G., Downey K. M. An Auxiliary Protein for DNA Polymerase-δ from Fetal Calf Thymus. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 12310–12316
  • Bravo R., Frank R., Blundell P. A., Macdonald-Bravo H. Cyclin/PCNA is the auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-δ. Nature 1987; 326: 515–517
  • Prelich G., Tan C. K., Kostura M., Mathews M. B., So A. G., Downey K. M., Stillman B. Functional identify of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and a DNA polymerase-delta auxiliary protein. Nature 1987; 326: 517–520
  • Burgers P. M. J. Mammalian cyclin/PCNA (DNA polymerase 5 auxiliary protein) stimulates processive DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase III. Nucl. Acids Res. 1988; 16: 6297–6307
  • Tsurimoto T., Stillman B. Multiple replication factors augment DNA synthesis by the two eukaryotic DNA polymerases, alpha and gamma. EMBO J. 1989; 8: 3883–3889
  • Prelich G., Kostura M., Marshak D. R., Mathews M. B., Stillman B. The cell-cycle regulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for SV40 DNA replicatio. in vitro. Nature 1987; 326: 471–475
  • Prelich G., Stillman B. Coordinated leading and lagging strand synthesis during SV40 DNA replication in vitro requires PCNA. Cell 1988; 53: 117–126
  • Stillman B. Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication in vitro. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol 1989; 5: 197–245
  • Wong R. L., Katz M. E., Ogata K., Tan E. M., Cohen S. Inhibition of nuclear DNA synthesis by an autoantibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen/cyclin. Cell Immunol. 1987; 110: 443–448
  • Zuber M., Tan E. M., Ryoji M. Involvement of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (cyclin) in DNA replication in living cells. Mol. Cell. Biol 1989; 9: 57–66
  • Jaskulski D., De Riel J. K., Mercer W. E., Calabretta B., Baserga R. Inhibition of cellular proliferation by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PCNA cyclin. Science 1988; 240: 1544–1546
  • Sadaie M. R., Mathews M. B. Immunochemical and biochemical analysis of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in HeLa cells. Experiment. Cell Res. 1986; 163: 423–433
  • Hall P. A., Levison D. A., Woods A. L., Yu C. C., Kellock D. B., Watkins J. A., Barnes D. M., Gillett C. E., Camplejohn R., Dover R., et al. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolocalization in paraffin sections; an index of cell proliferation with evidence of deregulated expression in some neoplasms. J. Pathol. 1990; 162: 285–294
  • Celis J. U. E., Celis A. Cell cycle-dependent variations in the distribution of the nuclear protein cyclin proliferating cell nuclear antigen in cultured cells: Subdivision of S phase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82: 3262–3266
  • Bravo R., Macdonald-Bravo H. Changes in the nuclear distribution of cyclin (PCNA) but not its synthesis depend on DNA replication. EMBO J. 1985; 4: 655–661
  • Madsen P., Celis J. E. S-phase patterns of cyclin (PCNA) antigen staining resemble topographical patterns of DNA synthesis. A role for cyclin in DNA replication. Febs Letters 1985; 193: 5–11
  • Takasaki Y., Robinson W. A., Tan E. M. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen in blast crisis cells of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Journal of National Cancer Institute 1984; 73: 655–661
  • Takasaki Y., Fishwild D., Tan E. M. Characterization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen recognized by autoantibodies in lupus sera. J. Exp. Med. 1984; 159: 981–992
  • Shipman P. M., Sabath D. E., Fischer A. H., Comber P. G., Sullivan K., Tan E. M., Prystowsky M. B. Cyclin mRNA and protein expression in recombinant interleukin 2-stimulated cloned murine T lymphocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 1988; 38: 189–198
  • Morris G. F., Mathews M. B. Regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen during the cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 13856–13864
  • Kurki P., Vanderlaan M., Dolbeare F., Gray J., Tan E. M. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin during the cell cycle. Experiment. Cell Res. 1986; 166: 209–219
  • Connolly J. A., Sarabia V. E., Kelvin D. J., Wang E. The disappearance of a cyclin-like protein and the appearance of statin is correlated with the onset of differentiation during myogenesi. in vitro. Experiment. Cell Res. 1988; 174: 461–471
  • Bravo R., Macdonald-Bravo H. Existence of two populations of cyclin/proliferating cell nuclear antigen during the cell cycle: Association with DNA replication sites. J. Cell Biol 1987; 105: 1549–1554
  • Chang C. D., Ottavio L., Travali S., Lipson K. E., Baserga R. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 1990; 10: 3289–3296
  • Pietrzkowski Z., Alder H., Chang C. D., Ku D. H., Baserga R. Characterization of an enhancer-like structure in the promoter region of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene. Experiment. Cell Res. 1991; 193: 283–290
  • Ottavio L., Chang C. D., Rizzo M. G., Travali S., Casadevall C., Baserga R. Importance of introns in the growth regulation of mRNA levels of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene. Mol. Cell. Biol 1990; 10: 303–309
  • Bravo R., MacDonald-Bravo H. Induction of the nuclear protein ‘cyclin’ in quiescent mouse 3T3 cell stimulated by serum and growth factors. Correlation with DNA synthesis. EMBO J. 1984; 3: 3177–3181
  • Baumbach L. L., Marashi F., Plumb M., Stein G., Stein J. Inhibition of DNA replication coordinately reduces cellular levels of core and HI histone mRNAs: Requirement for protein synthesis. Biochem. 1984; 23: 1618–1625
  • Murashima A., Takasaki Y., Ohgaki M., Hashimoto H., Shirai T., Hirose S. Activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells detected by murine monoclonal antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen in active lupus patients. J. Clin. Immunol 1990; 10: 28–37
  • Celis J. E., Fey S. J., Larsen P. M., Celis A. Expression of the transformation-sensitive protein ‘cyclin’ in normal human epidermal basal cells and simian virus 40-transformed keratinocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 81: 3128–3132
  • Zuber M., Yasui W., Tan E. M., Ryoji M. Quantitation and subcellular localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin) in oocytes and eggs o. Xenopus laevis. Experiment. Cell Res. 1989; 182: 384–393
  • Adamson E. D., Woodland H. R. Changes in the rate of histone synthesis during oocyte maturation and very early development of Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 1977; 57: 136–149
  • Zierler M. K., Marini N. J., Stowers D. J., Benbow R. M. Stockpiling of DNA polymerases during oogenesis and embryogenesis in the frog, Xenopus laevis. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 974–981
  • Robbins B. A., de la Vega D., Ogata K., Tan E. M., Nakamura R. M. Immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in solid human malignancies. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med 1987; 111: 841–845
  • Dow L. W., Chang L. J. A., Tsiatis A. A., Melvin S. L., Bowman W. P. Relationship of pretreatment lymphoblast proliferative activity and prognosis in 97 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1982; 59: 1197–1202
  • Hart J. S., George S. L., Frei I E., II, Bodey G. P., Nickerson R. C., Freireich E. J. Prognostic significance of pretreatment proliferative activity in adult acute leukemia. Cancer 1977; 39: 1603–1617
  • Raza A., Preisler H. D., Day R., Yasin Z., White M., Lykins J., Kukla C., Barcos M., Bennett J., Browman G., Goldberg J., Grunwald H., Larson R., Vardiman J., Vogler R. Direct relationship between remission duration in acute myeloid leukemia and cell cycle kinetics: A leukemia intergroup study. Blood 1990; 76: 2191–2197
  • Garcia R. L., Coltrera M. D., Gown A. M. Analysis of proliferative grade using anti-PCNA/cyclin monoclonal antibodies in fixed, embedded tissues. Comparison with flow cytometric analysis. Am. J. Pathol. 1989; 134: 733–739
  • Smetana K., Gyorkey F., Chan P. K., Tan E., Busch H. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and human malignant tumor nucleolar antigens (HMTNA) in nucleoli of human hematological malignancies. Blut 1983; 46: 133–141
  • Battersby S., Anderson T. J. Correlation of proliferative activity in breast tissue using PCNA/cyclin [letter]. Hum. Pathol 1990; 21: 781
  • Celis J. E., Bravo R., Larsen P. M., Fey S. J. Cyclin: a nuclear protein whose level correlates directly with the proliferative state of normal as well as transformed cells. Leuk. Res. 1984; 143–157
  • Tabuchi K., Honda C., Nakane P. K. Demonstration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin) in glioma cells. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 1987; 27: 1–5
  • Gerdes J., Lemke H., Baisch H., Wacker H. H., Schwab U., Stein H. Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. J. Immunol. 1984; 133: 1710–1715
  • Lopez F., Belloc F., Lacombe F., Dumain P., Reiffers J., Bernard P., Boisseau M. R. Modalities of synthesis of Ki67 antigen during the stimulation of lymphocytes. Cytometry 1991; 12: 42–49
  • Lloyd R. V., Wilson B. S., Varani J., Gaur P. K., Moline S., Makari J. G. Immunocytochemical characterization of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes mitosing cells. Am. J. Pathol. 1985; 121: 275–283
  • Dippold W. G., Jay G., De Leo A. B., Khoury G., Old L. J. p53 transformation-related protein: detection by monoclonal antibody in mouse and human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Set. USA 1981; 78: 1695–1699
  • Brown D. C., Gatter K. C. Monoclonal antibody Ki-67: its use in histopathology. Histopathology 1990; 17: 489–503
  • Danova M., Riccardi A., Mazzini G. Cell cycle-related proteins and flow cytometry. Haematologica 1990; 75: 252–264
  • Landberg G., Tan E. M., Roos G. Flow cytometric multiparameter analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen/cyclin and Ki-67 antigen: A new view of the cell cycle. Experiment. Cell Res. 1990; 187: 111–118
  • Coltrera M. D., Gown A. M. PCNA/cyclin expression and BrdU uptake define different subpopulations in different cell lines. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1990; 39: 23–30
  • Hall P. A., Levison D. A. Review: assessment of cell proliferation in histological material. J. Clin. Pathol. 1990; 43: 184–192
  • Killman S.-A., Wantzin G. L. The kinetics of leukemic blast cells in man and the cytokinetic effect of cytostatic agent in vivo. Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematoi 1982; 24: 213–219
  • Murphy S. B., Aur R. J. A., Simone J. V., George S., Mauer A. M. Pretreatment cytokinetic studies in 94 children with acute leukemia. Relationship to other variables at diagnosis and to outcome of standard treatment. Blood, 49: 683–691
  • Hailat N., Strahler J., Melhem R., Zhu X. X., Brodeur G., Seeger R. C., Reynolds C. P., Hanash S. M. N-myc gene amplification in neuroblastoma is associated with altered phosphorylation of a proliferation related polypeptide (Op 18). Oncogene 1990; 5: 1615–1618

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.