Regulation of B-CLL Apoptosis Through Membrane Receptors and Bcl-2 Family Proteins

References

• Dighiero C., Kipps T., Schroeder H.W., Chiorazzi N., Stevenson F., Silberstcin L.E., Caligaris-Cappio F., Ferrarini M. What is the CLL B-lymphocyte?. Leuk. Lymphoma 1996; 22: 13–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien S., del Giglio A., Keating M. Advances in the biology and treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1995; 85: 307–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foon K.A., Rai K.R., Gale R.P. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: new insights into biology and therapy. Ann. Intern. Med 1990; 113: 525–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schena M., Larsson L.G., Gottardi D., Gaidano G., Carlsson M., Nilsson K., Caligaris-Cappio F. Growth- and differentiation-associated expression of bcl-2 in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 1992; 79: 2981–2989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein T.L. Signals and susceptibility to programmed death in B-cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1996; 8: 362–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins M.K.L., Lopez Rivas A. The control of apoptosis in mammalian cells. TIBS 1993; 18: 307–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steller H. Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science 1995; 267: 1445–1449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J.J. Apoptosis. Immunol. Today 1993; 14: 126–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroemer G., Zamzami N., Susin S.A. Mitochondrial control of apoptosis. Immunol. Today 1997; 18: 44–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins R.J., Verschuer L.A., Harmon B.V., Prentice R.L., Pope J.H., Kerr J.F. Spontaneous programmed death (apoptosis) of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells following their culture in vitro. Br. J. Haematol 1989; 71: 343–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkey D.J., Aguilar-Santelises M., Hartzell P., Eriksson I., Mellstedt H., Orrenius S., Jondal M. Induction of DNA fragmentation in chronic B-lym-phocytic leukemia cells. J. Immunol. 1991; 146: 1072–1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson L.E., Chubb S., Meyn R.E., Story M., Ford R., Hittelman W.N., Plunkett W. Induction of apoptotic cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine and 9-beta-D-arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine. Blood 1993; 81: 143–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begleiter A., Lee K., Israels L.G., Mowat M.R., Johnston J.B. Chlorambucil induced apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and its relationship to clinical efficacy. Leukemia 1994; 8: S103–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mentz F., Merle-Beral H., Ouaaz F., Binet J.L. Theophylline, a new inducer of apoptosis in B-CLL: role of cyclic nucleotides. Br. J. Haematol. 1995; 90: 957–959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mentz F., Mossalayi M.D., Ouaaz F., Baudet S., Issaly F., Ktorza S., Semichon M., Binet J.L., Merle-Beral H. Theophylline synergizes with chlorambucil in inducing apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 1996; 88: 2172–2182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainou-Fowler T., Craig V.A., Copplestone J.A., Hamon M.D., Prentice A.G. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) increases spontaneous apoptosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro independently of bcl-2 expression and is inhibited by IL-4. Blood 1994; 84: 2297–2304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fluckiger A.C., Durand I., Banchereau J. Interleukin 10 induces apoptotic cell death of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. J. Exp. Med 1994; 179: 91–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson L.E., Plunkett W., McConnell K., Keating M.J., McDonnell T.J. Bcl-2 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its correlation with the induction of apoptosis and clinical outcome. Leukemia 1996; 10: 456–459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binet J.L., Plunkett W., Robertson B., Merle-Beral H., Mentz F., Hoffbrand A.V., Panayiotidis P. What does apoptosis mean in CLL?. Leuk. Lymphoma 1996; 22: 47–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankester A.C., van Schijndel G.M.W., van der Schoot C.E., van Oers M.H.J., van Noesel C.J.M., van Lier R.A.W. Antigen receptor nonresponsiveness in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cells. Blood 1995; 86: 1090–1097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel F., Merle-Beral H., Legac E., Michel A., Debre P., Bismuth G. Defective calcium response in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. J. Immunol. 1993; 150: 3624–3633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karray S., Merle B.H., Vazquez A., Gerard J.P., Debre P., Galanaud P. Functional heterogeneity of B-CLL lymphocytes: dissociated responsiveness to growth factors and distinct requirements for a first activation signal. Blood 1987; 70: 1105–1110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osorio L.M., De Santiago A., Aguilar-Santelises M., Mellstedt H., Jondal M. CD6 ligation modulates the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and protects chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cells from apoptosis induced by anti lgM. Blood 1997; 89: 2833–2841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zupo S., Isnardi L., Megna M., Massara R., Malavasi F., Dono M., Cosulich E., Ferrarini M. CD38 expression distinguishes two groups of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias with different responses to anti-lgM antibodies and propensity to apoptosis. Blood 1996; 88: 1365–1374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igarashi H., Kuwahara K., Nomura J., Matsuda A., Kikuchi K., Inui S., Sakaguchi N. B-cell Ag receptor mediates different types of signals in the protein kinase activity between immature B-cell and mature B-cell. J. Immunol. 1994; 153: 2381–2393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golstein P. Controlling cell death. Science 1997; 275: 1081–1082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata S. Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 1997; 88: 355–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltvai Z.N., Milliman C.L., Korsmeyer S.J. Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 1993; 74: 609–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boise L.H., Gonzalez-Garcia M., Postema C.E., Ding L., Lindsten T., Turka L.A., Mao X., Nuñez G., Thompson C.B. bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 1993; 74: 597–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroemer G. The proto-oncogene Bcl-2 and its role in regulating apoptosis. Nature Medicine 1997; 3: 614–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chittenden T., Harrington E.A., O'Connor R., Flemington C., Lutz R.J., Evan G.I., Guild B.C. Induction of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 homologue Bak. Nature 1995; 374: 733–736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang E., Zha J., Jockel J., Boise L.H., Thompson C.B., Korsmeyer S.J. Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 1995; 80: 285–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin X.M., Oltvai Z.N., Korsmeyer S.J. BH1 and BH2 domains of Bcl-2 are required for inhibition of apoptosis and heterodimerization with Bax :see comments. Nature 1994; 369: 321–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin X.M., Oltvai Z.N., Korsmeyer S.J. Heterodimerization with Bax is required for Bcl-2 to repress cell death. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1995; 194: 331–338
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng E.H.Y., Levine B., Boise L.H., Thompson C.B., Hardwick J.M. Bax-independent inhibition of apoptosis by Bcl-xL. Nature 1996; 379: 554–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuñez G., Merino R., Grillot D., Gonzalez-Garcia M. Bcl-2 and Bcl-x: regulatory switches for lymphoid death and survival. Immunol. Today 1994; 15: 582–587
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haldar S., Jena N., Croce C.M. Inactivation of Bcl-2 by phosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92: 4507–4511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zha J.P., Harada H., Yang E., Jockel J., Korsmeyer S.J. Serine phosphorylation of death agonist BAD in response to survival factor results in binding to 14-3-3 not BCL-X(L). Cell 1996; 87: 619–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlmann E.J. Deletion of a nonconscrved region of Bcl-2 confers a novel gain of function: Suppression of apoptosis with concomitant cell proliferation. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 2506–2509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schendel S.L., Xie Z., Montal M.O., Matsuyama S., Montal M., Reed J.C. Channel formation by antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1997; 94: 5113–5118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minn A.J., Velez P., Schendel S.L., Liang H., Muchmore S.W., Fesik S.W., Fill M., Thompson C.B. Bcl-x(L) forms an ion channel in synthetic lipid membranes. Nature 1997; 385: 353–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonsson B., Conti F., Ciavatta A., Montessuit S., Lewis S., Martinou I., Bernasconi L., Bernard A., Mermod J., Mazzei G., Maundrell K., Gambale F., Sadoul R., Martinou J. Inhibition of Bax channel-forming activity by Bcl-2. Science 1997; 111: 370–372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J., Liu X., Bhalla K., Kim C.N., Ibrado A.M., Cai J., Peng T., Jones D.P., Wang X. Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked. Science 1997; 275: 1129–1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluck R.M., Bossy-Wetzel E., Green D.R., Newmeyer D.D. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: a primary site for bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis. Science 1997; 275: 1132–1136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanada M., Delia D., Aiello A., Stadtmauer E., Reed J.C. bcl-2 gene hypomethylation and high level expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1993; 82: 1820–1828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkey D.J., Chandra J., Wright S., Plunkett W., McDonnell T.J., Reed J.C., Keating M. Apoptosis sensitivity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is determined by endogenous endonuclease content and relative expression of BCL-2 and BAX. J. Immunol. 1996; 156: 2624–2630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar-Santelises M., Rottenberg M.E., Lewin N., Mellstedt H., Jondal M. Bcl-2, Bax and p53 expression in B-CLL in relation to in vitro survival and clinical progression. Int. J. Cancer 1996; 69: 114–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangye S.G., Raison R.L. Leukaemic CD5+ B-cell apoptosis: co-incidence of cell death and DNA fragmentation with reduced bcl-2 expression. Br. J. Haematol. 1996; 92: 950–953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mapara M.Y., Bargou R., Zugck C., Dohner H., Ustaoglu F., Jonker R.R., Krammer P.H., Dorken B. APO-I mediated apoptosis or proliferation inhuman chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with bcl-2 oncogene expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 1993; 23: 702–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargou R.C., Bommert K., Weinmann P., Daniel P.T., Wagener C., Mapara M.Y., Dorken B. Induction of Bax-α precedes apoptosis in a human B-lymphoma cell line: potential role of the bcl-2 gene family in surface IgM-mediated apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 1995; 25: 770–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen A.J., Brown R.D., Gibson J., Pope B., Luo X.F., Schutz L., Wiley J.S., Joshua D.E. Nucleoside transporters, bcl-2 and apoptosis in CLL cells exposed to nucleoside analogues in vitro. Eur. J. Haematol. 1996; 56: 213–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas A., El Rouby S., Reed J.C., Krajewski S., Silber R., Potmesil M., Newcomb E.W. Drug-induced apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: relationship between p53 gene mutation and bcl-2/bax proteins in drug resistance. Oncogene 1996; 12: 1055–1062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper C., Bentley P., Hoy T. Regulation of clinical chemorcsistance by bcl-2 and bax oncoproteins in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol 1996; 95: 513–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottardi D., Alfarano A., De Leo A.M., Stacchini A., Aragno M., Rigo A., Veneri D., Zanotti R., Pizzolo G., Caligaris-Cappio F. In leukaemic CD5+ B-cells the expression of BCL-2 gene family is shifted toward protection from apoptosis. Br. J. Haematol. 1996; 94: 612–618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitcr C. Cluster report: CD6. Leukocyte Typing TV. White Cell Differentiation Antigens, W. Knapp, B. Dorkc, W.R. Gilks, E.P. Reiber, R.E. Schmidt, H. Stein, A.E.G. Kr von dem Borne, Oxford, New York, NY 1989; 339
   Google Scholar
• Arrufo A., Melnick M.B., Linsley P.S., Seed B. The lymphocyte glycoprotein CD6 contains a repeated domain structure characteristic of a new family of cell surface and secreted proteins. J. Exp. Med 1991; 174: 949–952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bott C.M., Doshi J.B., Morimoto C., Romain P.L., Fox D.A. Activation of human T-cells through CD6: functional effects of a novel anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody and definition of four epitopes of the CD6 glycoprotein. Int. Immunol 1993; 5: 783–792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osorio L.M., Garcia C.A., Jondal M., Chow S.C. The anti-CD6 mAb, IOR-TI, defined a new epitope on the human CD6 molecule that induces greater responsiveness in T-cell receptor/CD3-mediated T-cell proliferation. Cell Immunol 1994; 154: 123–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osorio L.M., Ordonez C., Garcia C.A., Jondal M., Chow S.C. Evidence for protein tyrosine kinase involvement in CD6-induced T-cell proliferation. Cell Immunol 1995; 166: 44–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wee S., Wang W.C., Fair A.G., Nelson A.J., Patel D.D., Haynes B.F., Linsley P.S., Aruffo A. Characterization of a CD6 ligand(s) expressed on human-and murine-derived cell lines and murine lymphoid tissues. Cell Immunol 1994; 158: 353–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel D.D., Wee S.F., Whichard L.P., Bowen M.A., Pesando J.M., Aruffo A., Haynes B.F. Identification and characterization of a 100-kD ligand for CD6 on human thymic epithelial cells. J. Exp. Med 1995; 181: 1563–1568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen M.A., Patel D.D., Li X., Modrell B., Malacko A.R., Wang W.C., Marquardt H., Neuhauer M., Pesando J.M., Runcke U., Haynes B.F., Aruffo A. Cloning, mapping, and characterization of activated leukocyte-cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM). aCD6 ligand. J. Exp. Med 1995; 181: 2213–2220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney G.S., Starling G.C., Bowen M.A., Modrell B., Siadak A.W., Aruffo A. The membrane-proximal scavenger receptor cysteine-rieh domain of CD6 contains the activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule binding site. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 18187–18190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen M.A., Bajorath J., Siadak A.W., Modrell B., Malacko A.R., Marquardt H., Nadler S.G., Aruffo A. The amino-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule binds specifically to the membrane-proximal scavenger receptor cysteine-rieh domain of CD6 with a 1:1 stoichiomctry. J.Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17390–17396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skonier J.E., Bowen M.A., Emswiler J., Aruffo A., Bajorath J. Mutational analysis of the CD6 binding site in activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule. Biochemistry 1996; 35: 14743–14748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skonier J.E., Bowen M.A., Emswiler J., Aruffo A., Bajorath J. Recognition of diverse proteins by members of the immunoglobulin superfamily: delineation of the receptor binding site in the human CD6 ligand ALCAM. Biochemistry 1996; 35: 12287–12291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodian D.L., Skonier J.E., Bowen M.A., Neubauer M., Siadak A.W., Aruffo A., Bajorath J. Identification of residues in CD6 which are critical for ligand binding. Biochemistry 1997; 36: 2637–2641
   Google Scholar
• Fournier S., Yang L.P., Delespcsse G., Rubio M., Biron G., Sarfati M. The two CD23 isoforms display differential regulation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1995; 89: 373–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buske C., Gogowski G., Schreiber K., Rave-Frank M., Hiddemann W., Wormann B. Stimulation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by murine fibroblasts, IL-4, anti-CD40 antibodies, and the soluble CD40 ligand. Exp. Hemutol 1997; 25: 329–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D., Freeman G.J., Levine H., Ritz J., Robertson M.J. Role of the CD40 and CD95 (APO-1/Eas) antigens in the apoptosis of human B-cell malignancies. Br. J. Haematol. 1997; 97: 409–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel P., Krummer P. Activation induces sensitivity towards APO-1(CD95)-mediated apoptosis in human B-cells. J. Immunology 1994; 152: 5624–5632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panayiotidis P., Ganeshaguru K., Foroni L., Hoffbrand A.V. Expression and function of the FAS antigen in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia 1995; 9: 1227–1232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainoti-Fowler T., Craig V.A., Copplestone A.J., Hamon M.D., Prentice A.G. Effect of anti-APOI on spontaneous apoptosis of B-cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: the role of bcl-2 and interleukin 4. Leuk. Lymphoma 1995; 19: 301–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knipping E., Debatin K.M., Strieker K., Heilig B., Eder A., Krammer P.H. Identification of soluble APO-I in supernatants of human B-and T-cell lines and increased serum levels in B-and T-cell leukemias. Blood 1995; 85: 1562–1569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang R.W., Tsuda H., Takatsuki K. Interleukin-2 prevents programmed cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Int. J. Hematol. 1993; 58: 83–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschle M., Campana D., Carding S.R., Richard C., Hoffbrand A.V., Brenner M.K. Interferon gamma inhibits apoptotic cell death in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Exp. Med 1993; 171: 213–218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panayiotidis P., Ganeshaguru K., Jabbar S.A., Hoffbrand A.V. Interleukin-4 inhibits apoptotic cell death and loss of the bcl-2 protein in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells in vitro. Br. J. Haematol. 1993; 85: 439–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panayiotidis P., Ganeshaguru K., Jabbar S.A., Hoffbrand A.V. Alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN) protects B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells from apoptotic cell death in vitro. Br. J. Haematol 1994; 86: 169–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell A.P., Worman C.P., Lydyard P.M., Yong K.L., Giles F.J., Goldstone A.H. Interferon-alpha up-regulates bcl-2 expression and protects B-CLL cells from apoptosis in vitro, and in vitro. Br. J. Haematol. 1994; 88: 268–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell A.P., Lydyard P.M., Worman C.P., Giles F.J., Goldstone A.H. Growth factors can protect B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells against programmed cell death without stimulating proliferation. Leuk. Lymphoma 1995; 18: 159–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainou-Fowler T., Copplestone J.A., Prentice A.G. Effect of interleukins on the proliferation and survival of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells: see comments. J. Clin. Pathol 1995; 48: 482–487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reittie J.E., Yong K.L., Panayiotidis P., Hoffbrand A.V. Interlcukin-6 inhibits apoptosis and tumour necrosis factor induced proliferation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leuk. Lymphoma 1996; 22: 83–90, follow. 186. color plate VI
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas R., Roman J., Torres A., Ramirez R., Carracedo J., Lopez R., Garcia J.M., Martin C., Pintado O. Inhibition of apoptotic cell death in B-CLL by interferon gamma correlates with clinical stage. Leukemia 1996; 10: 1782–1788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcione A., Corrias M.V., Daniclc S., Zupo S., Spriano M., Pistoia V. Expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor genes in partially overlapping monoclonal B-cell populations from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Blood 1996; 87: 2861–2869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcione A., Pistoia V. B-cell-derived granulo cyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Methods 1997; 11: 143–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francia di Celle P., Mariani S., Ricra L., Stacchini A., Reato G., Foa R. Interleukin-8 induces the accumulation of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by prolonging survival in an autocrine fashion. Blood 1996; 87: 4382–4389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzcl T., Rahman Z., Calleja E., White K., Wilson E.L., Wieder R., Gabrilove J. Elevated intracellular level of basic fibroblast growth factor correlates with stage of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is associated with resistance to fludarabine. Blood 1996; 87: 1056–1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangye S.G., Raison R.L. Human cytokines suppress apoptosis of leukaemic CD5+ B-cells and preserve expression of bcl-2. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 1997; 75: 127–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• König A., Menzel T., Lynen S., Wrazel L., Rosen A., Al-Katib A., Ravechc E., Gabrilove J.L. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) upregulates the expression of bcl-2 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell lines resulting in delaying apoptosis. Leukemia 1997; 11: 258–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouchi N., Wallon C., Goujard C., Tertian G., Rudent A., Caput D., Ferrera P., Minty A., Vazquez A., Delfraissy J.F. Interleukin-13 inhibits Intcrleukin-2-induced proliferation and protects chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cells from in vitro apoptosis. Blood 1996; 87: 1022–1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancescu M., Rubio-Trujillo M., Biron G., Bron D., Delespesse G., Sarfati M. Interleukin 4 protects chronic lymphocytic leukemic B-cells from death by apoptosis and upregulates Bcl-2 expression. J. Exp. Med 1992; 176: 1319–1326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankfurt O.S., Byrnes J.J., Villa L. Protection from apoptotic cell death by interleukin-4 is increased in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: see comments. Leuk. Res 1997; 21: 9–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouchi N., Wallon C., Taieb J., Auffredou M.T., Tertian G., Lemoine F.M., Delfraissy J.F., Vazquez A. Interferon-alpha-mediated prevention of in vitro apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cells: role of bcl-2 and c-myc. Clin. Immunol. ImmunoPathol 1994; 73: 197–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitabayashi A., Hirokawa M., Miura A.B. The role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia: IL-10 prevents leukemic cells from apoptotic cell death. Int. J. Hematol. 1995; 62: 99–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurlander J., Lai C.F., Tan J., Chou C.C., Gcisler C.H., Schriber J., Blumenson L.E., Narula S.K., Baumann H., Caligiuri M.A. Characterization of interleukin-10 receptor expression on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 1997; 89: 4146–4152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine M.A., Licciardi K.A. Rescue from anti-IgM-induced programmed cell death by the B-cell surface proteins CD20 and CD40. Eur. J. Immunol 1992; 22: 3141–3148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holder M., Grafton G., MacDonald I., Finney M., Gordon J. Engagement of CD20 suppresses apoptosis in germinal center B-cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 1995; 25: 3160–3164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouchi N., Vazquez A., Galanaud P., Leprince C. B-cell antigen receptor-mediated apoptosis. Importance of accessory molecules CD19 and CD22, and of surface IgM cross-linking. J. Immunol. 1995; 154: 3096–3104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y.J., Mason D.Y., Johnson G.D., Abbot S., Gregory C.D., Hardie D.L., Gordon J., MacLennan I.C. Germinal center cells express bcl-2 protein after activation by signals which prevent their entry into apoptosis. Eur. J. immunol. 1991; 21: 1905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zupo S., Rugari E., Dono M., Taborelli G., Malavasi F., Ferrarini M. CD38 signaling by agonist monoclonal antibody prevents apoptosis of human germinal center B-cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 1994; 24: 1218–1222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar