51
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Transactivation of the Interleukin-1 Alpha Promoter by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus

&
Pages 421-433 | Accepted 01 Oct 1996, Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • March C. I., Mosley B., Larsen A., Cerretti D. P., Braedt G., Price V., Gillis S., Henney C. S., Kronheim S. R., Grahstein K., Conlon P. J., Hopp T. P., Cosman D. Cloning, sequence and expression of two distinct human interleukin-1 complementary DNAs. Nature 1985; 315: 641–647
  • Furutani Y., Notake M., Fukui T., Ohue M., Nomura H., Yamada M., Nakamura S. Complete nucleotide sequence of the gene for human interleukin 1 alpha. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986; 14: 3167–3179
  • Clark B. D., Collins K. L., Gandy M. S., Webb A. C., Auron P. E. Genomic sequence for human prointer-leukin 1 beta: Possible evolution from a reverse transcribed prointerleukin 1 alpha gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986; 14: 7897–7914
  • Webb A. C., Collins K. L., Auron P. E., Eddy R. L., Nakai H., Byers M. G., Haley L. L., Henry W. M., Shows T. B. Interleukin-I gene (IL1) assigned to long arm of human chromosome 2. Lymphokine Rex 1986; 5: 77–85
  • Auron P. E., Webb A. C. Interleukin-1: A gene expression system regulated at multiple levels. Eur. Cytokine New. 1994; 5: 573–592
  • Furutani Y. Molecular studies on interleukin-1 a. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 1994; 5: 533–538
  • Stevenson F. T., Bursten S. L., Fanton C., Locksley R. M., Lovett D. H. The 31-kDa precursor of interleukin 1 α is myristoylated on specific lysines within the 16-kDa N-terminal propiece. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 7245–7249
  • Kurt-Jones E. A., Beller D. I., Mizel S. B., Unanue E. R. Identification of a membrane-associated interleukin 1 in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82: 1204–1208
  • Kobayashi Y., Yamamoto K., Saido T., Kawasaki H., Oppenheim J. J., Matsushima K. Identification of calcium-activated neutral protease as a processing enzyme of human interleukin 1 α. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 5548–5552
  • Smith J. W., II, Urba W. J., Curti B. D., Elwood L. J., Steis R. G., Janik J. E., Sharfman W. H., Miller L. L., Fenton R. G., Conlon K. C., Sznol M., Creekmore S. P., Wells N. F., Ruscetti F. W., Keller J. R., Hestdal K., Shimizu M., Rossio J., Alvord W. G., Oppenheim J. J., Longo D. L. The toxic and hematologic effects of interleukin-I alpha administered in a phase I trial to patients with advanced malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 1992; 10: 1141–1152
  • Crown J., Jakubowski A., Kemeny N., Gordon M., Gasparetto C., Wong G., Sheridan C., Toner G., Meisenberg B., Botet J., Applewhite J., Sinha S., Moore M., Kelsen D., Buhles W., Gabrilove J. A phase I trial of recombinant human interleukin-1 β alone and in combination with myelosuppressive doses of 5-fluorouracil in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Blood 1991; 78: 1420–1427
  • Nemunaitis J., Appelbaum F. R., Lilleby K., Buhles W. C., Rosenfeld C., Zeigler Z. R., Shadduck R. K., Singer J. W., Meyer W., Buckner C. D. Phase I study of recombinant interleukin-1 β in patients undergoing autolo-gous bone marrow transplant for acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1994; 83: 3473–3479
  • Gowen M., Wood D. D., Ihrie E. J., McGuire M. K. B., Russel R. G. G. An interleukin I like factor stimulates bone resorption in vitro. Nature 1983; 306: 378–380
  • Sabatini M., Boyce B., Aufdemorte T., Bonewald L., Mundy G. R. Infusions of recombinant human interleukin 1 α and 1 β cause hypercalcemia in normal mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 5235–5239
  • Wong-Stall F., Gallo R. C. Human T-lym-photropic retroviruses. Nature 1985; 317: 395–403
  • Maruyama M., Shibuya H., Harada H., Hatakeyama M., Seiki M., Fujita T., Inoue J., Yoshida M., Taniguchi T. Evidence for aberrant activation of the interleukin-2 autocrine loop by HTLV-I-encoded p40x and T3/Ti complex triggering. Cell 1987; 48: 343–350
  • Inoue J., Seiki M., Taniguchi T., Tsuru S., Yoshida M. Induction of interleukin 2 receptor gene expression by p40x encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. EMBO J. 1986; 5: 2883–2888
  • Siekevitz M., Feinberg M. B., Holbrook N., Wong-Staal F., Greene W. C. Activation of interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 receptor (Tac) promoter expression by the trans-activator (tat) gene product of human T-cell leukemia virus, type I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 5389–5393
  • Miyatake S., Seiki M., Malefijt R. D., Heike T., Fujisawa J., Takebe Y., Nishida J., Shlomai J., Yokota T., Yoshida M., AraÌ K., Arai N. Activation of T cell-derived lym-phokine genes in T cells and fibroblasts: Effects of human T cell leukemia virus type I p40x protein and bovine papilloma virus encoded E2 protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16: 6547–6566
  • Mori N., Shirakawa F., Shimizu H., Murakami S., Oda S., Yamamoto K., Eto S. Transcriptional regulation of the human interleukin-6 gene promoter in human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected T-cell lines: Evidence for the involvement of NF- k B. Blood 1994; 84: 2904–2911
  • Mori N., Murakami S., Oda S., Prager D., Eto S. Production of interleukin 8 in adult T-cell leukemia cells: Possible transactivation of the interleukin 8 gene by human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 3592–3597
  • Mori N., Gill P. S., Mougdil T., Murakami S., Eto S., Prager D. Interleukin-10 gene expression in adult T-cell leukemia. Blood 1996; 88: 1035–1045
  • Miyatake S., Seiki M., Yoshida M., Arai K. T-cell activation signals and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-encoded p40x protein activate the mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene through a common DNA element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; 8: 5581–5587
  • Fuji M., Sassone-Corsi P., Verma I. M. c-fos promoter trans-activation by the tax' protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 8526–8530
  • Fujii M., Niki T., Mori T., Matsuda T., Matsui M., Nomura N., Seiki M. HTLV-1 Tax induces expression of various immediate early serum responsive genes. Oncogene 1991; 6: 1023–1029
  • Alexandre C., Charnay P., Verrier B. Transactivation of Krox-20. Krox-24 1991; 6: 1851–1857, promoters by the HTLV-I Tax protein through common regulatory elements. Oncogene
  • Ratner L. Regulation of expression of the c-sis proto-oncogene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989; 17: 4101–4115
  • Duyao M. P., Kessler D. J., Spicer D. B., Bartholomew C., Cleveland J. L., Siekevitz M., Sonenshein G. E. Transactivation of the c-myc promoter by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 tax is mediated by NF K B. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 16288–16291
  • Lilienbaum A., Duc Dodon M., Alexandre C., Gazzolo L., Paulin D. Effect of human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein on activation of the human vimentin gene. J. Virol. 1990; 64: 256–263
  • Watanabe T., Yamaguchi K., Takatsuki K., Osame M., Yoshida M. Constitutive expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene in human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers and adult T cell leukemia patients that can be trans-activated by HTLV-I tax gene. J. Exp. Med. 1990; 172: 759–765
  • Ejima E., Rosenblatt J. D., Massari M., Quan E., Stephens D., Rosen C. A., Prager D. Cell-type-specific transactivation of the parathyroid hormone-related protein gene promoter by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax and HTLV-II Tax proteins. Blood 1993; 81: 1017–1024
  • Green J. E. trans activation of nerve growth factor in transgenic mice containing the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I tax gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1991; 11: 4635–4641
  • Kim S.-J., Kehrl J. H., Burton J., Tendler C. L., Jeang K.-T., Danielpour D., Thevenin C., Kim K. Y., Spom M. B., Roberts A. B. Transactivation of the transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β 1) gene by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax: A potential mechanism for the increased production of TGF-β1 in adult T cell leukemia. J. Exp. Med. 1990; 172: 121–129
  • Albrecht H., Shakhov A. N., Jongeneel C. V. trans activation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Taxl protein. J. Virol. 1992; 66: 6191–6193
  • Tschachler E., Bohnlein E., Felzmann S., Reitz M. S., Jr. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I tax regulates the expression of the human lymphotoxin gene. Blood 1993; 81: 95–100
  • Mori N., Murakami S., Oda S., Eto S. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax induces intracel-Mar adhesion molecule-I expression in T cells. Blood 1994; 84: 350–351
  • Sawada M., Suzumura A., Yoshida M., Marunouchi T. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I trans activator induces class I major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in glial cells. J. Virol. 1990; 64: 4002–4006
  • Jeang K.-T., Boros I., Brady J., Radonovich M., Khoury G. Characterization of cellular factors that interact with the human T-cell leukemia virus type I p40x-responsive 21-base-pair sequence. J. Virol. 1988; 62: 4499–4509
  • Leung K., Nabel G. J. HTLV-1 transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-k B-like factor. Nature 1988; 333: 776–778
  • Hoyos B., Ballard D. W., Bohnlein E., Siekevitz M., Greene W. C. Kappa B-specific DNA binding proteins: Role in the regulation of human interleukin-2 gene expression. Science 1989; 244: 457–460
  • Schreck R., Baeuerle P. A. NF-k B as inducible transcriptional activator of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1990; 10: 1281–1286
  • Fujii M., Tsuchiya H., Chuhjo T., Akizawa T., Seiki M. Interaction of HTLV-1 Tax 1 with p67SRF causes the aberrant induction of cellular immediate early genes through CArG boxes. Genes Dev. 1992; 6: 2066–2076
  • Uchijima M., Sato H., Fujii M., Seiki M. Tax proteins of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and 2 induce expression of the gene encoding erythroid-potentiating activity (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, TIMP-1). J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 14946–14950
  • Dittmer J., Gitlin S. D., Reid R. L., Brady J. N. Transactivation of the P2 promoter of parathyroid hormone-related protein by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax1: Evidence for the involvement of transcription factor Ets 1. J. Virol. 1993; 67: 6087–6095
  • Jeang K.-T., Widen S. G., Semmes O. J., IV, Wilson S. H. HTLV-I trans-activator protein, Tax, is a trans-repressor of the human P-polymerase gene. Science 1990; 247: 1082–1084
  • Uittenhogaard M. N., Giebler H. A., Reisman D., Nyborg J. K. Transcriptional repression of p53 by human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein. J. Biol. Chern. 1995; 270: 28503–28506
  • Feigenbaum L., Fujita K., Collins F. S., Jay G. Repression of the NF1 gene by Tax may explain the development of neurofibromas in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 transgenic mice. J. Virol 1996; 70: 3280–3285
  • Uittenbogaard M. N., Armstrong A. P., Chiaramello A., Nyborg J. K. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein represses gene expression through the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 22466–22469
  • Zhao L.-J., Giam C.-Z. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) transcriptional activator, Tax, enhances CREB binding to HTLV-I 21-base-pair repeats by protein-protein interaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 7070–7074
  • Wagner S., Green M. R. HTLV-I Tax protein stimulation of DNA binding of bZIP proteins by enhancing dimerization. Science 1993; 262: 395–399
  • Armstrong A. P., Franklin A. A., Uittenbogaard M. N., Giebler H. A., Nyborg J. K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 7303–7307, Pleiotropic effect of the human T-cell leukemia virus Tax protein on the DNA binding activity of eukaryotic transcription factors.
  • Anderson M. G., Dynan W. S. Quantitative studies of the effect of HTLV-I Tax protein on CREB pro-tein-DNA binding. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994; 22: 3194–3201
  • Mod N., Prager D. High levels of AP-Zbinding activity in cell lines infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I: Possible enhancement of AP-2 binding by human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 779–782
  • Baranger A. M., Palmer C. R., Hamm M. K., Giebler H. A., Brauweiler A., Nyborg J. K., Schepartz A. Mechanism of DNA-binding enhancement by the human T-cell leukaemia virus transactivator Tax. Nature 1995; 376: 606–608
  • Grassmann R., Berchtold S., Radant I., Alt M., Fleckenstein B., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A., Ramstedt U. Role of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 X region proteins in immortalization of primary human lymphocytes in culture. J. Virol. 1992; 66: 4570–4575
  • Grossman W. J., Kimata J. T., Wong F.-H., Zutter M., Ley T. J., Ratner L. Development of leukemia in mice transgenic for the tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92: 1057–1061
  • Hidaka M., Inoue J., Yoshida M., Seiki M. Post-transcriptionai regulator (rex) of HTLV-1 initiates expression of viral structural proteins but suppresses expression of regulatory proteins. EMBO J. 1988; 7: 519–523
  • Kiyokawa T., Seiki M., Iwashita S., Imagawa K., Shimizu F., Yoshida M. p27X-III and p2lX-III proteins encoded by the pX sequence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82: 8359–8563
  • Kanamori H., Suzuki N., Siomi H., Nosaka T., Sato A., Sabe H., Hatanaka M., Honjo T. HTLV-1 p27rex stabilizes human interleukin-2 receptor α chain mRNA. EMBOJ. 1990; 9: 4161–4166
  • Poiesz B. J., Ruscetti F. W., Gazdar A. F., Bunn P. A., Minna J. D., Gallo R. C. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980; 77: 7415–7419
  • Yoshida M., Miyoshi I., Hinuma Y. Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982; 79: 2031–2035
  • Kondo T., Nonaka H., Miyamoto N., Yoshida R., Matsue Y., Ohguchi Y., Inouye H., Komoda H., Hinuma Y., Hanaoka M. Incidence of adult T-cell leukemia-lym-phoma and its familial clustering. Int. J. Cancer 1985; 35: 749–751
  • Tajima K., Tominaga S., Suchi T., Kawagoe T., Komoda H., Hinuma Y., Oda T., Fujita K. Epidemio-logical analysis of the distribution of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia-virus-associated antigen: Possible horizontal transmission of adult T-cell leukemia virus. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1982; 73: 893–901
  • Murphy E. L., Hanchard B., Figueroa J. P., Gibbs W. N., Lofters W. S., Campbell M., Goedert J. J., Blather W. A. Modelling the risk of adult T-cell leukemia/lym-phoma in persons infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Int. J. Cancer 1989; 43: 250–253
  • Seiki M., Eddy R., Shows T. B., Yoshida M. Nonspecific integration of the HTLV provirus genome into adult T-cell leukemia cells. Nature 1984; 309: 640–642
  • Kim J. H., Durack D. T. Manifestations of human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection. Am. J. Med. 1988; 84: 919–928
  • Gessain A., Barin F., Vernant J. C., Gout O., Maurs L., Calender A., De The G. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1985; 2: 407–410
  • Osame M., Usuku K., Izumo S., Ijichi N., Amitani H., Igata A., Matsumoto M., Tara M. HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity. Lancet 1986; 1: 1031–1032
  • Nishioka K., Maruyama I., Sato K., Kitajima I., Nakajima Y., Osame M. Chronic inflammatory arthropathy associated with HTLV-I. Lancet 1989; 1: 441
  • Mochizuki M., Watanabe T., Yamaguchi K., Takatsuki K., Yoshimura K., Shirao M., Nakashima S., Mori S., Araki S., Miyata N. HTLV-I uveitis: A distinct clinical entity caused by HTLV-I. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1992; 83: 236–239
  • Sugimoto M., Nakashima H., Watanabe S., Uyama E., Tanaka F., Ando M., Araki S., Kawasaki S. T-lymphocyte alveolitis in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Lancet 1987; 2: 1220
  • Lagrenade L., Hanchard B., Fletcher V., Cranston B., Blattner W. Infective dermatitis of Jamaican children: A marker for HTLV-I infection. Lancer 1990; 336: 1345–1347
  • Kalyanaraman V. S., Samgadharan M. G., Robert-Guroff M., Miyoshi I., Blayney D., Golde D., Gallo R. C. A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-11) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Science 1982; 218: 571–573
  • Rosenblatt J. D., Golde D. W., Wachsman W., Giorai J. V., Jacobs A., Schmidt G. M., Quan S., Gasson J. C., Chen I. S. Y. A second isolate of HTLV-II associated with atypical hairy cell leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 372–377
  • Wano Y., Hattori T., Matsuoka M., Takatsuki K., Chua A. O., Gubler U., Greene W. C. Interleukin 1 gene expression in adult T cell leukemia. J. Clin. Invest. 1987; 80: 911–916
  • Kodaka T., Uchiyama T., Umadome H., Uchino H. Expression of cytokine mRNA in leukemic cells from adult T cell leukemia patients. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1989; 80: 531–536
  • Yamashita U., Shirakawa F., Nakamura H. Production of interleukin 1 by adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cell lines. J. Immunol. 1987; 138: 3284–3289
  • Noma T., Nakakubo H., Sugita M., Kumagai S., Maeda M., Shimizu A., Honjo T. Expression of different combinations of interleukins by human T cell leukemic cell lines that are clonally related. J. Exp. Med. 1989; 169: 1853–1858
  • Mori N., Shirakawa F., Murakami S., Oda S., Eto S. Interleukin-4 inhibits the production of interleukin-I by adult T-cell leukemia cells. Eur. J. Haematol. 1995; 55: 121–125
  • Maeda M., Shimizu A., Ikuta K., Okamoto H., Kashihara M., Uchiyama T., Honjo T., Yodoi J. Origin of human T-lymphotrophic virus I-positive T cell lines in adult T cell leukemia. J. Exp. Med. 1985; 162: 2169–2174
  • Mori N., Prager D. Transactivation of the interleukin-1 α promoter by human T-cell leukemia virus type I and type II Tax proteins. Blood 1996; 87: 3410–3417
  • Ruben S. M., Perkins A., Rosen C. A. Activation of NF-k B by the HTLV-I trans-activator protein tax requires an additional factor present in lymphoid cells. NewBiol. 1989; 1: 275
  • Bunn P. A., Jr, Schechter G. P., Jaffe E., Blayney D., Young R. C., Matthews M. J., Blattner W., Broder S., Robert-Guroff M., Gallo R. C. Clinical course of retrovirus-associated adult T-cell lymphoma in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 309: 257–264
  • Catovski D., Greaves M. F., Rose M., Galton D. A. G., Goolden A. W. G., McCluskey D. R., White J. M., Lampert I., Bourikas G., Ireland R., Brownell A. I., Bridges J. M., Blattner W. A., Gallo R. C. Adult T-cell lymphoma-leukemia in blacks from the West Indies. Lancet 1982; 1: 639–643
  • Stashenko P., Dewhirst F. E., Peros W. J., Kent R. L., Ago J. M. Synergistic interactions between interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and lymphotoxin in bone resorption. J. Immunol. 1987; 138: 1464–1468
  • Sato K., Fujii Y., Kasono K., Ozawa M., Imamura H., Kanaji Y., Kurosawa H., Tsushima T., Shizume K. Parathyroid hormone-related protein and interleukin-1 α synergistically stimulate bone resorption in vitro and increase the serum calcium concentration in mice. in vivo. Endocrinology 1989; 124: 2172–2178
  • Shirakawa F., Yamashita U., Tanaka Y., Watanabe K., Sato K., Haratake J., Fujihira T., Oda S., Eto S. Production of bone-resorbing activity corresponding to inter-leukin-1 α by adult T-cell leukemia cells in humans. Cancer Res. 1988; 48: 4284–4287
  • Uchiyama T., Yodoi J., Sagawa K., Takatsuki K., Uchino H. Adult T-cell leukemia: Clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases. Blood 1997; 50: 481–492
  • Yamamoto S., Hattori T., Asou N., Nishimura H., Kawano F., Yodoi J., Takatsuki K. Absolute neutrophilia in adult T cell leukemia. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1986; 77: 858–861
  • Dinarello C. A. Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood 1996; 87: 2095–2147
  • Iwakura Y., Tosu M., Yoshida E., Takiguchi M., Sato K., Kitajima I., Nishioka K., Yamamoto K., Takeda T., Hatanaka M., Yamamoto H., Sekiguchi T. Induction of inflammatory arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis in mice transgenic for HTLV-I. Science 1991; 253: 1026–1028
  • Iwakura Y., Saijo S., Kioka Y., Nakayama-Yamada J., Itagaki K., Tosu M., Asano M., Kanai Y., Kakimoto K. Autoimmunity induction by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 in transgenic mice that develop chronic inflammatory arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis in humans. J. Immunol. 1995; 155: 1588–1598
  • Sagawa K., Mochizuki M., Masuoka K., Katagiri K., Katayama T., Maeda T., Tanimoto A., Sugita S., Watanabe T., Itoh K. Immunopathological mechanisms of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) uveitis: Detection of HTLV-I-infected T cells in the eye and their constitutive cytokine production. J. Clin. Invest. 1995; 95: 852–858
  • Bendtzen K., Svenson M., Jonsson V., Hippe E. Autoantihodies to cytokines—friends or foes?. Immunol. Today 1990; 11: 167–169
  • Svenson M., Hansen M. B., Bendtzen K. Binding of cytokines to pharmaceutically prepared human immunoglobulin. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 92: 2533–2539
  • Borth W., Urbanski A., Prohaska R., Susani M., Luger T. A. Binding of recombinant interleukin-1 β to the third complement component and α2--macroglobulin after activation of serum by immune complexes. Blood 1990; 75: 2388–2395
  • Arend W. P., Malyak M., Smith M. F., Jr, Whisenand T. D., Slack J. L., Sims J. E., Giri J. G., Dower S. K. Binding of IL-1 α, IL-I β, and IL-1 receptor antagonist by soluble IL-1 receptors and levels of soluble IL-1 receptors in synovial fluids. J. Immunol. 1994; 153: 4766–4774
  • Furukawa Y., Osame M., Kubota R., Tara M., Yoshida M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) Tax is expressed at the same level in infected cells of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic para-paresis patients as in asymptomatic carriers but at a lower level in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood 1995; 85: 1865–1870
  • Hirai H., Fujisawa J., Suzuki T., Ueda K., Muramatsu M., Tsuboi A., Arai N., Yoshida M. Transcriptional activator Tax of HTLV-I binds to the NF- k B precursor p105. Oncogene 1992; 7: 1732–1742
  • Suzuki T., Hirai H., Fujisawa J., Fujita T., Yoshida M. A trans-activator Tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 binds to NF- k B p50 and serum response factor (SRF) and associates with enhancer DNAs of the NF- k B site and CArG box. Oncogene 1993; 8: 2391–2397
  • Wirai H., Suzuki T., Fujisawa J., Inoue J., Yoshida M. Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I binds to the ankyrin motifs of inhibitory factor k B and induces nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF- k B proteins for transcriptional activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 1994; 91: 3584–3588
  • Suzuki T., Hirai H., Murakami T., Yoshida M. Tax protein of HTLV-1 destabilizes the complexes of NF-k B and I k B-α and induces nuclear translocation of NF- k B for transcriptional activation. Oncogene 1995; 10: 1199–1207
  • Kitajima I., Shinohara T., Bilakovics J., Brown D. A., Xu X., Nerenberg M. Ablation of transplanted HTLV-I Tax-transformed tumors in mice by antisense inhibition of NK- kB. Science 1992; 258: 1792–1795

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.